Functional Groups

 
23.1-23.3
 Functional Groups
 Functional Group: a specific arrangement of atoms
in an organic compound that is capable of
characteristic chemical reactions.

 Organic compounds are classified based on their

functional groups.
 Types of Functional Groups
 “R” represents any
carbon chains or
rings attached to
the functional
group.

 Functional groups
give compounds
unique properties.
 1) Halocarbons
 1) Halocarbons: A carbon containing compound with a
halogen substituent.

 Halogen: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

 Reactions Involving
Halocarbons
 Substitution Reactions: when an atom or group of atoms
REPLACES another atom or group of atoms.

 A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkene.

 Reactions Involving
Halocarbons
 Halocarbons can then be substituted with an Arrhenius base to
make the functional group: Alcohol
 2) Alcohols
 An Alcohol is an organic compound with an –OH group.
2) Alcohols
 2) Alcohols
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common
component of many household products.

Fermentation is the production of ethanol and

carbon dioxide from sugars by the action of
yeast or bacteria.
 3) Ethers
 Ether: an organic compound in which carbon is bonded to two
carbon groups.
 3) Ethers
 The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War, belonged
to a class of chemical compounds called ethers.
 4) Aldehyde
 An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbon of
the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.

 **Carbonyl Group**
4) Aldehyde
 5) Ketone
 A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the
carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.
5) Ketone
 Aldehyde and Ketone
o Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Many aldehydes and ketones have distinctive odors.
• Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring agents.
• Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond.
• Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of cinnamon.

Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from A solvent used to remove nail polish

vanilla beans. is acetone, a ketone.
 6) Carboxylic Acids
 A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.

The general formula for a

carboxylic acid is
RCOOH.
 Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as
fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Also makes up fatty acids---
used in candles, waxes, etc.
 7) Ester
 Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the
carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.
7) Esters

Esters impart the

characteristic aromas and
flavors of many flowers and
fruits. Marigolds,
raspberries, and bananas all
contain esters.
Addition Reactions
 Addition Reactions
 Hydration: Addition reaction using water