Chapter 22

Organic Chemistry

Ashima Levi, Alan Grisales, Daniela

Cubur
 Table of Contents

❖ Organic Compounds ❖ Hydrocarbons

❖ Functional Groups ❖ Organic Reactions

 Introduction

Organic chemistry is
the study of the
structure, properties,
composition, reactions,
and preparation of
carbon-containing
compounds.
Organic compounds

Organic compounds-are
compounds that
covalently bonded with
one another containing
a carbon atom excluding
carbonates & oxides
(Na2CO3,CO,& CO2)
 Carbon Bonding

Carbon’s electronic
structure allows carbon
to bind to itself
forming long chains or
rings or bind with
other elements
 Carbon-Carbon
bonding
Carbon is a unique due to
its ability to undergo
catenation (can be bonded
with single, double, &
tripe bonds)
Catenation-is the
covalent bonding of an
element to itself to form
chains or rings
 Carbon bonding to
other elements

Carbon atoms bond with

elements with similar
electronegativities such
as hydrogen

Hydrocarbon-are composed
of only carbon &
hydrogen (simplest
organic compound)
Arrangement of Carbon

Carbon also has the

ability to bond into
different
arrangements also
known as isomers
Isomers- compounds
that have the same
molecular formula
but different
structures
Structural Formulas
Structural formula-the
number & types of atoms in a
molecule & the bonding
arrangement
Structural formulas could
also be condensed for
readability purposes
Types of isomers

Structural Isomers
(constitutional isomers)

Structural Isomers - are isomers in

which the atoms are bonded
together in different orders.

These isomers can have a different

physical or chemical properties
Types of isomers

Geometric Isomers

Geometric isomers-isomers in
which the order of atom
bonding is the same but the
arrangement of atoms in space
is different
Cis-atoms on the same side of
the molecule
Trans-atoms on the opposite of
the molecule
 Hydrocarbons
Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen.
(The simplest of organic molecules)

Saturated Hydrocarbons - A hydrocarbon where each

carbon atom has only single bonds to other carbons
(has the maximum number of hydrogens possible)

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - A hydrocarbon with

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms,
(does not have the max number of hydrogens possible)
Saturated Hydrocarbons

Alkanes
Hydrocarbons with only single bonds

Alkanes can be unbranched or branched

They have a specific nomenclature (next slide), and

all end in the suffix -ane

Some alkanes have alkyl groups, or groups of

atoms formed when 1 hydrogen is removed from
the carbon chain.

Those made of 1-4 carbons are usually natural

gases, and petroleum is a common mixture of
alkanes with many different carbon chain lengths.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Alkane Nomenclature

3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
Saturated Hydrocarbons

Cycloalkanes
Alkanes that form a
“ring” or cyclic shape

Cycloalkanes have the same

nomenclature as alkanes, but their
names begin with the prefix cyclo-

Cycloalkanes tend to have higher

boiling points & densities due to
greater London Dispersion Forces
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with at
least one double bond

Alkenes have the same nomenclature

as alkanes, but end in the suffix -ene

They have similar properties to alkanes

The smallest alkene is ethene, and is

commonly used as fuel, a monomer in
plastic, the creation of alcohols, and a
hormone to ripen fruit
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with
at least one triple bond

Alkynes have the same nomenclature

as alkanes, but end in the suffix -yne

They follow the same trends in boiling

points & densities as other hydrocarbons
ΔH of combustion
Ethyne is the smallest alkyne and is −1309.5 kJ
commonly used for combustion in mol-1
welding torches and other fuels
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Planar hydrocarbons with 6-carbon
rings and delocalized electrons

Aromatic Hydrocarbons have their own

complex nomenclature and properties

The most common & important aromatic

hydrocarbon is benzene.

The resonance structure & hybrid bonds

in benzene allow electrons to move
through the entire ring in p-orbitals
 Functional Groups

A functional groups is an atom or

group of atoms that is responsible of
organic compound.
The main players
 Alcohols

Alcohols are
organic compounds
that contain one or
more hydroxyl
groups.
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols
General Formula

Because OH is the
functional group of all
alcohols, we often
represent alcohols by the
general formula R—OH,
where R is an alkyl group.
Alcohols are common in
nature.
Hydrogen Bonding In Alcohols

Hydrogen Bonding in alcohols can also explain other

properties and uses of alcohols. Cold cream, lipstick, body
lotion and similar products generally include
1,2,3-propanetriol which is also called glycerol.
Alkyl Halides

Organic compounds in which one or more halogen

atoms, — fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine — are
substituted for one or more Hydrogen atoms In a
Hydrocarbon.
 CFCs Freon 11 & Freon 12

● Widely used organic chemicals

● Alkyl Halides that contain both chlorine and fluorine
 Ethers

Organic compounds in
which two
hydrocarbon groups
are bonded to the
same atom of oxygen.
Uses of Ethers

● Ethers are not very reactive

compounds so they are
commonly use as solvents.
● Can be used in food flavoring
and in perfume in fragrances.
 Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbonyl

group is attached to a carbon at the end of carbon-atom chain.
Ketones are organic compounds in which the carbonyl groups
is attached to carbon atoms within the chain.
 Amines

Organic compounds that

can be considered to be
derivatives of ammonia,
NH3.
 Carboxylic Acids

Organic compounds
that contain the
carboxyl functional
group.
 Carboxylic Acids

● Carboxylic acids, like inorganic acids react to lose a

hydrogen ion and become a negatively charged ion in
water.
● Weaker than many inorganic acids such as hydrochloric,
sulfuric, and nitric acids.
 Carboxylic Acids

Citric acid found in citrus

fruits, contains three
carboxylic acid groups.
Benzoic, propanoic, and
sorbic acids are used as
preservatives.
 Esters
Organic compounds that
have carboxylic acid
groups in which the
hydrogen of the hydroxyl
group has been replaced
by an alkyl group.
Organic
Reactions
Organic Reactions are
chemical reactions involved
with organic compounds
Addition Reactions
Two or more (unsaturated) reactants form to make a single product

Figure 4.81: The hydrogenation of ethene to ethane.

Substitution Reactions
An atom or functional group of a compound is replaced by another
Condensation Reactions
Two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine, usually losing
a small neutral molecule

Figure 5.3.1: Amino acids join together to form a molecule called a dipeptide.
The −OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with a
hydrogen atom from the amine group of the other amino acid to produce water (blue).
Elimination Reactions
A molecule loses atoms or groups of atoms, usually forming a new bond
Monomer - A small, simple molecule

Polymer - A larger, more complex

molecule formed by its monomers

Copolymer - A polymer formed by

2 or more types of monomers
Addition Polymers Condensation Polymers
A polymer formed by repeated A polymer formed by repeated
addition reactions between condensation reactions between
monomers with double bonds monomers

Styrene monomers → polystyrene + H2O