ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS,
POLYMERS, AND
BIOCHEMICALS
Muntholib

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics
Universitas Negeri Malang (UM)
 muntholib.fmipa@um.ac.id
INDEX
1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
2. Hydrocarbons consist of only C and H atoms
3. Ethers and alcohols are organic derivatives of water
4. Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia
5. Organic compounds with carbonyl groups include
aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids
6. Polymers are composed of many repeating molecular
units
7. Most biochemicals are organic compounds
8. Nucleic acids carry our genetic information 2
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE DIVERSE

Carbon compounds are greatly variant due to the

properties of C:
 C is able to bond multiply
 C is able to catenate (berikatan sesama atom C)
 C is able to bond with a wide variety of elements
 Isomers are possible when there is a carbon chain
 Combinations of functional groups give great
diversity
 Carbon can form rings
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CARBON COMPOUNDS

Carbon containing compounds exist in large variety,

mostly due to the multiple ways in which C can form
bonds
Some groups of atoms with similar bonding are
commonly seen, called functional groups.
Molecules may contain more than one functional
group
Can form chiral compounds 4
ALCOHOLS & ETHERS ARE POLAR

Contain C, H, and O, all with single bonds.

Alcohols end in –OH (R-OH)
Ethers have an O atom in the chain (R-O-R’)

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THE CARBONYL GROUP
When C in a chain has a double bond to an
oxygen, the group is termed a carbonyl
Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amides
all contain carbonyl groups

O O O
|| || ||
RC H R C R' R C OH
aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid
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ALDEHYDES & KETONES ARE POLAR

Each has a carbon chain terminating in a carbonyl.

Aldehydes then have an added H (RCOH)
Ketones have another carbon chain (RCOR’)

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AMINES & AMIDES ARE POLAR

Amines contain -NH2 on carbon chain (RNH2)

Amides contain NH2 on carbon chain with carbonyl
(RCONH2)

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CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & ESTERS ARE
POLAR

Both have a carbon chain terminating in a carbonyl

Carboxylic acids then have an –OH group
A combined carbonyl and hydroxyl group form a
carboxyl group (RCOOH)
Esters then have a singly bound O, then another
carbon chain (RCOOR’)

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IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
PRESENT

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THEIR
PROPERTIES

Polar functional groups contain O and N

Like dissolves like: polar solvents will dissolve the
polar functional groups
As the carbon chain increases in size, the polarity
decreases

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YOUR TURN!
Which of the following
contains an amide group?
A. The top structure
B. The middle structure
C. The bottom structure
D. None of these

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LEWIS STRUCTURES OF
HYDROCARBONS
Show all atoms, and all electrons
Bond pairs usually shown as a line
Non-bonding (lone) pairs of electrons are shown as
dots
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
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ALKANES & ALKENES ARE NON-
POLAR
Alkanes are hydrocarbons (contain only C and H)
have a ratio of atoms CnH2n+2
Alkenes- hydrocarbons with fewer H than the
alkanes (CnH2n)
Use the same prefixes, but have the suffix -ene.

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NAMING ALKANES
1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbons-the
root.
2. a. Name the root by adding “-ane” to the appropriate
prefix (a 4-carbon chain would be butane)
b. Identify any branches, and name each by the
number of carbons (a 1-carbon branch is methyl-)
3. a. List side chains in alphabetical order, before the
root
b. Use di, tri, tetra (etc…) if you have more than one
of something (these do not count in alphabetizing) 15
NAMING (CONT.)

4. Number root from side closest to the first branch

5. Use numbers to tell where the side chains sprout
from the root
6. Put a dash between any number and letter or any
letter and number. Use a comma between two
numbers
7. Use the prefix “cyclo” for ring systems
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NAME THE FOLLOWING

3-ethyl-2-methylhexane 2,3,3,4-tetramethylhexane

3-methylheptane 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
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YOUR TURN!

Name the structure shown:

A. 1,2-dimethylpentane
B. 3-methylhexane
C. 2-ethylpentane
D. None of these
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds are
members of the alkene family (keluarga alkena)
open chain alkenes have the general formula C2H2n
Hydrocarbons with triple bonds are in the alkyne family
(keluarga alkuna)
open chain alkynes have the general formula, CnH2n−2

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NAMING ALKENES
The parent chain must include the double bond
The parent alkene chain must be numbered from
whichever end gives the first carbon of the double
bond the lowest number
This number, followed by a hyphen, precedes the
name of the parent chain, unless there is no ambiguity
about where the double bond occurs
The locations of branches are not a factor in
numbering the chain
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Alkyl groups are named and located as before

NAME THE FOLLOWING

ethylene 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene
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YOUR TURN!
Which name is not correct?

A. 3-pentene

B.
2-pentene

C.

2-methyl-1-butene

D. All are correct

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GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

Cis and trans isomers exist when there

is a plane of a double bond or of a ring
structure
cis –same
trans-opposite

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YOUR TURN
Which isomer is shown:
A. cis-
B. trans-
C. can’t tell

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ETHERS (ROR’)
Result when both hydrogen atoms in water are
replaced with alkyl groups
Are almost as chemically inert as alkanes: they burn
and are split apart when boiled in concentrated acid
Are named by naming each alkyl group,
alphabetically, and end with “ether”
Learning Check:
CH3OCH3  dimethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH3  ethyl methyl ether
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CH3CH2OCH2CH3  diethyl ether

 ALCOHOLS (ROH)
When an alkyl group replaces a hydrogen in water, an
alcohol results
The name ending for alcohols is –ol
The parent chain must include the carbon containing the
OH group
Learning Check: Name the following
CH3CH2OH  ethanol
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH  butanol
YOUR TURN!
What type of structure is shown
A. Alcohol
B. Ether
C. Peroxide
D. aldehyde
AMINES
Are derivatives of ammonia where one or more
hydrogens have been replaced with alkyl groups
NH3 is ammonia
CH3NH2 is methylamine
(CH3)2NH is dimethylamine and (CH3)3N is
trimethylamine (bp 3oC).
Amines are bases, and react with strong proton donors
to form ammonium ion-like structures
NH3 (aq)  H  (aq)  NH 4 (aq)
CH3CH 2 NH 2 (aq)  H  (aq)  CH 3CH 2 NH 3 (aq)
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ALDEHYDES

The IUPAC name ending for an aldehyde is –al

The parent chain is the longest chain that includes the
aldehyde group

O O O
|| || ||
HCH CH 3 C H CH 3CH 2 C H
methanal ethanal propanal
(bp  21o C) (bp 21o C) (bp 49 o C)
KETONES
The IUPAC ending for ketones is –one. The parent
chain must include the carbonyl group

O O
|| ||
CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3CH 2 C CH 2CH 3
propanone 3 - pentanone

propanone 3-pentanone
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
The IUPAC name ending for carboxylic acids is –
oic acid. the parent chain must include the carbonyl
carbon, which is numbered as position 1
O O
|| ||
H C OH CH 3CH 2 C OH
methanoic acid ethanoic acid
(bp 101o C) (bp 118o C)

The common names are used for these: formic acid

and acetic acid
YOUR TURN!

Which of the following contain a carbonyl group?

A. amine
B. amide
C. carboxylic acid
D. All contain a carbonyl

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ESTERS

In esters, the OH of the carboxyl group is

replaced by -OR’
Name the alkyl group attached to the O atom
followed by a separate word generated from
the name of the parent acid by changing –oic
acid to -ate O O
|| ||
H C OCH3 CH 3 C OCH2CH 3
methyl methanoate ethyl ethanoate
methyl methanoate ethyl ethanoate

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AMIDES (RCONH2)
Carboxylic acids can also be converted into amides, a
functional group found in proteins
Simple amides are those in which the nitrogen bears
no alkyl groups, only hydrogen atoms
The IUPAC names of simple amides are generated by
replacing the –oic acid of the parent carboxylic acid
with -amide H 2N
O
O

NH 2

propanamide 2-methyl-butanamide
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