CHEMICAL

BONDING
CHEMICAL BOND
-forces of attraction that hold atoms
together.
-formed when atoms gain, lose or share
their electrons with other atoms.
A bond results from the attraction of nuclei for electrons
All atoms are trying to achieve a stable octet

IN OTHER WORDS
the protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted to the electrons
(-) of another atom
This is Electronegativity !!
 Three Major Types of Bonding

Ionic Bonding
forms ionic compounds
transfer of valence e-

Metallic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
forms molecules
sharing of valence e-
 3 POINTS TO CONSIDER IN
CHEMICAL REACTION:

1. Number of Valence Electron

2. Electron Configuration
3. Lewis Structure
 1. NUMBER OF VALENCE
ELECTRON

Stability- strength to stand or a

resistance to chemical change or to
physical disintegration.
1. NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRON
(OUTERMOST ELECTRONS)
Stable
- 8 electrons in its outermost energy
level or valence electron. (Octet
Rule- Gilbert Newton Lewis)
2. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

-distribution of electrons at
different positions in an atom.
2. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Main energy level- (1-7)

Sublevel- s, p, d, f
 3. LEWIS STRUCTURE

(LEDS) Lewis Electron Dot Structure

-proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis
-shorthand method consist of symbol of the
element surrounded by dots.
 3. LEWIS STRUCTURE

(LEDS) Lewis Electron Dot Structure

-proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis
-shorthand method consist of symbol of the
element surrounded by dots.
 6 CARBON
C- symbol
represent the
nucleus

.
4 dots ( )- valence
electron
1. IONIC BONDING

-transfer of electrons from one atom to

another.
-formed an IONIC COMPOUND
-gaining and losing of electron.
 ION
-Atom becomes charged particle
2 types of Ion:
1. Cation (+)- atom that loses electron
becomes positively charged.
2. Anion (-)- gains electron becomes
negatively charged.
 IONIC BONDING
• Always formed between metal cations and
non-metals anions
• The oppositely charged ions stick like
magnets

+ -
[METALS ] [NON-METALS ]

Lost e-
Gained e- 16
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUND:
-bonding between metal and a non-metal.
Example:
Sodium metal + Chlorine gas = Sodium Chloride
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUND:
Ionization energy- the energy needed to
remove an electron from the neutral atom.
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUND:
Electron affinity-measure of how much energy
is released when an electron is gained by a
certain atom.
COVALENT BONDING
molecules
• Pairs of e- are shared
between 2 non-
metal atoms to acquire
the electron
configuration of a noble
gas.
20
 COVALENT BONDING
• Occurs between nonmetal atoms which need to gain electrons to get a
stable octet of electrons or a filled outer shell.

no
nm
et
a ls
Always remember atoms are trying to
complete their valence shell!
“2 will do but 8 is great!”
The number of electrons the atoms needs is the total number of
bonds they can make.

Ex. … H? O? F? N? Cl? C?

22
 COVALENT BONDING

• The atoms form a covalent bond by sharing their

valence electrons to get a stable octet of electrons.

(filled valence shell of 8 electrons)
• Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms are combined to
show the covalent bonds
• Covalently bonded atoms form MOLECULES
 METHANE CH4
• This is the finished Lewis dot structure
• Every atom has a filled valence shell

How did we get here?

OR

24
Sometimes multiple bonds must be formed to get
the numbers of electrons to work out
• DOUBLE bond
• atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)

O O
• TRIPLE bond
• atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)

N N 25
 METALLIC BONDING
• Always formed between 2 metals (pure
metals)
• Solid gold, silver, lead, etc…

26
 PROPERTIES OF METALS

• Metals can be found to the left of the “staircase” on the

periodic table.
• Almost all solid
• Mercury (Hg) is the exception!
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• They reflect light (shiny, luster)
 PROPERTIES OF METALS
• Malleable: they can be hammered or rolled into
sheets
• Ductile: they can be drawn into wires
 PROPERTIES OF METALS

• The atoms of metals generally have 1-3 valence electrons.

• In chemical reactions, metals tend to give up electrons
easily.
• When metals combine with nonmetals, the atoms tend to lose
electrons to the atoms of nonmetals, forming ionic bonds.
 PROPERTIES OF METALS

• Metallic bonding: positively charged metallic ions are

surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
• The outer-level electrons are not tightly held to the nucleus and
can move freely among the charged ions.