Introduction to the

world of Carbon
Organic Chemistry
- Study of the composition structure
and preparation of carbon-based
compounds, hydrocarbons and their
derivatives.
Carbon
 atomic no. of 6.
 represented by “C”
 4 valence electron.
Organic Compound
 compounds that contain amount of
carbon
 believed that only organisms can create
this compound.
 Friedrich Wohler synthesize urea.
Friedrich Wohler
-German scientist
- Synthesize urea from inorganic
substances.
Property Organic Compounds Inorganic
Compounds
Type of Bonding Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonding
Melting and Boiling Low High
point
Sources Living Organism Non-Living
Conductivity Do not conduct Can conduct
electricity Electricity
Flammability flammable Inflammable
Physical State Can exist as a solid, Mostly solids
liquid or gas
Hydrocarbons
-chemical compound consisting of hydrogen
(H) and carbon (C)
2 groups of Hydrocarbons:
1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons (open chain)
2. Cyclic hydrocarbons (close chain)
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

Saturated Unsaturated
Single bond Double bond triple bond

a.k.a. a.k.a. a.k.a.

PARAFFINS OLEFINS ACETYLENE
S
(IUPAC) International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry
- agency that developed a system to name
different compounds.
Types of Hydrocarbons:
1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes
4. Aromatic
ALKANES
-simplest type of hydrocarbon
-contains single bond of carbon to carbon.
-formula: CNH2(N)+2
ex. C1H2(1)+2 = CH4 (METHANE)
Carbon Prefix Alkane Name Chemical
Atoms Formula
1 Meth Methane CH4
2 Eth Ethane C2H6
3 Prop Propane C3H8
4 But Butane C4H10
5 Pent Pentane C5H12
6 Hex Hexane C6H14
7 Hept Heptane C7H16
8 Oct Octane C8H18
9 Non Nonane C9H20
NAMING OF ALKANES
-branches in a branched-chain are substituent
groups that were derived from an alkane by
removing a hydrogen, called “alkyl group”.
Formula: CNH2(N)+1= CH3 (METHYL)
ALKANES
ALKANES
ISOMERS
 Compounds that has the same chemical
formula but different structural formula.
 Greek word Iso “the same” and mer “part”.
Example of isomers:

CH3CH2CH2CH3 = BUTANE
(CH3) 2CHCH3 = 2-METHYLPROPANE
=C4H10
NAMING OF ALKANES
Classification:

1. Straight-Chain Alkanes
2. Branched-Chain Alkanes
NAMING OF ALKANES
-branches in a branched-chain are substituent
groups that were derived from an alkane by
removing a hydrogen, called “alkyl group”.
Formula: CNH2(N)+1= CH3 (METHYL)
NAMING OF ALKANES (branched-
chain)
1. Identify the longest continuous chain.
2. Find the carbon which is closer to the branch.
3. Count the position of the branched carbon
and name the branch in an alkyl group.
ALKENES
-contains one or more double covalent bonds
between carbon atoms.
-unsaturated
ALKENES
-names are formed by changing the prefix-
ane to ene.
-formula: CNH2(N)
ex. C4H2(4) = C4H8 (BUTENE)
ALKENES
-alkenes contain more than one double bond
shown by using a prefix (i.e., di-, tri-, tetra-)
before the suffix –ene.
ALKYNES
 contain one or more triple bond.
 Simplest alkyne compound is ethyne
“acetylene”, C2H2
-USE IN WELDING TORCHES
-formula: CNH2(N)-2
ex. C2H2(2)-2 = C2H2 (ETHYNE)
ALKYNES
 contain one or more triple bond.
 Simplest alkyne compound is ethyne
“acetylene”, C2H2
-USE IN WELDING TORCHES
-formula: CNH2(N)-2
ex. C2H2(2)-2 = C2H2 (ETHYNE)
ALKYNES
 contain one or more triple bond.
 Simplest alkyne compound is ethyne
“acetylene”, C2H2
-USE IN WELDING TORCHES
-formula: CNH2(N)-2
ex. C2H2(2)-2 = C2H2 (ETHYNE)