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LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this lecture, students should be
able to:
a) Describe the structure of leaves and chloroplast.
b) Define the term of photosynthesis.
c) Explain the electromagnetic spectrum and pigments.
d) Explain 2 main stages in photosynthesis
➢ LIGHT REACTION
- Photosystem, linear electron flow & cyclic electron flow
- Production of ATP and NADPH
➢ DARK REACTION (Calvin cycle)
- 4 phase (carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration, product synthesis)
- Production of sugar
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LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES


e) Define photorespiration.
f) Describe the alternative pathway (C4 & CAM).
g) Explain the factors that affecting photosynthesis
rate.

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 Simple definition
Osmosis - movement of substance across membrane from high to low
concentration.
Chemi - involves chemical substance (H + ions).
Will drive ATP production.
Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis

movement of H+ from thylakoid space high [H+] to stroma 

with low [H+] , diffusion of H+ from thylakoid space back to 

stroma power ATP synthase.

How proton concentraLon gradient created

between thylakoid space and stroma?
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 1. Photolysis – 

Splitting of water produced H+ ions, electrons and oxygen
(light reaction-PSII).

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2. The movement of ‘e’ from Cytochrome
complex to PC
Oxidation of cytochrome complex
coupled with pumping of 4H+ from
stroma to thylakoid space.

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 3. Formation of NADPH

H+ ions are removed from stroma when it taken up by NADP+ This
will reduce the concentration H+ ions in stroma.


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 STROMA

(low H+ concentration) Cytochrome
 NADP+

complex reductase
Photosystem II Light
Photosystem I H+
Light 4 H+ 3
NADP+ + H+
Fd

Pq
NADPH
Pc
H+ 2
H+ H+ H+ H 2O H+ H+
H+ 1 1/
2
O2 H+ H+ H+
THYLAKOID SPACE
 +2 H+ 4 H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
(high H+ concentration)
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ To

H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ Calvin

Cycle

Thylakoid

membrane ATP

H+ synthase ADP

STROMA

+
 ATP H+
(low H+ concentration)
H+ Pi
H+
H+

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 Similarities of Chemiosmosis in
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
1.Involves ETC and produces energy.

2.Energy produced is used to pump H+ ions

across a membrane against the
concentration gradient.

3.H+ ions diffuse back through ATP

synthase and ATP is produced.

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 Comparison of Chemiosmosis in
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Mitochondria Chloroplast

Electron source Chemical energy from food Light energy from photon

Site of hydrogen reservoir Intermembrane space Thylakoid space

Site of ATP synthesis Mitochondrial matrix Chloroplast stroma

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 Mitochondrion Chloroplast

MITOCHONDRION CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
H+ Diffusion
Intermembrane Thylakoid
space space

Inner Electron Thylakoid

transport
membrane membrane
chain

ATP
synthase
Matrix Stroma
Key
ADP + P
ATP
Higher [H+] H+
Lower [H+] 11