Functional groups

Lesson 3
 Functional Groups

• The structure, properties and chemical

reactions of organic compounds are
determined by the functional groups
• Functional groups hold onto to their
properties regardless of the molecule
in which they are found
• They are formed through a base
molecule and an R (hydocarbon)
group.
 Hydroxyl

Amino
Functional Carbonyl
Groups

Carboxyl
 Alcohol

Hydroxyl

Ethers
 Alcohol

• Is an organic compound commonly

used as reagents, solvents and fuels
• It is colorless and also transparent
• It has an OH group attached to a single
bond alkane
 Alcohols

• Only one oxygen

• Has an O-H group
• They are named as alkanol

Ethanol
 Uses of Alcohols

• Ethanol (C2H5OH)
 Uses of Alcohols

• Methanol (CH3OH)

Methanol, an extremely toxic alcohol

 Ethers

• Ether structure contains two alkyl

groups join in one oxygen

• Ethers act much like alkenes

• They burn and split apart when boiled

in concentrated acids
 Ether

• Has 1 oxygen
• No O-H group or C=0 group
• The oxygen is sandwhiched between
two carbon atoms
• Their nameds ends with -ether
 Uses of Ethers

• diethyl ether or simply

"ether", CH3 CH2 OCH2
CH3

• methyl phenyl ether,

or an anisole- is a
major constituent of
oil of anise seed
 Uses of Ethers

• Different ethers have diverse uses but

are useful solvents

• Diethyl ether is used as anesthetic for

surgical procedures while dimethyl
ether is used as refrigerant and aerosol
spray propellant
 Aldehydes

Carbonyl
Ketones
 Aldehydes

• Aldehyde is a functional group consists

of a carbonyl bounded to a hydrogen
atom and an R group

• The term aldehyde comes from the

word "alcohol dehydrogenated"

• The simplest aldehyde is the

formaldehyde or methanal.
 Aldehydes

• Only one oxygen

• Has a C=0 group
• C=O group is at the end of the carbon chain,
so is next door go a hydrogen atom.
• They are names as alkanal

Ethanal
 Uses of Aldehydes

• Aldehyde contribute to
favorable odors of
essential oils like
cilantro and vanillin.

• The methanal or
formaldehyde is used as
disinfectant and
presewith a pungent odor
common in hospitals and
morgues
 Ketones

• A ketone is a functional group

characterized by a carbonyl group (O
=C) linked two other carbon atoms.
• It can be generally represented by the
formula RCOR, where two Rs are akly
groups
• Ketones differ from aldehydes in that
carbonyl is places between two
carbons rather than the end of a
carbon skeleton.
 Ketones

• Only one oxygen

• Has a C=O group
• C=O group is not at the end of the carbon
chain, so is next door to 2 carbons
• They are named as alkanone

Propanone
 Uses of Ketones

• Ketones are often used in perfumes

and paints to stabilize the other
ingredients so they do not degrade as
quickly over time
• Acetone is commonly used solvent and
is the active ingredient in nail polish
remover and some paint tinners
• Butanone also knownas methyl ethyl
ketone (MEK), is commonly used as
industrial solvent
 Uses of Ketones

• Ketones are often used in perfumes and

paints to stabilize the other ingredients so
they do not degrade as quickly over time

Acetone is commonly used solvent Butanone also knownas methyl

and is the active ingredient in nail ethyl ketone (MEK), is commonly
polish remover and some paint used as industrial solvent
tinners
 Carboxylic Acid

Carboxyl
Esters
 Carboxylic Acids

• Carboxylic acids are characterized by

the presence of carboxyl group
• A carboxyl group is functional group
with a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl
(R-OH) which has the general formula -
COOH.
• Acids having two carboxyl groups are
called dicarboxylic acid. A good
example of this acid is (COOH)2.
 Carboxylic Acids

• Has 2 oxygens
• Has O-H and C=O groors on the same carbon
atom
• This -COOH groups has to be at the end of a
carbon chain
• They are named as alkanoic acid

Ethanoic Acid
 Uses of Carboxylic Acids

• Carboxylic acids are used in the

production of polymers,
pharmaceuticals, solvents and food
additives.
 O th erU seo fC a rb o x y licA cid s

Common
Common Chemical
Carbon Atoms IUPAC NAME Location or
Name formula
Uses

1 Formic Acid Methanoic acid HCOOH Insect stings

2 Acetic Acid Ethanoic acid CH3 COOH Vinegar

CH3 (CH2) 2
4 Butyric Acid Butanoic acid COOH Rancid butter

CH3 (CH2)6 Coconuts and

8 Caprylic Acid Octanoic acid COOH breastmilk

Dodecanoic CH3 (CH2)10 Coconut oil and

12 Lauric Acid acid COOH liquid hand
soaps

Hexadecanoic CH3 (CH2) 14

16 Palmitic Acid acid COOH Palm oil
 Esters
• Esters is a product formed in reaction
between a carboxylic acid and alcohol
 Esters
• Has 2 oxygen
• One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the
other is next door, samdwhiched
between two carbons
• They are named as alkylalkanoate

Methylethanoate
 Esters
• The name ester is derived from the German Essig-
Aether word which is an old name for acetic acid
ethyl ester

• Esters, mostly found in fruits, are characterized by

having a very sweet fruity smell.
 Uses of Esters
• Due to their distinct odors, esters are
widely used as artificial flavorings and
fragrance.
Ester Fragrance
Ethyl methanoate Rum

Methyl phenyl ethanoate Honey

Phenyl ethanoate Pear

Octyl ethanoate Orange

Methyl butanoate Pineapple

Ethyl cinnmaate Cinnamon

Methyl athramilate Grapes

 Amines

Amino
Amides
 Amines
• Amines are organic compounds
containing a functional group of basic
nitrogen atom. They are derivatives
of ammonia (NH3) where one or
more hydrogen atoms are replaced
by an R group.
 Amines
• Contain nitrogen
• Has an -NH2 group
• They are named as alkyl amine

Ethylamine
 Uses of Amines
• Most neurotransmitters are amines
• Examples are epinephrine, dopamine
and histamine
• Chloropheniramine helps relive
disorder due to cold, itchy skin and
insect bites.
• Chloropromazine is used as
tranquilizers that relieves anxiety,
excitement and restlessness.
 Amides
• Amides contain a functional group
consisting of a carbonyl group linked to a
nitrogen atom. They are formed from the
reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine.
The simplest organic amide is methamide.
 Amides
• Has NH2 and C=O groups on the
same carbon atom
• They are named as alkanamide
 Uses of Amides
• Most drugs are amides including the
penicillin, abbreviated PCN or pen.
Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by
Scottish scientist named Alexander
Flemming. Today penicillin is widely used
as antiobiotic to treat bacterial infections