Science

QUARTER 2 – MODULE 4
Organic Compound
I. TITLE: Organic Compound
After your encounter with this module, you are expected to:

• Content Standards: The type of bonds that carbon forms that result in the diversity of carbon
compounds
• Performance Standards:
• Most Essential Learning Competency:
▪ Recognize the general classes and uses of organic compounds; S9MT-IIg-18

movement within the PAR

 Lesson 1_Hydrocarbon
 Lesson 2_General Types of organic Compound

II. CONCEPT NOTES

Lesson 1. Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Hydrocarbons such as
methane, ethane and butane are components of natural gas. Hydrocarbons are grouped into families namely,
alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. The compounds in each group have certain structures that make their
properties different from the other.

Table 1. Alkanes
Name Phase Condensed Structural Formula Boiling Point
Methane Gas CH4 -162
Ethane Gas CH3CH3 -89
Propane Gas CH3CH2CH3 -42
Butane Gas CH3CH2 CH2CH3 -0.5
Pentane Liquid CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH3 36
Hexane Liquid CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 69
Heptane Liquid CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH3 98
Octane Liquid CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 126

Table 2. Alkenes
Name Phase Condensed Structural Formula Boiling Point
Ethene Gas CH2=CH2 -104
Propene Gas CH2=CHCH3 -47
1-Butene Gas CH2=CHCH2CH3 -6
1-Pentene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 30
1-Hexene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 63

Table 3. Alkynes
Name Phase Condensed Structural Formula Boiling Point
Ethyne Gas CH≡CH -84
Propyne Gas CH≡C-CH3 -47
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 2-Butyne Gas CH3C≡CCH3 8.08
Pentyne Liquid HC≡CCH2CH2CH3 40.2

Q1. What are the types of bonds present in the following: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

Q2. Using Tables 1 to 3, what pattern do you observe in terms of the phase, number of carbon atoms,
structure and boiling point of the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? Explain the patterns you observe.

Q3. What do you think will be the boiling point of the next alkane, alkene, and alkyne? Will the boiling
point of each hydrocarbon be higher or lower? Explain your answer.

Q4. Why do you think some hydrocarbons are gases and others are liquids?

Q5. Why do you think there are many hydrocarbon compounds?

Q6. What hydrocarbon compounds are gases and liquids? What are the uses of gaseous hydrocarbon
compounds and liquid hydrocarbon compounds?

A. Learning Task 1 - Alcohols and Their Uses

Alcohols are another group of organic compounds. These organic compounds also have very important uses.
Some alcohols are used as antiseptic or disinfectant, some are used as cleaning agents, others are used as
components of liquors and a few alcohols are used as fuel for portable stoves or other types of burners.

Objectives:
• Recognize the uses of common alcohols;
• identify similarities in the structures of different kinds of alcohols; and
• relate these similarities to the common properties they have.

Materials: Labels or pictures of commonly used alcohol products

Procedure:
1) Read the labels of the products that contain alcohols
2) Write in the table below, the names of the products and the alcohol compounds that are found in the
labels of the product and their uses.

Name of Product Name of Alcohol/s Percent() or amount of Uses

Present in the Product alcohol in the Product

Q1. What are the common products that contain alcohol?

Q2. Why are these alcohols important?

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3) With your group, use the following illustrations of the structures of common alcohols to answer the
following questions.

Ethyl Alcohol Methyl Alcohol

Q3. What types of bonds are present in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and in isopropyl alcohol?
Q4. What accounts for the similar physical properties of alcohols?

B. Learning Task 2
What is common between acetone and formalin? Acetone and formalin are examples of simple carbonyl
containing compounds which have common uses. Carbonyl containing compounds are organic compounds
that contain carbonyl functional group, which is composed of a carbon atom doublebonded to an oxygen
atom: C=O

Objectives
• Give the common uses of acetone, and formalin.
• Relate the structures of acetone, and formalin to the carbonyl compounds where they belong.

Materials: acetone formalin

Procedure
1. With your group, talk about the uses of the simple compounds shown to you by your teacher
Q1. What are the common uses of acetone and formalin?

2. With your group, use the illustrations of the structures of acetone, and formaldehyde (formalin) below to
answer the questions.

Q2. What types of bonds do the common compounds have in their structures?

Q3. Formalin and acetone are common carbonyl containing compounds. Why do you think they both belong
in the group of carbonyl containing compounds?

Lesson 2- Functional Group

General Types of Organic Compounds

Since there are many organic compounds, they are divided into different functional groups.
Functional groups are atoms or small groups of atoms (two to four) that exhibit a chemical reactivity. The
figure in the next page shows a list of some of the functional groups.

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 There are over 6 million known organic compounds. Nomenclature is therefore very important.
Chemical nomenclature is defined as a set of rules or instructions that are used to generate or create name
for the chemical compounds. Nomenclature for chemical compounds that are used most often is the name
given by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Here are some basic guidelines that should help in the naming of the simple organic compounds you
will come across this module.
1. Find the longest carbon chain in the molecule. The table below will list the prefixes of the some organic
molecules:

Number of
Prefix Example Some Example Formula
Carbon atoms

1 meth- methane

2 eth- ethane

3 prop- propane

4 but- butane

5 pent- pentane

6 hex- hexane

7 hept- heptane

8 oct- octane

9 non- nonane

10 dec- decane

2. Determine the principle functional group and its position.

Principal
Formula Ending Becomes Examples
Functional Group
alkane C-C -ane Ethane
alkene C=C -ene Ethane

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 alkyne C≡C -yne Ethyne
alcohol -OH -anol Ethanol
aldehyde -CH=O -anal Ethanal
ketone >C=O -anone Ethanone
carboxylic acid -COOH -anoic acid Ethanoic acid

Position of the functional group is indicated, where necessary, by numbering the carbons in the longest
carbon chain. Position need not be indicated for alkanes, as they have no functional group, and aldehydes and
acids, as they are terminal functional groups. Positioning numbers are flanked by dash signs. Multiple
positions for a given functional group are separated by commas and indicated by the prefixes di, tri, tetra,
penta, hexa, hepta, octa , nona and deca.

3. Ancilliary functional groups are given in alphabetical order, with their position at the beginning of the name.
The box below will help guide you on how to write an organic compound.

https://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/N/nonane

Ancilliary Functional
Formula Prefix
Group
Methyl -CH3 methyl
Ethyl -C2H5 ethyl
Propyl -C3H7 propyl
Butyl -C4H9 butyl
Pentyl -C5H11 pentyl
Hexyl -C6H13 hexyl
Heptyl -C7H15 heptyl
Octyl -C8H17 octyl
Nonyl -C9H19 nonyl
Decyl -C10H21 decyl
Fluorine -F fluoro
Chlorine -Cl chloro

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 Bromine -Br bromo
Iodine -I iodo
Amine -NH2 amino
Hydroxyl -OH hydroxy
Cyanide -CN cyano
Benzyl -CH2C6H5 benzyl
Phenyl -C6H5 phenyl

http://homepage.smc.edu/kline_peggy/Organic/Nomenclature_FC.pdf

Organic compounds are divided into different groups called functional groups. A functional group in
chemistry is the part of the molecule that gives it its particular reactivity; simple molecules that contain the
same functional group in their structure can be expected to react in similar ways. More complicated chemical
molecules may contain more than one functional group within their structure, which can sometimes affect the
chemical reactions they undergo. The names of organic molecules are systematic references to the functional
groups within the molecule, and can thus be used to identify these.

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 The image on the next page shows the different functional groups.

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-applications-v1.0/section_28/d094ed949b665cc3a7bcc6fa077ae241.jpg

A. Learning Task 1
Encircle and identify the different functional groups in the organic compound below.

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 Q1. Cite five functional groups and give examples of each functional group.
_____________________________________________________________

Q2. What type of compound is this and give its IUPAC name? CH3CH2OH
_____________________________________________________________

B. Learning Task 2

FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION WORKSHEET

1. Identify the functional
H
groups on the following organic molecules.
O
a.
H C C

H OH
_________________________

H O H H
b.
H C C O C C H

H H H _________________________

H O H
c.
H C C N C H

H H C HH _________________________
H

H OH H H
d.
H C C C C H _________________________
H H H H

H H Br H
e.
H C C C C H _________________________
H H H H

C. Learning Task 3 – Name the organic compound.

H H H OH
H C C C O
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
H H

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 H H O

H C C C O H

H H

H H H H

H C C C C O

H H H

H O

H C C O H

O
H O H

H C C C H

H H

D. Learning Task 4

Draw the following organic compounds, and state the organic family they belong to.

a) Propanol

b) 2-butanol

c) Propyne

d) Octane

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IV. REFLECTION

Instruction: Complete the statement:

I have learned that ___________________________________________________

V. REFERENCES

The Significance of Carbon – Advanced; https://www.ck12.org/biology/significance-of-

carbon/lesson/The-Significance-of-Carbon-Advanced-BIO-ADV/; Seen last January 25, 2020.
Properties of Carbon; https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/properties-of-carbon/;
Seen last January 25, 2020
Chemistry of carbon; https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch10/carbon.php;
Seen last January 25, 2020
Chemical Nomenclature; https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/chemical-
nomenclature-6; Seen last February 7, 2020
http://homepage.smc.edu/kline_peggy/Organic/Nomenclature_FC.pdf
The Difference Between Organic and Inorganic; https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-
organic-and-inorganic-603912; Last seen on February 8, 2020
How to read food labels; https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/media/images/nutrition/general-
images/food-label-reading_737_553.jpg; Last seen on February 8, 2020
Hybridization – Carbon; http://faculty.otterbein.edu/DJohnston/chem220/tutorial1/carbon.html; last
seen February 9, 2020
Hybridization; https://byjus.com/jee/hybridization/; February 9, 2020
https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/hybridization-of-carbon.png
Organic Chemistry 3540 Quiz - September 10, 2004https://people.uwplatt.edu/~sundin/354-
4/5440910q.htm; Last sen February 9, 2020
Okuyama & Maskill: Organic Chemistry ;
https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/chemistry/okuyama/student/mcqs/ch02/; Last seen on February 9, 2020
Functional Groups in Organic Compounds : https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/01/24/functional-
groups-in-organic-compounds/; Last seen on March 18, 2020
Pople, Stephen (1996) Coordinated Science Physics. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2nd ed.
Renuga (2011). Lower Secondary Physics Secondary 1 & 2 Science. Fairfield Book Publishers, Singapore.
http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-xi/power-generation-and-distribution/item/616-electricpower-generation-
transmission-and-distribution-safety-a-us-example
http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/Allesandro_EL/docs%20and%20temps/Diorama%20rubric.pdf
http://www.meralco.com.ph/brightideas/index.html#top3
https://www.google.com/search?q=functional+groups+worksheet&source=lmns&bih=553&biw=1263&hl=
en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirhdv-49btAhUH5ZQKHYTvAbMQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA

VI. ANSWER KEY (Inverted)

Lesson 1

Learning Task 1
Q3. The structures of the alcohols in this activity only have single bonds.

Q4. Alcohols have the same hydroxyl group as their functional group that is why they have some similar properties or characteristics.

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 Answers to Questions

Q1. Compounds in the alkanes group only have single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes have at least one double bond between
carbon atoms in the compounds. Alkynes have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the compounds.

Q2. The physical state of the alkanes from methane to butane is gas, and from pentane to octane: liquid. The reason for this is related
to the structure of the compounds. If the molecule of the compound is small it interacts less with each other. Just like methane, it is
likely to be a gaseous compound. When the molecules become bigger in size or structure, they can closely interact with each other and
they will become more likely to be liquid just like in the case of octane. Octane molecule has a very long chained structure that makes it
too heavy to be a gaseous compound. The trend in the phase of the compounds is also the same with the alkenes and the alkynes. The
phase of the alkenes and alkynes is a gas when the molecules is small and becomes liquid as the molecules become bigger. The trend in
the structures of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is the same. The size of the structures of the compounds is increasing
because the compounds become bigger or longer.

Q3. The trend in the boiling point of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is also in an increasing pattern. This is because of
their structures. As the structures of the compounds become bigger, they also interact more with each other. Bigger molecules that
interact with each other more strongly require higher temperature to evaporate. That is why they have a higher boiling point.

Q4. The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because of the structure or the size of the molecules of the
Compiled
compounds.by:
When the molecules are small, they tend to interact less among each other. Smaller molecules are usually gases. And
when molecules have bigger structures, they interact more with each other. Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in liquid state.
Q5. The reason for so many hydrocarbon compounds is the carbon atom. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. This atomic
structure of the carbon makes it possible to form many types of bonds with other elements and with other carbon atoms. The
formation of these bonds results in many different hydrocarbons.

Q6. What hydrocarbon compounds are gases and liquids? What are the uses of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds and liquid
hydrocarbon compounds? Common examples of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds are methane, butane, propene, and ethyne
(acetylene). Methane gas is the most common hydrocarbon. It is used as fuel for cigarette lighters and LPG. It is also mixed with other
fuel for vehicles. Butane gas is used as fuel, blended with other hydrocarbons to produce liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and is also
used as fuel cigarette lighter. The color of the flame when butane is used in cigarette lighter is blue. Ethyne gas or commonly known as
acetylene is used commonly in flame torch that is used in welding of iron, and it is also used for hastening the ripening of fruits.

Learning Task 2
Q1. Acetone is commonly used as solvent and nail polish remover. Formaldehyde is used as a preserving
agent and disinfectant.
Q2. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde all have single and double bonds.
Q3. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde both have carbonyl functional group. These make them
carbonyl containing compounds.
Lesson 2

Learning Task 2 Learning Task 4

1. Carboxylic
acid
2. Esters
3. Amide
4. Alcohol
Propanol Propyne
5. alkyl halides

2-butanol

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