Functional Groups of

Organic Molecules

GRADE 12-STEM (Campos & Sempio)

GEN. CHEM. 1
MELC 30
January 3-4, 2022
Q2 WK 6 First Sem
2021-2022
 MELC # 30

•Describe the different

functional groups of
organic molecules
 Origin of Organic Molecules/Compounds

• Naturally occurring organic compounds

are found in plants, animals, and fossil
fuels.
• All of these have a plant origin.
• All of these rely on the “fixing” of C
from CO2.
• Synthetic organic compounds are derived
from fossil fuels or plant material.
 Difference between Organic and Inorganic Compounds.

• Organic
-always contain carbon 
• Inorganic
- nearly all organic
compounds contain - most do
carbon-hydrogen or C-H
bonds not contain
- containing carbon alone is
not sufficient for a
carbon
compound to be considered
organic; should have both
carbon and hydrogen
 Origin of Organic Molecules

• Naturally occurring organic compounds are

found in plants, animals, and fossil fuels.
• All of these have a plant origin.
• All of these rely on the “fixing” of C from
CO2.
• Synthetic organic compounds are derived
from fossil fuels or plant material.
 Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules

• Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These

include nucleic acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and
hydrocarbon fuels.
• All organic molecules contain carbon, nearly all contain hydrogen,
and many also contain oxygen.
1) DNA
2) table sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11
3) benzene, C6H6
4) methane, CH4
5) ethanol or grain alcohol, C2H6O
 Examples of Inorganic Compounds

Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from

single elements and any other compounds that don't
contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
Some inorganic molecules do, in fact, contain carbon.
1) table salt or sodium chloride, NaCl
2) oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
3) carbonates,bicarbonates(NaHCO3,CaCO3)
4) cyanides, NaCN
5) diamond (pure carbon)
6) silver
7) sulfur
 Organic Compounds Without C-H Bonds

• Few organic compounds don't contain

carbon-hydrogen bonds. Examples of
these exceptions include
• carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
• carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)
• urea [CO(NH2)2]
 Functional Group 
• Defined as an atom or group of atoms within a molecule
that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in
various compounds
• A substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the
molecule's characteristic chemical reactions
• The same functional group will undergo the same or similar
chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's
composition.
• Two molecules having different sizes but the same
functional groups will take part in chemical reactions that
are similar or exactly the same 
 Hydrocarbons

• Organic compounds containing only carbon and

hydrogen
• They include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and
aromatics. 
• The latter three are considered different types of
functional groups. 
• Alkanes are not usually considered as functional
groups; instead, an alkane is a compound that lacks
functional groups.
 1) Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes - comprised of a series of compounds

that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with
single covalent bonds
 Hydrocarbons

• Alkenes - also referred to as olefins, are organic unsaturated

hydrocarbons that are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms
with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in their
chemical structure
• Unsaturated organic molecules - having carbon–carbon
double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the
greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number
of carbons; healthier in diets than saturated fats
• Saturated organic molecules - containing the greatest
possible number of hydrogen atoms, and so having no
carbon–carbon double or triple bonds
 Hydrocarbons

• Alkenes
 Hydrocarbons

• Alkynes

An unsaturated
hydrocarbon containing at
least one carbon—carbon
triple bond
 2) Phenyl

• a benzene ring where one hydrogen atom is replaced by

the R substituent
• R group in Organic chemistry refers to the alkyl group
which may be either straight chain ( like
• -CH3(methyl); -C2H5(ethyl) or branched
[ isopropyl -CH(CH3)2 or neobutyl -C(CH3)3].
• This alkyl group is due to the substitution of a hydrogen
atom of alkane ( from alkane to alkyl) with any other
functional group.
• Even aromatic compounds do contain alkyl group.
 2) Phenyl

• Phenyl group, or phenyl ring, is a cyclic

group of atoms with the formula C6H5.
• Phenyl groups are closely related to
benzene and can be viewed as a benzene
ring, minus a hydrogen, which may be
replaced by some other element or
compound to serve as a functional group
 3) Benzyl

• benzyl is the substituent or

molecular fragment possessing
the structure C₆H₅CH₂–;
• features a benzene ring attached
to a CH₂ group.
 Benzyl vs. Phenyl

Benzyl Phenyl
 4) Alkyl Halide

• Alkyl halides also called haloalkanes

or halogenoalkanes are chemical
compounds that are often derived
from alkanes that contain one or
more halogens.
• Alkyl halides are also a subset of the
general class of halocarbons.
 4) Alkyl Halide

• Alkyl halides also called haloalkanes or

halogenoalkanes are chemical compounds that
are often derived from alkanes that contain one or
more halogens.
• Alkyl halides are also a subset of the general class
of halocarbons.
• Colorless and odorless compounds formed from
halogen and alkanes
• Halogens are elements of Group VIIA, including H
4) Alkyl Halide

Where X can be F, Cl, Br, I and

R can be
• CH3-
• CH3CH2-
• CH3CH2CH2-
• etc.
4) Alkyl Halide
4) Sample Alkyl Halide
 5) Amine

• Amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic

nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
• Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or
aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and
arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to
one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).
• In the context of organic molecules, aryl is any functional group or
substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic
hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.
 5) Amine

Naphthyl group
5) Sample Amines
5) Sample Amines
 6) Alcohol
• Alcohol, any of a class of organic compounds
with one or more hydroxyl groups (OH-) attached
to a carbon atom of an alkyl group.
• Alcohols may be considered as organic
derivatives of water (H2O) in which a hydrogen
atom has been replaced by an alkyl group.
• Examples include ethanol, methanol, and
isopropyl alcohol.
6) Alcohol
6) Sample Alcohols
6) Sample Alcohols
 7) Ether
• Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether
group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
• They have the general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′
represent the alkyl or aryl groups.
• Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the alkyl
groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it
is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different,
the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers.
• A typical example of the first group is the solvent and
anesthetic diethyl ether commonly referred to simply as "ether"
(CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3).
 7) Ether
• Sample ethers
Functional Group
 8) Aldehyde
• Aldehydes are generally created by removing a
hydrogen from an alcohol; the most well-known is
formaldehyde.
• As they are frequently strongly scented, many
fragrances are or contain aldehydes.

Functional Group
 8) Aldehyde

• Aldehydes are generally

created by removing a
hydrogen from an alcohol; the
most well-known is
formaldehyde.
• As they are frequently strongly
scented, many fragrances are
or contain aldehydes.
8) Aldehyde
 8) Ketone

Functional Group
 9) Carboxylic Acid
• A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that
contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH) attached
to an R-group. The general formula of a
carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to
the alkyl group.
• Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important
examples include the amino acids and fatty
acids.
9) Carboxylic Acid
 10) Ester
• An ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid
(organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl)
group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.
• Usually, esters are derived from substitution reaction of a
carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
• Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are
important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of
lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable
oils.
• Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as
fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones.
 10) Ester
•  Pheromone comes from Ancient Greek φέρω phero
"to bear" and hormone)
• A secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a
social response in members of the same species.
• Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like
hormones outside the body of the secreting individual,
to impact the behavior of the receiving individuals.
• There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones,
sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior
or physiology.
10) Ester
10) Ester
 11) Amide

• Amides are derived from carboxylic acids. A carboxylic

acid contains the -COOH group, and in an amide the -
OH part of that group is replaced by an -NH2 group.
• Amides contain the -CONH2 group.
• Three simplest amides:

HCONH2 methanamide
CH3CONH2 ethanamide
CH3CH2CONH2 propanamide
11) Amide
 11) Sample Amides

Methanamide Ethanamide Propanamide

Worksheet # 30
Worksheet # 30