BIOCHEMISTRY

Functional Groups  Used in the production of ethanol, ethylene

Organic vs Inorganic Compounds oxide and the polymer polyethylene

•Organic chemistry: Study of hydrocarbons (only •Propene (propylene) is also very important in industry
carbon and hydrogen atoms) and their various  Molecular formula C3H6
derivatives.  Used to make the polymer polypropylene and is
•Inorganic chemistry: Study of all substances other the starting material for acetone
than hydrocarbons and their derivatives. •Many alkenes occur naturally
Bonding Characteristics of Carbon Atom •Alkynes
•C-atom always makes total of 4 Bonds •Ethyne (acetylene) is used in welding torches because
•The sharing of four valence electrons requires the it burns at high temperature
formation of four covalent bonds which are represented •Many alkynes are of biological interest
by four lines.
 Capillin is an antifungal agent found naturally
Functional Groups  Dactylyne is a marine natural product
•are groups of atoms in organic molecules that are  Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic estrogen used in
responsible for the characteristics, chemical reactions of oral contraceptives
those molecules.
•Simple molecules that contain the same functional
group in their structure can be expected to react in
similar ways.
•More complicated chemical molecules may contain
more than one functional group within their structure.
•Functional groups are collections of atoms that attach
the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule and confer
specific properties.
•Each type of organic molecule has its own specific type •Benzene: A Representative Hydrocarbon
of functional group.
•Benzene is the prototypical aromatic compound ( an
•Functional groups in biological molecules play an arene)
important role in the formation of molecules like DNA,
 The Kekulé structure (named after August
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Kekulé who formulated it) is a six-membered
•Functional groups include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, ring with alternating double and single bonds
carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl.
Hydrocarbons

•Alkenes

Halogen-Containing Compounds
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- Alkyl Halides
In alkyl halides, a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) replaces the Some Alcohols
hydrogen of an alkane
OH OH
CH3CH2OH HO CHCH2NH2 CHCHNHCH3
CH3
ethanol HO adrenaline pseudephidrine

OH
HOCH2CHCH2OH
Oxygen-Containing Compounds glycerol cholesterol

HO

HO

O N CH3

•Alcohols H
•In alcohols the hydrogen of the alkane is replaced by HO
the hydroxyl (-OH) group Morphine
 An alcohol can be viewed as either a hydroxyl most abundant of opium's alkaloids
derivative of an alkane or an alkyl derivative of Alcohols are found in Many Natural Products
water

•Alcohols are also classified according to the carbon the

hydroxyl is directly attached to
•Ethers
•Ethers have the general formula R-O-R or R-O-R’ where
R’ is different from R
 These can be considered organic derivatives of
water in which both hydrogens are replaced by
organic groups
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 The bond angle at oxygen is close to the Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amides: All these
tetrahedral angle groups contain a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen

or nitrogen
•Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
•Both contain the carbonyl group

•Aldehydes have one carbon

attached to
the
carbonyl
•Esters
group
•A carbonyl group is bonded to an alkoxyl (OR’) group
•Amide
•Ketones have two organic groups attached to the
carbonyl group •A carbonyl group is bonded to a nitrogen derived from

ammonia or an amine

•The carbonyl carbon is sp2

hybridized
Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
 It is trigonal planar and
has bond angle about •Amines
120o •Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia
 They are classified according to how many
alkyl groups replace the hydrogens of
ammonia
 This is a different classification scheme than
that used in alcohols

•Carboxylic Acids
•Contain the carboxyl (carbonyl + hydroxyl) group

•Nitriles
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•An alkyl group is attached to a carbon triply bonded to •In the geometrical symbols for rings, each apex
a nitrogen represents a carbon with the number of hydrogens
required to fill its valence.
•This functional group is called a cyano group
IUPAC: Alkanes
Summary of Important Families of Organic Compounds
Summary of Important Families of Organic
Compounds

IUPAC
•International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
•The purpose of the IUPAC system of nomenclature is
IUPAC: Cycloalkanes
to establish an international standard of naming
compounds to facilitate communication.
•IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a
molecule’s longest chain of carbons connected by single
bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring.
•All deviations, either multiple bonds or atoms other
than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or
suffixes according to a specific set of priorities. IUPAC: Functional Group Priorities & Prefixes and
IUPAC: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
•Alkanes are the family of saturated hydrocarbons,
that is, molecules containing carbon and hydrogen
connected by single bonds only. These molecules can be
in continuous chains (called linear or acyclic), or in
rings (called cyclic or alicyclic).
•The names of alkanes and cycloalkanes are the root
names of organic compounds. Beginning with the five-
carbon alkane, the number of carbons in the chain is
indicated by the Greek or Latin prefix. Rings are
designated by the prefix “cyclo”. Suffixes
Summary of IUPAC Rules
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1. Find the longest continuous Carbon chain.
2. Number forward and backwards.
Hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives
•Hydrocarbon: Compound that contains only carbon
and hydrogen atoms.
•Hydrocarbon derivative: Compound that contains
carbon and hydrogen and one or more additional
elements.
•Saturated hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbon with all
carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds.
•Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbon with one or
more carbon–carbon multiple bonds (double bonds,
triple bonds, or both).

3. Check for functional groups, double and triple bonds.

Add to the name as prefix or suffix.
4. Use priority list and smallest number.
REVIEW
Organic vs Inorganic Compounds
•Organic chemistry: Study of hydrocarbons (only
carbon and hydrogen atoms) and their various
derivatives. – Examples: natural gas, petroleum,
plastics, rubbers, paper, carbohydrates (sugar, starch),
proteins, enzymes, fatty acids, food stuff, drugs, textiles,
etc.
•Inorganic chemistry: Study of all substances other
than hydrocarbons and their derivatives. – Examples
of inorganic compounds: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, ores
and minerals, air, baking powder, caustic soda, table
salt, metal alloys (brass, bronze), etc.
Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom
•C-atom always makes total of 4 Bonds
•The sharing of four valance electrons requires the
formation of four covalent bonds which are represented
by four lines.
Functional Groups are groups of atoms in organic
molecules that are responsible for the characteristics,
chemical reactions of those molecules. Simple
molecules that contain the same functional group in
their structure can be expected to react in similar ways.
More complicated chemical molecules may contain
more than one functional group within their structure.
The names of organic molecules are systematic
references to the functional groups within the
molecule.