Welcome

To
MRs. Escario’s
General Chemistry 1 Class
Quarter 2 Week 8
 Organic Chemistry
•Organic means living
•Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
•Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon chemicals
that are natural and artificial.
•The bonding in hydrocarbons is covalent so
bonding between molecules is weak.
•The structure is molecular.
 Hydrocarbon
and
functional groups
Quarter 2 Week 8
Mrs. Theresa Escario
SLIDESMANIA.COM
Hydrocarbons:
contain only hydrogen and carbon

Hydrocarbons can be divided into different

types, depending on their bonding.
 Naming Organic Molecules
Alkanes - - Carbon chain, no double or
triple bonds. All single bonds
(saturated)
Alkenes - - Carbon chain, contains
double bond(s) (unsaturated)
Alkynes - - Carbon chain, contains
triple bond(s) (unsaturated)
 Naming Organic Molecules
There are two parts to the main name
of each molecule…

prefix: tells the suffix: tells the

# of carbons in type of bonding in
main chain or ring the chain or ring
Hydrocarbons
Prefix: indicates number of carbon
atoms in the main chain or ring

1 meth- 6 hex-
2 eth- 7 hept-
3 prop- 8 oct-
4 but- 9 non-
5 pent- 10 dec-
Suffix: indicates types of bonds present

Alkanes: (all single bonds) ___ -ane

Alkenes: (double bond) ___ -ene

Alkyne: (triple bond) ___ -yne

Alkenes CnH2n
• A by-product of CRACKING an Alkane
• Used for making polymers
• Also called olefins
• C=C is more reactive than C-C
• The molecule is unsaturated and the double
bonds allow addition polymerisation.
H H
Ethene C2H4
C C
H H
– Alkenes
• Ethene (ethylene) is a major industrial feedstock
– Used in the production of ethanol, ethylene oxide and the
polymer polyethylene

• Propene (propylene) is also very important in industry

– Molecular formula C3H6
– Used to make the polymer polypropylene and is the starting
material for acetone
• Many alkenes occur naturally
14
– Alkynes
• Ethyne (acetylene) is used in welding torches
because it burns at high temperature

• Many alkynes are of biological interest

– Capillin is an antifungal agent found naturally
– Dactylyne is a marine natural product
– Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic estrogen used in oral contraceptives
 Functional
Groups
A group of atoms that is mainly responsible for the
chemical behavior of the parent molecule is called
functional group. Organic compounds may also be
classified according to the functional groups they contain.
Compounds with the same functional groups undergo like
reactions.
 Alcohols
(R-OH; R=hydrocarbon)
● All alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group, -OH.
● Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, which is produced biologically by the fermentation of
sugar or starch, is by far the best known.
● The alcohols are very weakly acidic and are soluble in water because of their
polar nature.
● Most alcohols are highly flammable.
● Methanol is highly toxic.
 Ethers
(R-O-R’; R, R’=hydrocarbon)
● Ethers contain the R-O-R’ linkage, where R and R’ are hydrocarbon.
● They are slightly polar and slightly soluble in water, but they are extremely
flammable.
● They tend to slowly form explosive peroxides when left standing in air.
● Diethyl ether, one of the common ethers, was used as an anesthetic for many years
but also known for its irritating effects on the respiratory system and the incidence
of postanesthetic vomiting and nausea.
 Aldehydes and Ketones
● The functional group in aldehydes and ketones is the carbonyl group .
● At least one hydrogen atom is bonded to the carbon in the carbonyl group in an
aldehyde.
● The carbon atom in the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups in a
ketone.
● Aldehydes and ketones are highly polar molecules.
● The small aldehydes and ketones are soluble in water, but solubility falls with
chain length.
● They also have slightly higher boiling and melting points than alkanes.
● Formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, is used in the laboratory to preserve animal
specimens.
● Acetone, the simplest ketone, is primarily used as solvent for organic compounds
and as nail polish remover.
 Carboxylic acids
● The functional group in carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group.
● These acids are weak in nature and are widely found in both plant and
animal kingdoms.
● Carboxylic acids are polar and are soluble in water.
● Acetic acid, one of the common carboxylic acids, is also known as vinegar.
 Esters
● Esters have the general formula R’-COOR, where R’ can be a hydrocarbon group or
Hydrogen and R is a hydrocarbon group.
● They are used in the production of perfumes and as flavouring agents.
● The smell and flavour of many fruits come from the presence of small quantities of
esters.
● Oranges contain octyl acetate (CH3COOCHCH3C6H13), and apples contain methyl
butyrate (CH3CH2CH2COOCH3).
● Esters are polar and water soluble.
Examples of Esters
 Amines
● Amines are organic bases having the general formula R3N, where R may be
Hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group.
● When amines are allowed to react with acids, they form colourless and
odourless salts.
● When all Rs are hydrogens, the resulting compound is ammonia, NH3.
 Molecule in the News:Melamine

2
Structural Isomerism
and Organic Reaction
30
 ▸ Structural Isomerism

▸ When two or more organic compounds have the

same molecular formula but different properties
due to their difference in arrangement of atoms
along the carbon, they are called structural
isomers. There are six forms of structural
isomerism and the most common are chain,
positional and functional isomerism.
31
32
33
34
35
Simple Reactions of Organic
Compounds
37
38
39
 Saponification Reactions

Saponification reaction takes place when a fat, oil or lipid is cleaved

and converted into soap and alcohol by the action of heat and with
the presence of water and a base. Fats are typically in the form of
esters. When esters undergo saponification, carboxylate (soap) and
an alcohol (glycerol) functional groups are produced.

40
41
Preparation of Selected
Organic Compounds
 Preparation of Alkanes

43
 Preparation of Alkenes

44
 Preparation of Alcohols

45
 Preparation of Esters

46
 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

47