EFT1263: CHEMISTRY IN APPLIED SCIENCE

L10: INTRODUCTION OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND
FUNDAMENTAL OF POLYMER
CHEMISTRY (I)
L10: PENGENALAN KIMIA ORGANIK
DAN ASAS KIMIA POLIMER (I)

Nor Shahida binti Shafiee @ Ismail

PhD (Organic Geochemistry)
Faculty Of Earth Science
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (Jeli Campus)
shahidashafiee@umk.edu.my
L10 & 11 OUTLINE:
• Part I
• Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Ketones, Aldehydes, Carboxylic acids, Aromatic
compounds and Amines.
• Part II
• Definition, classification and naming of polymers.
• Processes of polymer synthesis: bulk, solution, suspension
• Thermosets: fenoplast, aminoplast, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes epoxy resins.
• Structures of polymers from diene monomers
 INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon

compounds. The compounds of carbon are the central
substances of which all living things on this planet are
made. Because the compounds of carbon are so
numerous, it is convenient to organise them into families
that exhibit structural similarities. The simplest class of
organic compounds is the hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons
are chemical compounds made up of only two elements,
carbon and hydrogen.
Nomenclature : The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
system.

International
Union of
Pure and Colloquially:
“eye-you-pack”
Applied
Chemistry

Devised following WWII ca. 1946-1950

 Classification based on functional group
No. Functional class General formula Description
• Organic families are defined 1 Alkanes CnH2n+2 single bond
by functional Groups 2 Alkenes CnH2n CC double bond
• Functional group are group 3 Alkynes CnH2n-2 CC triple bond
of atoms to a series or family 4 Alkyl halides R-X

of compounds and which 5 Alcohols R-OH

6 Carboxylic acid R-COOH
decide the principal
7 Ethers R –O-R
chemical properties of the
8 Esters R – COOR
series.
9 Aldehyde RHC=O
• These series are called as 10 Ketone RRC=O
homologous series and can 11 Amines R – NRH
be represent by a general 11 Benzene ring C6H6
formula. R = alkyl group ( eg : -
CH3)
ALKANES
Number of Name of Molecular Formula
carbon alkane
• A saturated hydrocarbon or alkane is a atoms
hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon- 1 Methane CH4
carbon bonds are single bonds. 2 Ethane C2H6
• The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2, 3 Propane C3H8

where n is the number 1, 2, 3…. 4 Butane C4H10

• The naming of alkanes is according to the 5 Pentane C5H12

6 Hexane C6H14
number of carbon atoms in its molecule. 7 Heptane C7H16
• The name ending for all alkanes is –ane.
8 Octane C8H18
9 Nonane C9H20
10 Decane C10H22
ALKANES
Classification of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Number of
Alkane Alkyl group Alkene Alkyne
carbon atoms
1 Methane Methyl – –
2 Ethane Ethyl Ethene (ethylene) Ethyne (acetylene)
3 Propane Propyl Propene (propylene) Propyne (methylacetylene)
4 Butane Butyl Butene (butylene) Butyne
5 Pentane Pentyl Pentene Pentyne
6 Hexane Hexyl Hexene Hexyne
7 Heptane Heptyl Heptene Heptyne
8 Octane Octyl Octene Octyne
9 Nonane Nonyl Nonene Nonyne
10 Decane Decyl Decene Decyne
 Types of organic formulas

H3C CH2 CH3

CH3CH2CH3
condensed
Wedge/dash
H H
H H
skeletal
H H H H

8
 Types of organic formulas

All different types of formulas for the same compound … methanol

ALKANES Naming Alkanes

Compounds are given systematic names by a process

that uses Prefix-Parent-Suffix. 1.prefix: what are the
substituents?
2.parent: how many
Parent name of the longest carbon chain is “alkane”. carbons in the parent
chain?
3.suffix: what is the
Groups attached to the parent chain are called family of compounds?
“substituent”.

CH3
I
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 –CH2 – CH2 – CH3
I I
CH3 CH3
10
ALKANES
Naming Alkanes : Parent
Follows specific rules;

Parent name - number of carbons in the longest chain.

In the case where two chains have the same number of carbons, the parent is
the chain with the most substituent.
Carbons in the parent chain is numbered in sequence starting from the end
nearest the first substituent.
ALKANES
 Inthe case where there is substituent having the same number of
carbons from both ends, numbering starts from the end nearest
the next substituent.

When more than one of a given substituent is present, a prefix is

applied to indicate the number of substituent.
Use di- for two, tri- for three, tetra- for four, etc.
Use the number (1,2,3 …) assigned to the carbon to indicate the
position of each substituent.
ALKANES The Longest Continuous Chain of Carbon Atoms

C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
C 9
try these also ……..
all possibilites
must be examined
it won’t always be
the horizontal one
as shown here

C-C
C- C-C-C -C-C-C-C-C C-C

C 6 C-C-C- C-C-C-C-C-C
C
8
13
ALKANES Nomenclature

Prefix-Parent-Suffix

CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 CH3

3-ethyl-6-methyl octane 14
ALKANES Let’s do it !

• Find the longest chain.

CH2 CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH CH3

CH3
CH2
H3C CH CH CH2CH3
CH2CH2CH3
15
ALKANES
• If two different chains of equal length are present,
choose the one with the larger number of branch
points.

CH3
CH3CHCHCH2CH2CH3
CH2 CH3

16
ALKANES
• If branching is equal distant away from both ends
of the parent chain, begin at the end nearer the
second branch point.

H3C CH2 CH3

CH3CHCH2CH2CHCHCH2CH3
CH2 CH3

17
ALKANES
• Identify the number of substituent:
– Assign a number to each substituent according
to its point of attachment to the main chain.

9 8
H3C CH2 CH3 3-ethyl
3
CHCH2CH2CHCHCH2CH3 4-methyl
CH33-ethyl-4,7-dimethylnonane
7-methyl
7 6 5 4 CH2 CH3
2 1

18
ALKANES
• If there are two substituent on the same carbon,
assign them both the same number.

4-ethyl-2,4-dimethylhexane

CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CCH2CHCH3 2-methyl
4-methyl
CH2 CH3 4-ethyl

19
ALKANES
CH 2 CH 3
3-methylhexane
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 3

CH3
4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
CH2
CH3CHCHCH2CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3
20
ALKANES

CH3
CH3CHCHCH 2CH2CH3
CH 2 CH 3

3-ethyl-2-methylhexane

21
ALKANES Alkyl group as substituent group
The alkyl group is derived from the alkane groups by reducing
Alkyl groups can also be branched. For example,
one hydrogen atom. The general formula for alkyl group is
there are three constitutional isomers of the
CnH2n+1 . The letter R is used to represent the alkyl group.
butyl substituent.
The names of the substituents formed by the removal of one
hydrogen from the end of the chain is obtained by changing
the suffix -ane to -yl. CH3 CH CH3
Number of
carbon atoms
Alkyl group isopropyl
1 Methyl • CH3CH2CH2-, n-propyl
2 Ethyl

3 Propyl • CH3CH2CH2CH2-, n-butyl

4 Butyl

5 Pentyl CH3
6 Hexyl
7 Heptyl
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2
8 Octyl sec-butyl H3C C CH3 isobutyl
9 Nonyl
10 Decyl
tert-butyl
22
ALKANES

H3C CH CH3
H 3C CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2CH3

4-isopropylheptane

23
ALKANES If you can name this, you can name
anything!
2,6,6-trimethyl

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH CH2 CH CH2 C CH3

CH3 CH CH2

CH3 CH2 CH3

4-isopropyl

4-isopropyl-2,6,6-trimethylnonane 24
ALKANES Isomerism
• All the alkanes with 4 or more carbon atoms in them show structural
isomerism.
• This means that there are two or more different structural formulae that
you can draw for each molecular formula.
• For example, C4H10 could be either of these two different molecules:

These are called respectively butane and 2-methylpropane.

ALKANES Cycloalkanes
• Cycloalkanes again only contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and carbon-carbon
single bonds, but this time the carbon atoms are joined up in a ring.
• The smallest cycloalkane is cyclopropane.
• If you count the carbons and hydrogens,
you will see that they no longer fit the
general formula CnH2n+2.
• By joining the carbon atoms in a ring,
you have had to lose two hydrogen atoms.
•The general formula for a
cycloalkane is CnH2n.
ALKANES How about this?

2-cyclobutyl-5-methylhexane
not
(1,4-dimethylpentyl)cyclobutane

27
ALKENES
Number of Name Molecular Formula
carbon
atoms
• Alkenes are also called olefins, which contain
1 - -
C=C double bonds. 2 Ethene C2H4
• The general formula for an alkene is CnH2n, 3 Propene C3H6
4 Butene C4H8
where n is the number 1, 2, 3…. 5 Pentene C5H10
• Terminal alkenes have the double bond at the 6 Hexene C6H12
end of the carbon chain. 7 Heptene C7H14
8 Octene C8H16
• Internal alkenes have at least one carbon atom 9 Nonene C9H18
bonded to each end of the double bond. 10 Decene C10H20

• Cycloalkenes contain a double bond in a ring.

ALKENES Naming Alkenes

• Find longest continuous carbon chain for root.

• Use the suffix - en- to show the presence of a C-C double
bond.
• Number carbons in chain so that double bond carbons
have lowest possible numbers.
• List and number the alkyl groups present. Assign Latin
prefixes if necessary. List them alphabetically. (For the
purpose of alphabetizing, ignore the prefixes di,tri, etc.)
• Write the name using proper punctuation. Commas are
used to separate numbers, and hyphens are used to
separate numbers and letters. 

29
ALKENES
Naming an alkene in
which the longest
carbon chain does not
contain both atoms of
the double bond

Examples of
cycloalkene
nomenclature

30
ALKENES
•Rings have “cyclo” prefix - the double bond must be numbered 1,2
ALKENES IUPAC Nomenclature

CH3
CH3 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CHC=CH 2
CH3 CH2 CHCH2 CH=CH 2
CH2 CH3
4-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-pentene .

2
4 1 CH3
5
3 CH3 3
4
6 CH3
1 2 5
3-Methylcyclo- 1,6-Dimethylcyclo-
pentene hexene
32
ALKENES Nomenclature : Name this!
CH3
CH3CHCH CHCH2CH3

CH3
 Nomenclature : THE ANSWERS
ALKENES
CH3
CH3CHCH CHCH2CH3

2-methyl-3-hexene 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
CH3

1-methylcyclohexene 1,4-cyclohexadiene

1-ethyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene 2-methyl-1,3-Butadiene
ALKENES Common Names

• Despite the precision and universal acceptance of IUPAC nomenclature,

some alkenes, particularly low-molecular-weight ones, are known almost
exclusively by their common names.

IUPAC Ethene Propene 2-Methylpropene

Common Ethylene Propylene Isobutylene

35
ALKENESNomenclature : Name this!
H3C CH
3
CH3
H2C CHCHCCH3
CH2 CHCH2CH2C CH2
CH3

CH3 CH CH
2 3
CH3
CH3CC CHCH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH CCH2CH3 CH3

36
ALKENES
Nomenclature : THE ANSWERS

H3C CH
3
CH3
H2C CHCHCCH3
CH2 CHCH2CH2C CH2
CH3
3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene

CH3 CH CH
2 3
CH3
CH3CC CHCH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH CCH2CH3 CH3
3-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-heptene
3-methyl-3-hexene
37
ALKYNES
Number of Name of Molecular Formula
carbon atoms alkyne
1 - -
• Alkynes contain a triple bond.
2 Ethyne C2H2
• General formula is CnH2n-2. 3 Propyne C3H4
• Two elements of unsaturation for each 4 Butyne C4H6
triple bond. 5 Pentyne C5H8
• The simplest possible alkyne is the two 6 Hexyne C6H10
carbon triple bond, which would be called 7 Heptyne C7H12
ethyne. 8 Octyne C8H14
9 Nonyne C9H16
10 Decyne C10H18

38
ALKYNES Nomenclature: IUPAC

• Find the longest chain containing the triple bond.
• Change -ane ending to -yne.
• Number the chain, starting at the end closest to
the triple bond.
• Assigning priority
• Give branches or other substituent a number to
locate their position.
Assigning priority
• Alkenes and alkynes are considered to
have equal priority.
• In a molecule with both a double and a
triple bond, whichever is closer to the end
of the chain determines the direction of
numbering.
• In the case where each would have the
same position number, the double bond
takes the lower number.
• In the name, “ene” comes before “yne”
because of alphabetization.

39
ALKYNES
Multiple Double/Triple Bonds
ALKYNES Name these:

CH3 C CH CH3 C C CH2 CH2 Br

CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CH2 C C CH CH3

41
ALKYNESName these: THE ANSWERS
CH3 C CH CH3 C C CH2 CH2 Br
Propyne 5-bromo-2-pentyne
Prop-1-yne 5-bromopent-2-yne

CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CH2 C C CH CH3

2-pentyne 2,6-dimethyl-3-heptyne
Pent-2-yne 2,6-dimethylpept-3-yne

5-methyl-2-hexyne
1-hexene-4-yne
5-methylhex-2-yne
42
ALKYNES Additional Functional Groups
• All other functional groups, except ethers and halides
have a higher priority than alkynes.
The priority numbering system determines that the group -COOH
Priority
with the highest priority will receive a very small number.
increases -CHO

CH3 -C=O

-OH
CH2 CH CH2 CH C CH
NR2
4-methyl-1-hexen-5-yne
4-methylhex-1-en-5-yne -C≡C-

OH -C=C

CH3 C C CH2 CH CH3 R-,C6H5-,CL-,Br-,NO2 etc.

4-hexyn-2-ol
hex-4-yn-2-ol

43
ALKYL HALIDES
• Alkyl halide is an organic compound containing at least
one carbon-halogen bond (C-X)
• The halogens are series of nonmetal elements from
Group 17 IUPAC Style (formerly: VII, VIIA) of the
periodic table, comprising fluorine(F),  chlorine(Cl), 
bromine(Br), iodine(I), and astatine(At).
• X (F, Cl, Br, I) replaces H.
• Can contain many C-X bonds.
ALKYL HALIDES
• Alkyl halides are formally derived from alkanes by exchanging
hydrogen for halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).
• Depending on the degree of substitution at the carbon atom carrying
the halogen, alkyl halides are classified into primary, secondary and
tertiary alkyl halides.

Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides (X = F, Cl, Br, or I)

45
ALKYL HALIDES
Naming Alkyl Halides
• Same rules in naming alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
• Name is based on longest carbon chain
• (Contains double or triple bond if present)
• Number from end nearest any substituent (alkyl or
halogen)

46
ALKYL HALIDES
Naming with Multiple Halides
• If more than one of the same kind of halogen is present,
use prefix di, tri, tetra.
• If there are several different halogens, number them and
list them in alphabetical order.

47
ALKYL HALIDES
• If different halogens are present, number each according to
its position on the chain, but list substituents alphabetically.

Cl Cl
CH3CHCCHCH2CH3
BrCH3
3-bromo-2,3-dichloro-4-methylhexane

48
ALKYL HALIDES

Br

Cl Br
Br
2-bromo-6-chloroheptane 1,5-dibromo-2-methylhexane
49
ALCOHOLS
• An alcohol is an organic compound with a hydroxyl (OH) functional group on an
aliphatic carbon atom.
• Because OH is the functional group of all alcohols, we often represent alcohols by
the general formula ROH, where R is an alkyl group.
• Alcohols are common in nature.
• Most people are familiar with ethyl alcohol (ethanol), the active ingredient in
alcoholic beverages, but this compound is only one of a family of organic
compounds known as alcohols.
ALCOHOLS
• Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated C (sp3)
• They are important solvents and synthesis intermediates
• Phenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon in a benzene ring
• Methanol, CH3OH, called methyl alcohol, is a common solvent, a fuel
additive, produced in large quantities
• Phenol, C6H5OH (“phenyl alcohol”) has diverse uses - it gives its name
to the general class of compounds
• OH groups bonded to vinylic, sp2-hybridized carbons are called enols

51
ALCOHOLS
Naming Alcohols
• General classifications of alcohols based on substitution on C to which OH is
attached
• Methyl (C has 3 H’s), Primary (1°) (C has two H’s, one R), secondary (2°) (C
has one H, two R’s), tertiary (3°) (C has no H, 3 R’s),

52
ALCOHOLS
IUPAC Rules for Naming Alcohols
• Select the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group, and derive
the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane
with -ol . The chain is numbered from the end nearest the OH group.
• The number that indicates the position of the OH group is prefixed to the
name of the parent hydrocarbon, and the -e ending of the parent alkane
is replaced by the suffix -ol. (In cyclic alcohols, the carbon atom bearing
the OH group is designated C1, but the 1 is not used in the name.)
Substituents are named and numbered as in alkanes.

53
ALCOHOLS
IUPAC Rules for Naming Alcohols cont.
• If more than one OH group appears in the same molecule (polyhydroxy alcohols), suffixes such as -
diol and -triol are used. In these cases, the -e ending of the parent alkane is retained.

54
ALCOHOLS Give the IUPAC name for this compound

1. Ten carbon atoms in the LCC makes the compound a derivative of decane, and
the OH on the third carbon atom makes it a 3-decanol.

2. The carbon atoms are numbered from the end closest to the OH group. That
fixes the two methyl (CH3) groups at the sixth and eighth positions. The name
is 6,8-dimethyl-3-decanol (not 3,5-dimethyl-8-decanol).

55
ALCOHOLS
Give the IUPAC name for this compound

HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

• Five carbon atoms in the LCC make the compound a derivative of

pentane.
• Two OH groups on the first and fifth carbon atoms make the
compound a diol and give the name 1,5-pentanediol.

56
CARBONYL
• A carbonyl group consists of
carbon and oxygen joined
together by a double bond.
• The joining of carbonyl carbon is
with hydrogen on one side in
aldehydes
• The joining of two carbon atoms
on both the side of carbonyl
carbon in the case of ketones.
CARBONYL
Naming aldehydes & ketone
GROUP
• The IUPAC naming of aliphatic aldehydes and aliphatic ketones is comparatively
easy.
• It is derived by taking the corresponding alkane and replacing the end letter –e of
the alkane with either –al or –one. In case of aldehyde –al is written whereas in case
of ketone –one is written.
• The numbering of the longest carbon chain in the case of aldehyde begins from the
carbon-containing the aldehyde group. However, in case of ketones, the numbering
starts from the side of carbon-containing the carbonyl group.
CARBONYL
GROUP Naming aldehydes & ketone
• Adding prefix in alphabetical order along with the numerals help in indicating the
positions of the substituents in the carbon chain. This is same for cyclic ketones as
well. In the case of cyclic ketones, the numbering begins with the carbonyl carbon.

• We have to add the suffix carbaldehyde after the complete name of the
cycloalkane in case the attachment is between an aldehyde group and a ring. The
numbering of the ring begins from the carbon atom that is attached to the
aldehyde group.

• The nomenclature of the simplest aromatic aldehyde containing a benzene ring

along with an aldehyde group is benzenecarbaldehyde. Moreover, IUPAC has also
accepted the common name benzaldehyde. Additionally, the naming of aromatic
aldehyde is done as substituted benzaldehydes.
CARBONYL
GROUP

• First of all, a ketone carbonyl function may be located anywhere (chain or ring). Its
position is usually given by a location number (2, 3, 4,...).

• Chain numbering normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group. For
example, very simple ketones (see picture) do not require a locator number, since
there is only one possible site for a ketone carbonyl function.

• The names for ketones are formed by naming both alkyl groups attached to the
carbonyl then adding the suffix -one. Very important rule is that the attached alkyl
groups are arranged in the name alphabetically
CARBONYL
Carboxylic Acid
GROUP
• The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group.
O O
C COOH CO2 H
O H O H
Alternative representations for a carboxyl group
• The general formula for an aliphatic carboxylic acid is RCOOH; that for an aromatic carboxylic acid is
ArCOOH.
CARBONYL
Nomenclature - IUPAC
GROUP
• IUPAC names: drop the -e from the parent alkane and add the suffix -oic acid.

O
HCOOH CH3 COOH OH
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid
(Formic acid) (Acetic acid) (Isovaleric acid)
CARBONYL
Nomenclature - IUPAC
GROUP
• The carboxyl group takes precedence over most other functional groups.

OH O O O O
H2 N
OH OH OH
(R)-5-Hydroxyhexanoic 5-Oxohexanoic acid 4-Aminobutanoic acid
acid
CARBONYL
Nomenclature - IUPAC
GROUP
• Dicarboxylic acids: add the suffix -dioic acid to the name of the parent alkane containing both carboxyl
groups.

O
O O
HO
OH
HO OH
O
Ethanedioic acid Propanedioic acid
(Oxalic acid) (Malonic acid)

O O O O
HO HO
OH HO OH OH
O O
Butanedioic acid Pentanedioic acid Hexanedioic acid
(Succinic acid) (Glutaric acid) (Adipic acid)
CARBONYL
Nomenclature - IUPAC
GROUP • If the carboxyl group is bonded to a ring, name the ring compound and add
the suffix -carboxylic acid.
2
1 COOH
3
HOOC COOH

2-Cyclohexenecarboxylic trans-1,3-Cyclopentanedicarboxylic
acid acid

• Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.

• Use numbers to show the location of substituents. COOH
COOH COOH COOH
OH COOH

COOH
Benzoic 2-Hydroxybenzoic 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic
acid acid acid acid
(Salicylic acid) (Phthalic acid) (Terephthalic acid)
AROMATICS
• Aromatic compounds are ring structures with
unusual stability due to delocalized pi electron
density that is shared between all of the carbon
atoms in the ring.
• The most common aromatic compounds contain
benzene ring, a ring of six carbon atoms each
holding one H or one another atom or group.
• The benzene ring is represented as a hexagon
either with alternating single and double bonds
or with a circle.

66
AROMATICS Naming aromatics
In the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system, aromatic hydrocarbons are
named as derivatives of benzene.
Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent
1. When there is a single substituent on a benzene 3. If the substituent contains more than six
ring and the substituent contains six or fewer carbons, the alkane portion is named first,
carbons, the substituent is included as a prefix to and a benzene ring is substituent, the term
benzene. ( C6H5CH2-) phenyl is used ( C6H5-) (the aromatic ring
2. Alkyl groups are named according to the alkane portion is added as a suffix) . For instance, an
series convention ending with -yl: methyl (for a aromatic ring bonded to an 8-carbon chain
single carbon), ethyl (for two carbons), propyl (for would be 1-phenyloctane, and not
three carbons), etc. octylbenzene.

67
AROMATICS Naming aromatics
Aromatic Compounds with two substituents

When there are two substitute groups in a benzene ring then

there are three possible arrangements named as:
• ortho (o) on adjacent carbons (1,2-)
• meta (m) separated by one carbon (1,3-)
• para (p) separated by two carbons (1,4-)

68
AROMATICS Naming aromatics
Aromatic Compounds with multiple substituents

• When there are more than two substituents on • When there are more than two different
the benzene ring, their positions are shown by substituents, the substituents are written
numbers. according to their alphabetical order.
• The ring carbon atoms are given numbers in such
a way that the substituents are at the lowest
4- Bromo -1,2 – dimethylbenzene
position possible.

Cl
Br
Cl • Whenever a substituent can give a new parent name with
the benzene ring, the carbon atom that carries the
Br Br substituent is now recognised as at position 1.
Cl
√ 1,2,3 – trichlorobenzene √ 1,2,4 – tribromobenzene
X1,2,6 - trichlorobenzene 2,5 – dimethylphenol
X 1,3,4 – tribromobenzene
69
AMINES
Amines contain the amino (NR1R2R3) group, a Amines are classified as primary (1◦), secondary (2◦) or
nitrogen attached to an alkyl group. Common tertiary (3◦) depending on the number of alkyl or aryl
names of amines are formed from the names of groups bonded to the nitrogen atom of the molecules.
the alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen, followed
by the suffix – amine.
The prefixes di, - tri-, and tetra- are used to
describe two, three, or four identical
substituents.

One alkyl or aryl Two alkyl or aryl Three alkyl or aryl

group bonded to group bonded to group bonded to
the nitrogen atom the nitrogen atom the nitrogen atom

70
AMINES Naming the Amines

There are slight differences between amines depending on NH2

whether they are primary, secondary or tertiary (based on
number of R groups attached to the N)

Primary amines  Functional group is an amine,

1. Primary amines have one alkyl group attached to the N.
2. The root name is based on the longest chain with the -NH2
attached.
3. The chain is numbered so as to give the amine unit the
lowest possible number.
4. The amine suffix is appended to the appropriate alkyl root
or alkana- root.
therefore suffix = -amine
 Hydrocarbon structure is an alkane
therefore -ane
 The longest continuous chain is C4
therefore root = but
 The chain is numbered from the left
to give the amine unit the lowest
possible number ( location at C 2).

butan-2-amine or 2-butylamine
(or sec-butylamine)
71
AMINES Naming the Amines

N
Secondary amines
H
1. Secondary amines have two alkyl groups attached to
the N.  Functional group is an amine, therefore
2. The root name is based on the longest chain with the - suffix = -amine
NH attached.  Hydrocarbon structure is an alkane
3. The chain is numbered so as to give the amine unit the therefore -ane
lowest possible number.  The longest continuous chain is C2
4. The other alkyl group is treated as a substituent, with therefore root = eth
N as the locant.
5. The N locant is listed before numerical locants, e.g. N-methylethylamine
N,2-dimethyl.... or
6. The amine suffix is appended to the appropriate alkyl N-methylethanamine
root or alkana- root.

72
AMINES Naming the Amines

N
Tertiary amines

1. Tertiary amines have three alkyl group attached to the N.  Functional group is an amine, therefore
2. The root name is based on the longest chain with the -N suffix = -amine
attached.  Hydrocarbon structure is an alkane
3. The chain is numbered so as to give the amine unit the therefore -ane
lowest possible number.  The longest continuous chain is C1
4. The other alkyl groups are treated as substituents, with N as therefore root = meth
the locant.
5. The N locant is listed before numerical locants, e.g. N,2-
Name : N,N-dimethylmethylamine
dimethyl.... or
6. The amine suffix is appended to the appropriate alkyl root trimethylamine
or alkana- root.

73
END OF PART I