UNIT 2

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC

CHEM ISTRY

• I. Definition of Organic chemistry and Compounds (1)

• II. Classification of Organic compound (3)
• III. Properties of Organic compound (2)
• IV. International Union Nomenclature of Alpha Compounds (IUPAC)
• V. Hydrocarbons (4)
• VI. Alkanes, Akenes and Alkynes
• VII. Isomerism (11)
• VIII. Functional groups (6,7,8,9)
• IX. Macromolecule of human body (5 & 10)

Lecture 29-2-2020
 I. DEFINITION OF ORGANIC CHEM ISTRY
AND COM POUNDS (1 & 2 )

• Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions,
and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon.

• Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more
atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen,
oxygen, or nitrogen.
• An organic compound is defined as any compound whose molecules contain carbon and
hydrogen ( also known as ” hydrocarbons” ) or compound that is the derivative of it. The
branch of science which deals with the scientific study of structure, properties and reactions
of hydrocarbons and their derivatives is known as organic chemistry
• II. CLASSIFICATION Compounds
OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS (3)
Organic Inorganic

Hydrocarbons
Carbohydrates
Proteins Minerals
Lipids Salts
Nucleic acids
(DNA/RNA)
 III. PROPERTISE O F O RGANIC COM POUNDS
• Can be isolated as well as prepared in laboratory
• Mostly built up of only three elements- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Other elements like halogen, nitrogen as
well as phosphorous are also present but to a lesser extent.
• Possess complex structures and high molecular weights
• Their properties are decided by certain active atom or group of atoms known as the functional group.
• They are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
• They are combustible in nature
• Chemical reactions involving organic compounds proceed at slower rates.
• Low melting points and boiling points in comparison to the inorganic compounds.
• Organic acids and bases are less stronger and thus they have a limited dissociation in an aqueous medium.
• They exhibit the phenomenon of isomerism in which a single molecular formula represents several organic
compounds differing in physical and chemical properties.
• They are volatile in nature.
V. HYDROCARBONS (4)
 VI. ALKANES

• Catenation
• Homologous series
• General formula (CnH2n+2)
• Physical properties
• Color, Odor, State
• Polarity
• Melting points, Boiling Points, Density and Solubility
• Chemical Properties
• Reactivity (Sigma Bond, Non-polar)
• Nomenclature
 IV. RULES FOR NOM ENCLATURE
IUPAC

• 1. Longest continuous chain

• 2. Parent chain with high branches
• 3. Numbering from near to substituent
• 4. If more substituents then from the end that gives minimum sum
• 5. Number the substituent with respect to parent carbon number
• 6. Substituent names (alphabetical order/size) are written before parent chain.
• 7. Prefixes (di, tri, tetra) used if same alkyl groups are present.
• 8. If substituent position is same then number is separated twice by commas.
2.
• CnH2n
 VI. ALKENES…

• Physical properties
• Color, Odor ,State Polarity
• Melting points, Boiling Points, Density and Solubility
• Chemical Properties
• Reactivity (Sigma Bond, 1 Pi bond, Non-polar)
• Preparation of alkenes
• Dehydration of alcohols
• Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
• Reactions
• Hydrogenation, Hydrohalogenation, Hydration, Halogenation, Halohydration, Epoxidation, Ozonolysis,
Polymerization
• Nomenclature
RULES FOR NOM ENCLATURE

• 1. Chain with double bond as parent chain

• 2. ane is replaced with ene
• 3. Count is started from minimum no of
double bonded carbon atom
• 4. The position of double bond is indicated
by the lower no of C atom.
 VI. ALKYNES…

• Nomenclature
• Physical properties
• Color, Odor (acetylene), State (C2-C4, C5-C12 etc.).
• Polarity
• Melting points, Boiling Points, Density and Solubility
• Chemical Properties
• Reactivity (Sigma Bond, 2 Pi bond, Non-polar)
 VII. ISOM ERISM (11)
• Sterioisomerism
• Geometrical or Cis-Trans Isomerism
• Optical Isomerism
• Structural Isomerism
• Chain Isomerism
• Position Isomerism
• Functional group Isomerism
• Metamerism
• Tautomerism
 OPTICAL ISOM ERISM

• Plane of symmetry
• Chiral objects (Cannot superimposed)
• Achiral (Can be superimposed)
• Optical activity
• Levorotatory (-)
• Dextorotatory (+)
• Racemic mixtures
• Geometrical or Cis-Trans Isomerism Optical Isomerism
• Chain isomerism Metamerism
• Position Isomerism Functional group Isomerism

•
•
• Tautomerism
VIII. FUNCTIO NAL GROUPS
VIII. AM INES
 IX. M ACROM OLECULE OF HUM AN BODY
(5 & 1 0 )

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Amino acids and Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• CARBOHYDRATES (C, H, O)
• General formula: Cn(H20)n
• Definition: Polyhydroxy compounds of aldehydes or ketones
• Carbohydtrates (Simple carbohydrates & Complex carbohydrates)
• Classification of carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oliogsaccharides, Polysaccharides)
• LIPIDS
• Derived from greek word lipos meaning fat.
• These are substances of biological origin that are soluble in organic solvents but are sparingly
soluble in water.

• Molecular Composition and classification of Lipids

1. Simple lipids (FA + alcohol)
2. Conjugated lipids (FA + alcohol + non-lipid part)
3. Lipid derivatives (Derivatives of hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids which possess the
characteristics of lipids)
• Fatty acids are carboxylic acids (COOH) with long-chain hydrocarbon side groups (R). So,
FA formula is R-COOH.
• May be in free form and ester form.

• Alcohols present in lipids

• Glycerol
• Sphingosine
• Steroids & Sterols
• Types of lipids
• Triacylglycerol
• Phospholipids
• Glycolipids
• Lipoproteins
• AMINO ACIDS
• Proteinogenic Amino acids (20) out of 300
• 2 Functional groups (Amino group basic and carboxylic group is acidic)
• At physiological pH ionic
• Physical properties
• Colorless and crystalline in nature
• Soluble in organic solvents
• High m.p
• Sweet, tasteless, bitter
• Optically active except glycine
Story 1: (BAPAN and his art)
B (Basic)
Loves His Art (Lysine, Histidine, Arginine)
A (Acidic)
As God (Aspartic acid & Glutamic acid)
Story 2: (Mad Sera)
P (Polar)
Sera Throws her cyster (sister) to Get Aspirin
(Serine, Threonine, Cystein, Glycine, Asparagine)
Story 3: (Fat tire)
A (Aromatic)
PhaT Tire (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan)
Story 4: (Prof. Leu and the president)
N (Non-polar)
Prof. Leu Is Arrived at Valet Ground to Met the president
(Proline, Leucine, Isoleucine, Alanine,Valine, Glycine, Methionine)
• PROTEINS
• Definition: Nitrogenous macromolecules and natural polymers made up of amino acids
• S, P as minor components
• Complex nitogenous polymers
• High molecular weight
• Polypeptides
• Peptide bonds
• NUCLEIC ACIDS are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a
series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a
nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn
attached to a phosphate group.
• Nucleotides composed of
• Sugar
• Base (4)
• Phosphate