Esters

Esters
• Are chemical compounds derived from an acid (
organic or in organic) in which at least one - OH
(hydroxyl group) is replaced by an -O-alkyl(alkoxy)
group.
• Esters are formed from the reaction between a
carboxylic acid and alchohol.
• Esterification.
Naming Esters
• Esters are named after the alcohol and acid from
which they are produced . The name of the alcohol
is given first, the suffix changed to - ly ; followed by
the carboxylic acids with the suffix changed to -
oate.
• Examples;
• Ethyl butanoate
• Pentyl octanoate
• 4bromo-6 oxo-heptanoate
Properties of Esters
• It has distinctive fruity odor and have low boiling
temperature.
• Compounds formed from the reaction of an acid
and base.(safonification)
• Very important ester is aspirin.
• Polar
Amines and Amides
• Amines and amides are organic compounds
containing the amino group,-NH²
• The general formula of simple amines is R-
NH²;secondary amines is R-NH:and fir tertiary
amines the formula is R-NR¹ R¹¹.
Naming amines
• Amines are named by adding the suffix amine to
the root name of hydrocarbon.
• Give examples:
• Methylamine
• Ethanamine
• Prophylamine etc....
• The common name for amines is derived from the
name of the hydrocarbon chain taken as a branch
chain ,then adding the suffix amine.
Uses of Amines
• Amines are responsible for some odors. Cadaverine
is the amine produce by bacteria on decaying
organism
• The ptomaines formed by bacteria on meat and
fish.

• Several other compounds containing the amino

group are proteins,nucleic acids, vitamins and some
addictive compounds(nicotine,cocaine,and
amphetamines).
Amides
• The organic compounds containing the amino
group are the amides.
• It is attached to the carbon atom of a carbonyl
group.
Naming Amides
• Amides are named by adding the suffix amide to
the root name of the hydrocarbon but...
• The amide from pentanoic acid (C5H11 COOH)is
pentanamide;octanoic acid,octanamide;decanoic
acid,decanamide..and so forth.
Uses of Amides
• Amides have various uses. These organic
compounds link amino acids to form proteins.Its
amino group is found in polyamide fibers(nylon).
• The amide bond that links amino groups to form
proteins is called peptide bond.
Amide bond that links
amino groups to form
Ethers
• Ethers are very important organic compounds
usually reffered to as the functional isomers of thier
corresponding alcohols.
• Is an organic compound containing an oxygen atom
that is bonded to two carbon atoms.
• R-O-R¹
Naming Ethers
Common name
IUPAC
Common name
• It is derived by naming the hyrocarbon chains on
either side of oxygen atom and then adding the
word ,ether.
IUPAC
• The IUPAC names of Ethers are derived by naming
the smaller hydrocarbon chain bonded to the
central oxygen atom,changing its suffix to -oxy and
naming the ramaining parts just as hydrocarbons
are named.
• Example: ethoxy ethane.
Properties of Ethers
• Ethers do not form hydrogen bonds they have
varied solubility in water (small ethers are more
soluble in water than the larger ether molecules).
• Ether such as diethyl ether are used as solvent for
organic compounds. Some ethers are used as
anaesthetic and one is used in gasoline to improved
engines efficiency.