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SCIENCE
Quarter 1 – Module 5_Week 7
ECOSYSTEM: LIFE ENERGY
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5_Week 7: Ecosystem: Life Energy
Week 7: Cellular Respiration
First Edition, 2020

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 9
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5_Week 7
ECOSYSTEM: LIFE ENERGY

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https://sbi3us.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/figure_08_01_labeled.jpg?w=584
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the SCIENCE 9 Module on Ecosystem: Life Energy!

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This module is self-explanatory. You are
expected to encourage, assist and keep
track of the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

Notes to the Learners

This module is self-explanatory. You are
expected to follow the module sequentially
and independently. Answer the activities
and assessment with outmost honesty.

Notes to the Facilitator/Parent

This module is self-explanatory. Provide
ample time for the learner to finish the task
given and a space conducive for learning.
The role of the facilitator/parent is to
explain a topic for clarification

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Standard Symbols/Icons used to represent some parts of the
module:

Introduction. It contains learning objectives to be developed in

a material. It introduces the topic/content of the module briefly.

What I Know. This is given to check what the learner knows about the lesson to
take. This contains instruction in whether to proceed or skip the module.

What’s In. Connects the current lesson with the previous lesson by going over
concepts that were learned previously.

What’s New. Introduces the new lesson through a story, a poem, song, situation, or
an activity.

Discussion. Provides questions that will help the learner discover and understand
the concept.

What is It. This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. The aims to help
you discover and understand new concepts and
skills.

What’s More. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidity your
understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises
using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned. This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to

be filled into process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do. This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your
new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment. This evaluates the learner’s level of mastery in achieving the learning
objectives. The task given shall validate the concepts and provide more opportunities
to deepen the learning.

Additional Activities. In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich
your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned
concepts.

Answer Key. This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module. The
following
are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use
a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module will introduce one of the most important processes that takes place inside the
living cell. It will discuss how do cells obtain the energy they need and will explore how the energy
from food is converted to a complex molecule that will be an energy source of all living cells.
In this module, you will focus on the cell organelle found in both plant and animal cells
known as the powerhouse of the cell. You will look into the internal structures of the
mitochondrion and how each part functions. The two types of cellular respiration will be
differentiated, highlighting its by-products. A concise explanation of the three successive steps in
cellular respiration will also be discussed, emphasizing the number of ATPs produced in each step.
Furthermore, the factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration will also be presented.

Expect a fun-filled learning journey as you flip each page of this learning resource. This
module is made easy just for you. Each independent activity is designed to suit your needs as you
learn new concepts in science and develop new skills. Don’t skip a page or else you’ll miss the
essence of this learning module.
After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the parts of the organelle involved in cellular respiration.

2. Differentiate the two types of respiration.
3. Discuss how stored energy from food is changed to chemical energy for cell use.
4. Identify the factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration.
5. Conduct simple experiments to provide evidence that cells do undergo cellular respiration.
6. Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

What I Know

Before you start studying this module, let’s find out what you already know about the topics to be
discussed. Read and understand each question carefully and choose the best answer. Encircle the
letter of your choice.
You have to remember that your answers will give the teacher the necessary information on
what you already know and those topics that need to be given more emphasis.

1. All organisms get energy from food to perform different life processes. This is done in the cells
by breaking down sugar molecules into chemical energy. Which of the following cell organelles
is associated with the production of chemical energy?
A. Chloroplast C. Mitochondrion
B. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus

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2. In what cellular process produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the biological energy currency
of a living cell?
A. Aerobic respiration only C. Photosynthesis
B. Anaerobic respiration only D. Both A and B
3. Which of the following factors, if absent, will affect the number of ATP produced during cellular
respiration?
A. ATP C. Light
B. Carbon dioxide D. Oxygen
4. Which of the following is NOT part of the cellular respiration process?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Glycolysis
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Krebs Cycle
5. Which of the following process in cellular respiration happens in the cytosol of a cell?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Glycolysis
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Krebs Cycle
6. How many adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are formed at a maximum level in the entire process
of cellular respiration?
A. 2 ATPs B. 8 ATPs C. 30 ATPs D. 38 ATPs
7. Pyruvate is the product of glycolysis. If there is no oxygen available to cells of the human body,
what becomes of pyruvate?
A. Alcohol B. CO2 C. Lactic acid D. A and C
8. Where will your cell get the glucose for ATP production if you will not eat for several days?
A. Blood sugar C. Glycogen present in the muscle
B. Glycogen in the liver D. Protein in the blood
9. How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide is/are released from one pyruvic acid molecule being
oxidized?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
10. What is the direction of hydrogen flow during the synthesis of ATP?
A. from matrix to intermembrane space
B. from intermembrane space to matrix
C. from matrix of mitochondrion to cytoplasm
D. from cytoplasm to matrix of mitochondrion
11. Where does the process of glycolysis take place?
A. Chloroplast B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Nucleus
12. Which of the following process happens in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Glycolysis
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Krebs Cycle
13. What step of Cellular Respiration is the majority of the energy produced?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Krebs Cycle
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Light Reactions
14. Which of the following statements best explain how the process of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration are related?
A. The inputs of cellular respiration are the inputs of photosynthesis.
B. The inputs of photosynthesis are the inputs of cellular respiration.
C. The outputs of cellular respiration are the outputs of photosynthesis.
D. The outputs of photosynthesis are the inputs for cellular respiration.
15. What do hydrogen ions and electrons combine with to form water during the final stage of the
electron transport chain?
A. ATP synthase C. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide D. Sugar molecule
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 Lesson

1 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

In previous module, you become familiar with one significant effect of photosynthesis – that
oxygen is produced and released to the surroundings to be utilized by all organisms. Oxygen is
used so that the chemical energy stored in food molecules (sugar) can be converted into usable
energy (ATP) and used directly by living things.

The process of generating ATP is common to both plants and animals and is called cellular
respiration. All organisms need oxygen. You and other animals breathe to take in oxygen, but do
plants also breathe?

This lesson will reveal the answer to this question and describe the cellular respiration
process as compared to photosynthesis.

What’s In

Before we start, let’s have a quick review of what you have learned in the previous module.

Complete the general equation of photosynthesis by providing the raw materials and the product
of the process.

_________ + _________ _________ + _________ + _________

In previous grade levels, you already know that plants and animals are interdependent on
each other in an ecosystem because they depend on each other for basic survival needs. One of
the factors that shows the relationship between plants and animals is the exchange of gases. Can
you still remember what gas is needed by plants? Where do plants get this gas? How about
animals, what gas do they need? Where do these gases came from?

Take a look at the diagram below. Can you identify the gases being exchanged by these organisms?

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Fill in the box.

https://skepticalscience.com/pics/Respiration_Carbon_Cycle.gif

What have you noticed from your answers? Can you find these gases in the general equation of
photosynthesis?

What process do you think happens in a tree to release these gases? Yes, you are right! It’s
photosynthesis.

How about in humans, what process will release the gases to be used by plants?

The answer of this question is our topic this week. Are you ready to explore?

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson is self-explanatory. You are expected to give a brief
review of the photosynthetic process and correct misconception if
there is any. You are also expected to encourage, assist and keep
track of the learners as they do the tasks included in this module.

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 What’s New

Cellular respiration is a complex process by which energy, in the form of adenosine

triphosphate (ATP), is released from food molecules ingested by organisms. Autotrophs like green
plants produce their own food. Heterotrophs, like humans, feed on plants or other heterotrophs.
In all food substances, chemical energy is stored. This stored energy is converted further into ATP
that will be used by working cells. Other simpler substances, like CO2 and H2O, are also produced.
The process by which all these occur is called respiration.

There are two main types of respiration that takes place in living things. One type of
respiration is aerobic respiration. It involves the use of oxygen in breaking down pyruvic acid to
form ATP for cell use. The other type of respiration is anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation.
During this process, pyruvic acid is broken down without the use of oxygen. The products vary
because aside from less ATP, lactic acid is also produced in animal cells and some unicellular
organisms, and ethyl alcohol in some plants and some unicellular organisms like yeasts. However,
both types of respiration start with glycolysis, a process by which glucose molecule is broken down
into pyruvic acid molecules.

In general, cellular respiration, aerobic respiration to be specific, is consist of a three-step

process, namely, glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

Before going to the details of the process, you should learn first the part of the cell where this
happens.

Activity 1: The Powerhouse of the Cell

Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytoplasm of most

eukaryotic cells. Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules
into ATP. This organelle has important parts. An outer membrane encloses the entire structure
that contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form openings. A variety of
molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion through the openings. An inner
membrane encloses a fluid-filled matrix. This membrane contains five complexes of integral
proteins such as:

▪ NADH dehydrogenase
▪ Succinate dehydrogenase
▪ Cytochrome c reductase (the cytochrome b-c1 complex)
▪ ATP synthase
Objective:

At the end of this activity, you should be able to describe each part of the mitochondrion.

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 Describe each part of the
mitochondrion.

Ex. Cristae are the inner folded

membrane of the mitochondrion.
____________________________________
____________________________________
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____________________________________
____________________________________
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https://www.lhsc.on.ca/sites/default/files/prev/
images/_images/Genetics/mitochondrion_000.jp
g
Figure 1. Inner Structure of a Mitochondrion

Key Concepts

Mitochondrion is considered as the powerhouse of the cell. It plays an important role in t

he breakdown of food molecules to release the stored energy in the form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate).

Below is a mitochondrion as viewed using an electron microscope.

https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/
Figure_03_14-300x155.jpg

Figure 2. A transmission electron micrograph of a mitochondrion under electron microscope.

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 What is It

In week 6, we learned that photosynthesis is the process by which CO2 and H2O are used
to make sugar.

During cellular respiration, this sugar is broken down to CO2 and H2O, and in the process,
ATP is produced that can then be used for cellular work. Below is the general equation of cellular
respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP

(sugar) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) (stored energy)

Does the reaction look familiar?

Overall, it is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis, but chemically, the steps involved is very
different. And you have to remember that photosynthesis only happens in photosynthetic cells,
whereas cellular respiration takes place in all cells.

Let’s take a closer look at how respiration happens inside the cell.

Cellular respiration has three major steps, namely, glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron
transport chain.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305749746/figure/fig10/AS:391
311019528192@1470307225065/Cellular-respiration-process.png

Figure 3. The three-step process of cellular respiration.

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Glycolysis

Glucose is the most common cell fuel. It stores energy

as a simple form of food substance. It can easily penetrate a
living cell. In order to release its energy, glucose must be
split and converted into a reactive compound (pyruvic acid).
This is made possible in the process of glycolysis. Glycolysis
can happen with or without oxygen.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

(especially in the cytosol, the part gel, part fluid portion
wherein the organelles are embedded). In this phase, two
ATP molecules and one molecule of nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NADH) are generated from every
phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) molecule as each is
converted to pyruvate or pyruvic acid.
Figure 4. Diagram showing
Since two PGAL molecules are involved, 4 ATP glycolysis
molecules and 2 molecules of NADH are produced. Because
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c2/92/
two ATP molecules were required to begin glycolysis and four 93/c2929390cd41a4336a2bbb0eefc241
were produced in the final step, the net gain is 2 ATP 5f.gif
molecules.

To sum up, there are 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules produced after glycolysis.

Although ATP is produced, glycolysis does not produce enough energy to sustain their life
cycles for complex life forms.

Can a cell still produce more ATP after glycolysis?

In the presence of oxygen, there will be more ATP produced after glycolysis. A series of
chemical reactions will happen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic food molecules to
ATP. The three major steps after the glycolytic process are: (1) conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-
CoA, (2) Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, and (3) electron transport chain, also known as respiratory
chain or cytochrome system.

Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Acetyl-CoA (preparatory stage of Krebs cycle)

This process happens when you breathe in enough supply of oxygen. Once the oxygen
enters your cells, the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to acetyl-CoA. (Co means ‘coenzyme’
or an enzyme helper for its function). During the transformation, pyruvic acid loses H 2 and
produces one molecule of CO2, one molecule of NADH and an H+ atom (as NAD+ accepts H2). Since,
there are two pyruvates produced for one glucose molecule, these are produced after the process:

1 pyruvic acid or pyruvate = 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA (final product)

2 molecules of CO2
2 molecules of NADH
2 H+ atoms

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

During this process, acetyl-CoA (2-C) reacts with oxaloacetic
acid (4-C), forming citric acid (6-C). Citric acid is eventually
reduced to other forms of acids which becomes regenerated to
start the cycle all over again. Thus, for every molecule of acetyl-
CoA, the cycle produces: 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of
FADH2, 2 molecules of CO2, 1 molecules of ATP and 8 H2 atoms.
Since 1 glucose + 2 pyruvic acid = 2 acetyl-CoA, there are two
turns of the cycle. And all the number of molecules mentioned
Figure 5. Krebs Cycle
are doubled.
https://img.sparknotes.com/figures/1/186f53ba8ba05
a8598a60d5a041b034f/citricacidcycle.gif
Hence, the end products of the Krebs cycle are:

6 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATPs, 16 H2

Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

The electron transport chain allows the release of the large amount of chemical energy
stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2). The energy released is captured in the
form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH).

Oxidative phosphorylation happens in the cristae of the mitochondrion. The process is

called oxidative because NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to NAD+ and FAD+ (flavin adenine
dinucleotide), respectively.

Electrons (H2+) that are removed from these reduced H2 acceptors are transferred through
a series of acceptors of lower energy levels (coenzyme Q to cytochromes b, c, a). Cytochromes are
a class of proteins that function as electron transporter. As electrons flow down the energy stairs,
enough energy is released to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Finally, O2 accepts H2. This results in the
formation of another by-product of cellular respiration, water (H2O).

https://fastly.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/62120415688fc64d57237535d282247e981bdfed.png
Figure 6. Electron Transport Chain

As the process is completed, the final products are,

3 molecules of ATP from each NADH + H+ produced

(10 HADH + H+ X 3 ATP molecules = 30 ATP molecules)

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*10 NADH comes from 2 NADH (glycolysis), 2 NADH (acetyl-CoA formation) and 6 NADH (Krebs cycle)

2 molecules of ATP from FADH2

(2 FADH2 X 2 ATP molecules = 4 ATP molecules)

*2 FADH comes from the Krebs cycle

½ O2 + 2H+ = H2O Total = 34 ATP molecules

How many ATPs are formed at a maximum level in the entire process of cellular respiration?

4 ATPs (2 ATPs from Glycolysis and 2 ATPs from Krebs cycle)

30 ATPs (produced as 10 NADH are oxidized in the electron transport chain)

4 ATPs (produced as 2 FADH2 are oxidized in the electron transport chain)

38 ATPs

Total yield: 38 ATPs

Therefore, in carbohydrates catabolism (glucose breakdown), a super-efficient cell, such as

plant cell, can produce up to 38 ATPs. In some organisms, only 36 ATPs are produced since the
products of electron transport chain yield only 32 molecules of ATPs. We could say that one glucose
molecule can produced up to 36-38 ATPs.

If animal cells produce enough glucose that is not yet needed for energy production, the
excess are stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen and in adipose tissue (body fat) for long-
term storage. Muscle glycogen are the first to be converted into glucose when undergoing
continuous vigorous activity that needs enough energy supply. Glycogen stored in the liver will
also be converted to glucose and be released directly into the bloodstream to maintain blood sugar
level. Glucose in the blood also serves as the most significant source of energy for the brain, both
at rest and during exercise. However, animals can catabolize fats and proteins to produce ATP.

In plant cells, the extra glucose that will not yet be converted into ATP will be formed into
starches and stored in granules. These granules are temporarily stored in leaves, seeds and storage
organs, like grains and tubers.

Now, you already have an idea how does our body extract energy even without ingesting
food.
(If you can access the internet, you may watch the video on YouTube using this link:
https://youtu.be/juM2ROSLWfw)

What will happen to the cell if you do not get enough oxygen? Can it still produce much ATP?

If oxygen is not present after glycolysis, the electron transport chain cannot operate because
there is no oxygen present to serve as the final electron acceptor. However, cells can still harvest
energy from glucose through an anaerobic pathway called fermentation.

Fermentation

Fermentation is the process wherein pyruvic acid is broken down without the use of oxygen.
It is also called anaerobic respiration. This process is performed by some bacteria and archaea,

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but higher forms of organisms, including humans, also resort to this process to supply themselves
with energy when oxygen is insufficient.

In fermentation, glycolysis is the only energy extraction pathway. The electron carrier NAD+
formed from NADH after glycolysis is regenerated to be reused in glycolysis to produce a net of two
ATP molecules.

Fermentation comes in two forms: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Alcohol
fermentation produces ethanol as by-product, while lactic acid fermentation yields lactic acid as
by-product.

http://www.qsstudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/a7-7.jpg

Figure 7. Anaerobic respiration

Let’s sum up the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

The table below shows the comparison between the two processes that takes place inside
the cell.

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Reactants Glucose and Oxygen Glucose
Energy produced 36-38 ATPs 2 ATPs
Animals: Lactic acid
By-products CO2 and H2O
Yeast: Ethanol and CO2
Location Cytoplasm and mitochondrion Cytoplasm
Glycolysis
Stages needed to Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
produce ATP Fermentation
Electron Transport Chain

What do you think are the factors that can affect the rate of cellular respiration?

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Below are the factors affecting the rate of cellular respiration in plants.

1. Tissue age and life stage. Tissue undergoes cellular respiration faster than older tissue.
Hence, root tip and young leaves have higher cellular respiration rates than older root
segments and leaves.
2. Temperature. The rate of respiration is directly proportional to temperature. Plants in
temperate climates have much lower respiration rates in winter than during warm
summers.
3. Availability of oxygen. Respiration decreases when oxygen is too low. However, cells can
still undergo respiration but without oxygen (anaerobic respiration).
4. CO2 concentration. The higher the concentration of CO2, the lower the rate of cellular
respiration.
5. Condition of the cells. Cellular respiration increases in both directly infected and
surrounding cells when plant tissue is damaged or infected.
6. Water content. Amount of water in cells also affects the rate of respiration. Dry tissue has a
lower respiration rate than hydrated tissue.
7. Amount of glucose. An increase in the available glucose inside the cell generally leads to an
increasing rate of cellular respiration.

What’s More

Let’s do the following activities to check your understanding of the entire process.

Activity 2: Power Up!

In this activity, you will learn the basic
concept of how your cells release the energy from
the food you eat. Thus, you will understand how
eating habits and daily activities affect the
production and storage of energy of your body
cells.

Understanding Glycolysis
Look at the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

Guide Questions:

1. Which of the terms found in the diagram is considered a process?

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 2. In which part of the cell does the process take place?

3. What is the raw material?

4. What are the products?

5. Based on the diagram shown above, briefly describe the first step of cellular respiration,
emphasizing the location, raw materials needed and the end products.

Use the task checklist below as your guide in describing the first metabolic process of cellular
respiration.
Task Checklist

Category

Content:

• States the raw materials and products of glycolysis

• Tells specifically the location in the cell where it takes
place.
Organization of data:
The ideas are presented in the right order, beginning with
where the process takes place, the raw materials used, up to the
processes involved in the formation of end products.
Spelling:
All words are spelled correctly.

Activity 3: Go round and round…

You have understood and identified the raw material and end products of glycolysis. This
time you will see the importance of the end products of glycolysis in the next stage.

KNOWING THE KREBS CYCLE

Your task is to arrange the following events in the Krebs Cycle in proper sequence. Base
your answer on the diagram. Assign numbers 1-7 in the space provided to indicate the correct
sequence of events, then rewrite them in a paragraph form.

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_____ A. In a series of steps, the hydrogen and high energy electrons are removed from the 2-
carbon molecule.
_____ B. The 2-carbon molecule enters the cycle and joins a 4-carbon molecule.
_____ C. One ATP is formed.
_____ D. Two carbon dioxide are released.
_____ E. Three NAD+ are converted to 3 NADH and 3 H+.
_____ F. At the end of the cycle, nothing remains of the original glucose molecule.
_____ G. One FAD is converted into 1 FADH2.

Write it down in a paragraph form the events in the Krebs cycle:

Activity 4: Pump it Out!

Study the diagram below, showing the electron transport chain and answer the guide
questions.

https://scienceaid.net/images/8/8a/electrontransfer.png

Figure 8. Electron transport chain

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Fill in the blanks to complete the statements describing the electron transport chain.

The electrons in and flow through a series of electron transport

acceptors. The flow of electrons and H+ results in formation. The last electron
(hydrogen ions) combine with (the last acceptor) to form water.

Complete the general equation of cellular respiration:

Glucose + + water +

What I have Learned

Key Concepts

1. Cellular respiration is a process by

which cells break down food molecules
into a usable form of energy, ATP.
2. It occurs in the mitochondria of the cells.
3. Organisms release stored energy in food
through the process of respiration.
4. Respiration breaks down glucose into
carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP)
in the presence of oxygen.
5. The summary equation of respiration is
as follows:

Glucose + oxygen carbon

dioxide + water + ATP

Figure 9. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pranav_Kumar37/publication/322208786/figure/fi
g5/AS:614314591395885@1523475420717/Glycolysis-is-common-to-fermentation-and-
aerobic-respiration-In-a-facultative-anaerobe.png

6. The breakdown of glucose involves three major steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
electron transport chain
7. Specifically, glycolysis happens in the cytosol of the cell while Krebs cycle and electron
transport chain occur in the mitochondria.
8. In the absence of oxygen, respiration still can happen through the process called
fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

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 9. Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP compared to aerobic respiration as it only
involves glycolysis.
10. During fermentation, ethanol or lactate (lactic acid) is also produced aside from ATP.

What I Can Do

Do you want to observe how cellular respiration works in real setting? Let’s do this simple
experiment.
During respiration, the cell uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water. In
this experiment you will witness the noticeable end product of the respiration process, water and
carbon dioxide.
Experiment 1: Plant Cell Respiration
Materials you need:
A healthy leafy houseplant in a pot
Plastic wrap
Things to do:
1. Get a healthy leafy house plant in a pot.
2. Wrap one of the leaves in plastic wrap.
3. Place the plant in a sunny window and observe.
4. Check the set-up every hour for 6 hours.
5. Take note of what you see on the plastic wrap.
Guide questions:
1. What did you see on the plastic wrap?

2. What process allows the formation of water vapor inside the plastic wrap?

3. What evidence did you see will prove that cellular respiration took place in the leaf?

(adapted from https://sciencing.com/cell-respiration-experiments-7379781.html)

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Experiment 2: Cell Respiration in Yeast
Materials you need:
A tablespoon of active yeast
A tablespoon of granulated sugar
A cup of mildly warm water
A clear glass or jar
Things to do:
1. Hal-fill the glass or jar with warm water
2. Add the yeast and the sugar.
3. Stir and observe what happened to the yeast.
Guide questions:
1. What happened to the yeast after stirring the mixture?

2. What is given off by the yeast to create a frothy mixture?

3. What evidence did you see will prove that cellular respiration took place in yeast cells?

(adapted from https://sciencing.com/cell-respiration-lab-ideas-8639251.html )

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 Assessment

Let’s check what you have learned from this module.

Multiple Choice. Read and understand each question carefully and choose the best answer.

1. Where will your cell get the glucose for ATP production if you will not eat for several days?
A. Blood sugar C. Glycogen present in the muscle
B. Glycogen in the liver D. Protein in the blood
2. How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide is/are released from one pyruvic acid molecule being
oxidized?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
3. What is the direction of hydrogen flow during the synthesis of ATP?
A. from matrix to intermembrane space
B. from intermembrane space to matrix
C. from matrix of mitochondrion to cytoplasm
D. from cytoplasm to matrix of mitochondrion
4. Where does the process of glycolysis take place?
A. Chloroplast C. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm D. Nucleus
5. Which of the following process happens in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Glycolysis
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Krebs Cycle
6. All organisms get energy from food to perform different life processes. This is done in the cells
by breaking down sugar molecules into chemical energy. Which of the following cell organelles
is associated with the production of chemical energy?
C. Chloroplast C. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus
7. In what cellular process produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the biological energy currency
of a living cell?
A. Aerobic respiration only C. Photosynthesis
B. Anaerobic respiration only D. Both A and B
8. Which of the following factors, if absent, will affect the number of ATP produced during cellular
respiration?
A. ATP C. Light
B. Carbon dioxide D. Oxygen
9. Which of the following is NOT part of the cellular respiration process?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Glycolysis
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Krebs Cycle
10. How many adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are formed at a maximum level in the entire process
of cellular respiration?
A. 2 ATPs C. 30 ATPs
B. 8 ATPs D. 38 ATPs
11. Pyruvate is the product of glycolysis. If there is no oxygen available to cells of the human body,
what becomes of pyruvate?
A. Alcohol C. Lactic acid
B. CO2 D. A and C

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12. What step of Cellular Respiration is the majority of the energy produced?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Krebs Cycle
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Light Reactions
13. Which of the following statements best explain how the process of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration are related?
A. The inputs of cellular respiration are the inputs of photosynthesis.
B. The inputs of photosynthesis are the inputs of cellular respiration.
C. The outputs of cellular respiration are the outputs of photosynthesis.
D. The outputs of photosynthesis are the inputs for cellular respiration.
14. What do hydrogen ions and electrons combine with to form water during the final stage of the
electron transport chain?
A. ATP synthase C. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide D. Sugar molecule
15. Which of the following process in cellular respiration happens in the cytosol of a cell?
A. Calvin Cycle C. Glycolysis
B. Electron Transport Chain D. Krebs Cycle

Additional Activities

Did you observe the two opposite processes in cellular respiration and photosynthesis? Which one
is considered constructive or anabolic? Which is destructive or catabolic?

Activity 5: Cellular Processes Compared

Study the two simple equations of the two opposite reactions in photosynthesis and
respiration.

Photosynthesis:
sunlight
6CO2 + 6H2O C 6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
Cellular respiration:
Enzymatic reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
phosphorylation

25
A. Complete the diagram below to show the recycling of materials in an ecosystem at a cellular
level through the chloroplast and mitochondrion. You may use the key words below.

2.
1. 3.

7. 4.

8.
6.
5.

https://o.quizlet.com/70xdHLRZ9HQeMwhyhX.Raw_b.jpg
Figure 10. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Key words:

Photosynthesis light energy chloroplast Glucose

Respiration chemical energy (ATP) mitochondrion carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration can be compared to photosynthesis. Complete the table below.

Basis of Comparison Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

1. Cell structure involved

in the process

2. Starting materials/
raw materials

3. Products and
by-products

4. Energy requirement

5. Type of organism
wherein it occurs

6. Definition of the
process

Key Concepts

Materials are recycled through the processes of photosynthesis in the chloroplast and respiration
in the mitochondrion. However, the flow of energy is one-way.

26
27
What's New
Activity 1:
Mitochondrial matrix – it is where Krebs cycle
happens Assessment
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane - encloses a fluid- 1. C
filled matrix 2. D
3. D
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane - encloses the entire
4. A
structure that contains many complexes of integral 5. C
membrane proteins that form openings 6. D
7. C
8. C
9. B
What's In 10.A
11.B
General equation of photosynthesis: 12.C
13.B
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose (sugar) + 14.D
oxygen + water 15.C
Answer Key
28
What's More
Activity 2: Power Up!
1. Glycolysis
2. Mitochondrion
3. Glucose
4. Pyruvate and ATP
5. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration wherein glucose is
converted into pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Activity 3: Go round and round
A. 2
B. 1
C. 5
D. 6
E. 3
F. 7
G. 4
Activity 4: Pump it Out!
The electrons in NADH and FADH2 flow through a series of electron transport
acceptors. The flow of electrons and H+ results in ATP formation. The last electron
(hydrogen ions) combine with oxygen (the last acceptor) to form water.
General equation of cellular respiration:
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
29
Additional Activities
Basis of Comparison Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
1. Cell structure involved
chloroplast Mitochondrion
in the process
2. Starting materials/ Carbon dioxide and
Sugar and oxygen
raw materials water
3. Products and Carbon dioxide, water
Sugar and oxygen
by-products and ATP
4. Energy requirement Light energy/sunlight ATP
5. Type of organism Autotrophs and
autotrophs
wherein it occurs heterotrophs
Cellular respiration is the
Photosynthesis is the process undergone by
food making process both autotrophic and
6. Definition of the process
done by autotrophic heterotrophic organisms
organisms like plants. to release the energy
stored in food.
Assessment What I Can Do
16.C Experiment 1:
17.B
18.A Answers to guide questions:
19.B 1. Water vapor can be seen
20.C
inside the plastic wrap.
21.C
22.D 2. Condensation
23.D 3. Water
24.A
25.D Experiment 2:
26.C
27.B 1. The yeast creates a froth.
28.D 2. A gas
29.C 3. Carbon dioxide
30.C
References
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