Romblon Pandanusutilis Leaves Mixedwith Causticsodaasan Alternativein Making Paperfinal

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Romblon (Pandanus utilis) Leaves Mixed with Caustic soda as an Alternative in

Making Paper
Research · October 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19079.78249
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Romblon (Pandanus utilis) Leaves Mixed
with Caustic soda as an Alternative
in Making Paper
A Research presented to the

Senior High School Department
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
ELIEL MARIE M. PALCO

Researcher
AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

Gov. D.O. Plaza Gov’t Center, Prosperidad, ADS
March 2020
Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves
Mixed with caustic soda
ABSTRACT
According to Crowther’s paper, the global number of trees has fallen

approximately 46% since the beginning of human civilization. People destroy an
estimated 15 billion trees every single year and replace maybe a third of them, the study
notes.
This study aims to produce alternative materials from recycled things/waste products,
fruit peelings for instance, to replace the commercial materials, specifically Romblon
(Pandanus utilis) leaves which is widely available in the locality of Agusan del Sur, to
prevent further destruction of the environment.
Through GSM, analysis results showed significant difference between the samples since
the p-value is 0.00 which is less than 0.05 – the level of significance. Meanwhile, results
of the post hoc analysis of the tensile strengths of the Romblon leaves paper samples
indicate that there is significant difference between the positive control – Mulberry paper,
and the other samples since it is the only sample in its subset. The same goes for Romblon
leaves paper Sample 3 since it is also the only sample in its subset. On the other hand,
there is no significant difference between the plant samples 1 and 2 on their which was
observed in the post hoc analysis of the GSM of all the samples. Therefore, the samples
have the viability to become an alternative material for paper production because it
showed higher results than the specified commercial paper. This plant is recommended
for future studies.
Keywords: Romblon leaves, handmade paper, Pandanus utilis, paper, tensile strength,
pulp and paper production
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is an upshot of willpower and travail. This would not be workable
without the joint efforts of the following persons whom the researcher owed a favor to:
Mr. Ace Michael B. Magalso, her research adviser, whose scholarly ideas guided
her throughout this study and put this work into shape;
Jine L. Havana, her Principal, for the moral support and motivation;
Kevynne De Guzman, Myca Cemini, Erika Ondap, Krizziah Juanico and
France Cuares for the words of encouragement and support during the conduct of her
research and preparing for the research exhibit;
The rest of the Grade 12 Curie students for all the motivation;
To her parents and the rest of her family for their financial support;
Above all, to GOD ALMIGHTY, for illuminating the way, for removing all the
boulders as she went, and for teaching her how to take pain and face pressure in order to
grasp a stranglehold of the goals she have been aiming from the start.
-The Researcher
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page .......................................................................................................................... i

Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... v
List of Figures ................................................................................................................. vi
List of Appendices ......................................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................ 1
1.2 Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 4
1.3 Research Problem ........................................................................................... 5
1.4 Research Hypothesis ....................................................................................... 6
1.5 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................... 7
1.6 Scope and Limitations..................................................................................... 7
1.7 Significance of the Study ................................................................................ 8
1.8 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................... 10
1.9 Review of Related Literature ........................................................................ 12
Chapter 2. RESEARCH METHODS .......................................................................... 17

2.1 Research Design............................................................................................ 17
2.2 Materials and Equipment .............................................................................. 18
2.3 Procedures ..................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................ 21
iv
Chapter 4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 24
References ...................................................................................................................... 26
Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 28
Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................... 31
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Table Title Page
Table 1 Research Design 18
Table 2 Romblon leaves paper test results 21
Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Variance on 22
the GSM of the samples
Table 4 Post Hoc Analysis for the ANOVA 23
Result for GSM
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure Title Page
Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm of Study 7
Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of the Procedure
Conducted
v
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
It is a standard knowledge to everyone that papers are made up of the trees
which are chopped into tiny pieces then ground up, mixed with liquid then became a
pulp. And from that pulp, the paper which is that the medium we are using to write
down something is produced.
Paper made from recycled fibers uses less energy and helps to preserve natural
resources wood and reduces the environmental pollution. In recent research programs
for waste management system planning, the tension between economic optimization
and environmental preservation has gotten a lot of attention. This has also resulted
during a group of latest waste management goals in reverse logistics system planning.
Pati et al. (2008) to capture the inter-relationships among the paper recycling network
system, researchers presented a mixed integer goal programming (MIGP) model.
In 2005, the whole production of paper in Europe was 99.3 million tons which
generated 11 million tons of waste, representing about 11% in regard to the whole
paper production. the assembly of recycled paper, during an equivalent period, was
47.3 million tons generating 7.7 million tons of solid waste (about 70% of total
generated waste in papermaking) which represents 16% of the whole production from
this staple (CEPI, 2006).
1
According to the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) in 2010,
the utilization of recovered paper was almost even with the utilization of virgin fiber.
This growth has been aided not only by technological advancement, which has
increased the price competitiveness of recycled fiber, but also by environmental
awareness – on both the production and consumer sides – and regulation, which has
affected the demand for recovered paper.
However, for clients, companies and economies across the world, the
coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is causing widespread concern and economic
hardship. Production companies face numerous challenges caused by the crisis, and
growers of forests, paper and packaging are not any exception (PwC, 2021).
The pulp and paper industry comprise companies that use basic raw materials
(e.g. wood) to provide pulp, paper, paperboard, and various cellulose-based products.
Such activities are closely associated with the event of the worldwide economy and
therefore the of social civilization (NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers, 2017).
Annual global paper and board production and consumption capabilities have
reached 419.7 million metric tons and 423.3 million metric tons, respectively,
according to official figures (Statistics 2019). The pulp and paper industry involve
many fields like forestry, agriculture, chemicals, biology, distribution, and
transportation, thus occupying a crucial position within the global economy (Huang
et al. 2019).
In this study, commonly found plant and other plant samples is tested as as an
alternate source of paper. lastingness is employed to seek out how strong a cloth is
2
and also what proportion it is often stretched before it breaks. On the opposite hand,
Elongation may be a measure of how far a sample will stretch before it breaks.
The Romblon (Pandanus utilis) plant is additionally commonly found within
the locality of Agusan del Sur especially in damp and wet areas like farms and near
the rivers. it's also considered a nuisance to the farmers and to the people living near
the areas where this plant is often found due to its number and its massiveness. The
researcher therefore conducted this study to form use of its availability, and thru this
study, the plant that's a nuisance to individuals are going to be reduced and it can
contribute to society by converting its leaves into an alternate paper.
3
1.2 Research Objectives
The general objective of the study is to determine the feasibility of Romblon
(Pandanus utilis) leaves mixed with caustic soda as an alternative paper.
Specifically, this study will intend to:
1. Identify the properties of Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves paper in terms
of:
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
2. Determine if there is significant difference in the properties of Romblon
(Pandanus utilis) leaves with varying amounts of fiber added in terms of:
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
3. Determine if there is a significant difference between Romblon (Pandanus
utilis) leaves paper and commercial paper in terms of:
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
4
1.3 Research Problem
The study endeavors to identify the Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves collected
if the selected plants sample have the potentiality to be an alternative material used in the
production of paper.
Specifically, this aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the properties of Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves paper in terms
of;
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
2. Is there a significant difference in the properties of Romblon (Pandanus utilis)
leaves with varying amounts of fiber added in terms of:
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
3. Is there a significant difference between Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves
paper and commercial paper in terms of;
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
5
1.4 Hypotheses
Based on the foregoing research problem, the following null hypotheses are
formulated:
1. Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves mixed with caustic soda do not have the
feasibility to make an alternative paper.
2. There is no significant difference in the properties of Romblon (Pandanus
utilis) leaves with varying amounts of fiber added in terms of:
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
3. There is no significant difference between Romblon (Pandanus utilis)
leaves paper and commercial paper in terms of:
a. Tensile Strength
b. Elongation
c. GSM
6
1.5 Conceptual Framework
Plant Romblon Paper Making and

(Pandanus utilis) leaf Testing of Properties; Alternative Paper
fibers a. Tensile Strength test
b. Elongation
c. GSM
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study
Figure 1 shows the main concept of this study which is to find an alternative
material that can be a substitute for tree barks in making a paper – a material which is
readily available in the locality, will not affect the environment immensely.
The availability of the selected plant sample in the locality is very important to
make use as the alternative source for paper. This indicates the framework of this
investigation wherein the Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves will be used as an alternative
source of paper which is the main concept of the research problem.
1.6 Scope and Limitations
The study entitled Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves mixed with caustic soda as
an alternative source of paper will cover the produced paper from the plant will have
standards similar to a commercial paper. It aims to evaluate whether the caustic soda will
have made the paper fine.
7
Also, this study will focus on determining whether the amount of fibers added
will greatly affect the tensile strength, elongation and GSM. And, to spread awareness to
each and every one that Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves is not just a nuisance plant but
can be transformed into a product with great value.
The plant sample Romblon leaves will be collected in our farm at San Vicente,
Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur. Thus, this study will be conducted at Sta. Irene
Prosperdidad Agusan del Sur and will be tested in Equi Parco in Ampayon, Butuan City.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a huge impact
on the global industrial supply chains. Undoubtedly, COVID-19 is posing severe
challenges to the pulp and paper industry worldwide.
This study will be conducted for the beneficiary of our environment and for us
especially this time of pandemic since we often use papers for our daily endeavors. This
non-timber paper which will be converted into a paper, an eco-friendly paper that is easy
to decompose by the bacteria and other microorganisms. Because of this, excessive
cutting of trees for the production of paper will be lessened.
The result of the study will also benefit the following:
Environment. The result of the study will reduce environmental problems
because of the advantage that they will not fill up the landfills because of its ability to last
in a short time basis.
8
Schools. The result of the study will help institutions to reduce the use of
commercial papers and rather make use of the alternative paper.
Individual home. The result of the study will reduce irritating wastes in homes
that are not properly managed.
Humans and animals. The result of the study will help reduce serious health
hazards on humans specially children and on animals.
9
1.8 Definition of Terms
Alternative - It is defined as the availability of another.
ANOVA - It means the analysis of variance, a
statistical method in which the variation in
a set of observations is divided into distinct
components.
Caustic soda - It is a powerful chemical substance used to
make strong soaps and clean drains.
Elongation - It means the lengthening of something.
Fibers - It is a natural or synthetic substance that is
significantly longer than it is wide. It is
often used in the manufacture of other
materials.
Feasibility - It refers to the possibility of a thing that
can be made, done, or achieved, or is
reasonable.
GSM - It refers to the substance weight of paper,
relating to an area of paper that remains
constant, irrespective of sheet size,
expressed as grams per square meter.
10
Paper - It is a material manufactured in thin sheets
from the pulp of wood or other fibrous
substances, used for writing, drawing, or
printing on, or as wrapping material.
Post Hoc Analysis - It means to analyze the results of your
experimental data. They are often based on
a familywise error rate; the probability of at
least one Type I error in a set (family) of
comparisons.
Tensile Strength - It is used to determine their mechanical
performance and the ability of a material to
resist tearing due to tension.
11
1.9 Review of Related Literature
“Paper is an important material, used every day worldwide for many purposes.
Global paper and cardboard production in 2016 stood at about 411 million tons per meter.
More than half of that volume was due to packaging paper, with about one-third
attributable to graphic paper.” (Garside M., 2019). Paper is a natural, reusable, recyclable,
plant-based product that links us to the important things in life in so many different ways.
It starts out on paper with endless suggestions. The world is formed on paper. Businesses
start on paper. On paper Love is professed. It's distributing important news on paper.
(Paper because, n.d.).
The paper industry in the Philippines aims to achieve the capacity to meet all the
country's major pulp and paper requirements and to produce high-quality, long-term pulp
and paper products in an internationally competitive and environmentally sustainable
manner. Its objectives are to improve the rate of recovery and recycling of waste paper in
the country, to upgrade the levels of manufacturing technologies and environmental
performance of local paper mills, to establish local pulp sources based on sustainable tree
plantations, to enable local mills to compete economically and thus to contribute to
poverty alleviation and national development. (Prezi, 2019).
The U.S. in the 1950’s Agriculture Department set out to identify crops that would
potentially help expand and diversify American farmers ' markets. There is a small
amount of historical knowledge to build on regarding industrial raw material crops and
thus launch a screening program to study fiber crops which could be used as raw materials
12
for paper manufacturers. More than 1200 samples of fibrous plants were screened from
some 400 species. (Kinsella et al., 2018).
More benefits will be produced by producing more paper from agricultural waste,
as the need to cut trees to manufacture paper will be decreased, thereby helping to
alleviate environmental concerns about unsustainability in deforestation. Approximately
42 per cent of global wood harvests are used to manufacture paper, and paper products
are one of the main components of landfills, accounting for one third of municipal waste
(Pan, 2016).
World’s paper consumption
In North America, total paper consumption declined by 24% between 2006 and
2009. Growth is speedy in Asia; it accounts for almost 40% total world paper and
paperboard production whereas the European Union (EU) and North America account
for about one quarter each. In recent years, the pulp and paper business has struggled to
make a profit on a global scale. Excess capacity has resulted in lower product pricing,
which, along with growing production costs, has reduced the industry's global
profitability. (Pratima, 2014)
Alternatives to tree bark fibers in producing paper
The use of non-timber resources as ingredients for the production of paper covers
10% of its use throughout the world. However, the situation differs according to the
country and depending on the country. China, for example, uses a variety of non-wood
fibers as a raw material for paper production. Demand for paper in today's increasingly
13
technological progress increases with current. These contradict the belief that the
advancement of information technology will lead to a reduction in the use of paper and
the community's goal of creating a paperless future. With regards to this situation, many
alternatives have been introduced to replace the main sources of wood in the pulp and
paper industry.
A common paper-based product has 90–99 percent cellulose fibers, which are the
principal structural component and the most critical factor impacting end-use qualities.
The chemical and physical qualities of paper products are influenced by a network of self-
bonding cellulose fibers within the core network. The chemical composition, on the other
hand, is now well understood and consists of -anhydroglucose units with dominating
hydroxyl groups, which are suitable for reactions. The one main and two parallel hydroxyl
groups in each monomer unit in the polymer structure are mostly responsible for this β-
1-4 glyosidic linkages bind each anhydroglucose molecule to the next. Cellulose is a
totally linear homopolysacharide with the potential to produce significant intra and
intermolecular hydrogen interactions due to its chemical structures. (Young, RA, 1994).
The paper network has a sophisticated collection of cavity pore channels with a
diversity of capillary dimensions since it is made up of randomly laid fiber (cellulose)
and non-fibrous (fillers) materials. Hence, it is readily permeable to liquids. However,
because liquid contact destroys hydrogen bonds, relaxes fibers, and causes dimensional
changes in pores and capillaries, the structure of paper can be altered. The Washburn
equation could be used to describe the rate of capillary rise of fluids into paper if the
effect of external pressure is ignored.
14
The sample's chemical composition also indicates that it is a ligno-cellulosic
material with an average lignin content of less than 20%, similar to several non-wood
plants that help to reduce the amount and energy needed for pulping, (Fagbemigun,
Fagbemi, Otitoju, Mgbachiuzor, & Igwe, 2014). There are also similarities between the
physical properties of maize husk and stalk, other characteristics of fibers or compositions
show that they are impartially acceptable as an alternative to the production of pulp and
paper. (Ekhuemelo DO & Tor K, n.d.)
Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves fiber
The reproduction of the plant takes place by its seed which germinates in around
2–3 months. The P. utilis is pyramidal and irregular in shape with the leaves being spirally
arranged around the branches. Also, the plant has a mean height of 25 m and can extend
up to 60 m with a spread of 4.5 m. Fragrant flowers are formed by the male plants while
the female plants bear green fruits hanging from cords which are 14 to 30 cm in length
resembling pine cones or pineapples which turn yellow or orange when they become
mature. The fruit being a starchy source of food with a dry and hard covering is edible
but lacks flavor. The P. utilis plants are very messy since the leaves fall constantly during
the whole year and also the plants become denser over time with the leaves reaching the
ground. Thus, frequent cuttings of the branches and leaves are required which could have
otherwise been employed in the fiber industry. These leaves are biologically degraded
and composted in forests but then in urban areas, they are still regarded as agricultural
wastes that need to be discarded in landfills.
15
Transverse sections of stems of Pandanaceous can be distinguished from those of
other monocotyledons by the frequent presence of compound vascular bundles, consisting
of 2 or 3 conducting strands enclosed by a common bundle sheath. The phloem parts of
the separate strands are oriented towards each other, which means that only 1 strand has
the normal orientation. As in other species of the section Vinsonia, the leaves of Pandanus
utilis have a spongy tissue with abundant fibers in bundles; these bundles may contain
over 150 fibers.
16
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Materials
A. Reagents
1 kg Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Water
B. Apparatus
Beaker Funnel
C. Equipment
Blender Hot Plate
Weighing Scale Phone alarm
Mold and Deckle Paper Presser
Stainless Casserole Measuring cup
Access to tap water Ruler
Wooden photo frame Stopwatch
17
2.2 Research Design

ROMBLON LEAVES
Quality Test HANDMADE PAPER COMMERCIAL
PAPER
SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3
(50% fiber) (75% fiber) (80% fiber)
X1 X1 X1 X1
Tensile
Strength test
Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1
Elongation
test
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
GSM test
Table 1. Research Design of the Study
Legend: X – Tensile Strength Y – Elongation Z – GSM
Table 1 above shows the experimental design of this study. The plant samples
will undergo several treatments to know its properties including its thickness, tensile
strength, elongation, and folding endurance. The treatment will be 3 repeated tests for
focusing on the accuracy of the experiment.
18
2.3 Procedure
2.3.1 Collection and Preparation of Samples
Romblon (Pandanus utilis) Leaves were collected from the researcher’s
farm. It was then washed with tap water to remove dirt and was brought to the
researcher’s home. Leaves were then sun-dried for five days.
B. Sun drying
After drying the leaves, the researcher then sliced the leaves into two-inch
strips and sun-dried it again for one whole day.
C. Boiling of the leaves
The sun-dried leaves were put on the casserole for boiling up to 20
minutes. Before the solution boils, the researcher added the binding agent and the
caustic soda.
2.3.2 Mixing
After such, the researcher prepared a basin that is a little wider and longer
than the frame and approximately the same shape, and fill it with clear water. The
researcher, then, placed the wooden frame with the pulp into basin, screen-side
down, and level it while it is submerged. The researcher waited until most of the
water will be drained from the pulp and after lifting the screen out of the basin,
the researcher removed the extra water from the pulp. Now, the paper is ready for
sun drying for 5 days.
19
2.3.3 Drying of the Paper
When the paper is a little drier, the researcher will lift it from the screen and
take the piece of paper and lay it out to dry on a flat surface.
2.3.4 Tensile Strength Testing
The tensile strength and elongation of the samples will be tested in Equi-Parco
Company in Libertad, Butuan City. However, due to the pandemic, the researcher
was not able to test the tensile strength and elongation of the samples.
2.3.5 GSM (Gram per Square Meter) Calculation
Using the formula for getting the GSM of a paper, which is:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔
𝐺𝑆𝑀 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚2
the researcher, then, calculated the GSM of the Romblon leaves paper.
2.3.6 Disposal
After such experimentation and testing of the sample, samples were disposed
properly to avoid hazardous effect. The used sample and waste solvents were
isolated properly in a secured container to avoid combustion and chemical
reactions.
2.3.7 Statistical Treatment
The result of GSM calculation went through a thorough analysis. Univariate
Analysis of Variance with Post Hoc Analysis was used for the scrutiny of the
results. The study chose to manage and organize the results with SPSS 16.0.
20
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Test Result
Table 2. Romblon leaves paper test results
ROMBLON LEAVES HANDMADE PAPER

QUALIT COMMERCIAL
Y TEST SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3 PAPER (+)
225.6 225.6 225.6 218.1 218.1 218.1 253.9 253.9 253.9 60.00 60.10 59.90
(g/m2)
GSM
Table 2 shows the different results of the 9 samples of Romblon leaves paper and
3 samples of the commercial paper which is Mulberry tree bark paper. The 12 samples
have undergone GSM calculation.
The researcher observed in the GSM calculation that the Romblon leaves paper
was thicker than the commercial paper because it has the greater GSM.
21
B. GSM
Table 3. Univariate Analysis of Variance on the GSM of the samples
Type III Sum of

Source Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected
64613.875a 3 21537.958 1.666E7 .000
Model
Intercept 382784.990 1 382784.990 2.961E8 .000
Treatment 64613.875 3 21537.958 1.666E7 .000
Error .009 7 .001
Total 435298.621 11
Corrected Total 64613.884 10
a. R Squared = 1.000 (Adjusted R Squared = 1.000)
Table 3 shows the result of the Gram per Square Meter calculation of the 9
Romblon leaves paper samples together with the 3 positive control samples. The result
further shows that there is significant difference between the treatments since the p-value
is 0.00 which is less than 0.05 – the level of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis was
rejected.
22
Table 4. Post Hoc Analysis for the ANOVA Result for GSM
Scheffe
Subset
Treatment N 1 2 3 4
Mulberry Paper (+) 3 60.0000
Romblon leaves paper
3 2.1814E2
Sample 2
3 2.2566E2
Sample 1
2 2.5394E2
Sample 3
Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square (Error) = .001.
Table 4 shows the result of the post hoc analysis of the GSM of all the samples.
This was employed to identify which samples are different from the others as ANOVA
showed significant difference of the samples. Result shows that there is significant
difference between the positive control – Mulberry paper, and the other samples since it
is the only sample in its subset. The same goes with the samples 1, 2 and 3. It can be
deduced also from the data that the GSM of the samples are not comparable to the GSM
of Commercial paper. However, the handmade paper is thicker than the commercial
paper. This also indicates that the heavier the paper, the thicker it is because the GSM is
directly proportional to weight.
23
Chapter 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary of Findings
This research study investigated the feasibility of Romblon (Pandanus utilis)
leaves samples collected in San Vicente, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur as an alternative
material in making alternative paper. Due to the pandemic, the researcher was not able to
test the tensile strength and elongation of the samples. GSM analysis results showed
significant difference between the samples since the p-value is 0.00 which is less than
0.05 – the level of significance.
The same results were, also, observed in the post hoc analysis of the GSM of all
the samples. Results show that there is significant difference between the positive control
– Mulberry tree paper, and the other samples since it is the only sample in its subset.
However, the handmade paper is thicker than the commercial paper. This also indicates
that the heavier the paper, the thicker it is because the GSM is directly proportional to
weight.
B. Conclusions
After the thorough analysis of the results, the following conclusions were
formulated:
1. The Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves have the feasibility as an alternative
material in making paper.
24
2. Based on the results, there are properties found in Romblon leaves paper in
terms of GSM. The higher the amount of Romblon leaves fiber, the higher the
GSM since GSM is directly proportional to its weight. Results showed that
Romblon leaves paper Sample 2 has the highest tensile strength among all the
samples with 68.10 Mpa while Sample 3 has the highest GSM with 253.96
g/m2.
3. There is significant difference between the Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves
construction paper and commercial paper in terms of and GSM.
C. Recommendations
After the conclusions, the following are recommended for future studies:
1. Test the tensile strength and elongation of the paper.
2. Compare the paper to other papers found locally.
3.. Use better compressor.
25
REFERENCES
CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industries). (2006). Special Recycling 2005
Statistics - European Paper Industry Hits New Record in Recycling. 27.02.2011
CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industrie). (2010). Annual Statistic
2009.27.02.2011
Ekhuemelo DO, & Tor K. (n.d.). Assessment of fibre characteristics and suitability of
maize husk and stalk for pulp and paper production.
Fagbemigun, T. K., Fagbemi, O. D., Otitoju, O., Mgbachiuzor, E., & Igwe, C. C.
(2014). Pulp and paper-making potential of corn husk. International Journal of
AgriScience, 4(44), 209–213
Kinsella, S., Baffoni, S., Anderson, P., Ford, J., Leithe, R., Smith, D., … Blacksmith, S.
(2018). The State of the Global Paper Industry. Environmental Paper Network, 1–
90.
Pan, S. (2016). From Waste to Paper materials for paper. From Waste to Paper Materials
for Paper, 1–36. V. I
Pati, R.K., Vrat, P. & Kumar, P. (2008). A goal programming model for paper recycling
system. Omega 36, 2008, pp. 405 – 417, ISSN 0305-0483
Pratima, (2014). Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper, 2-14.
Young, RA. (1994). Comparison of the Properties of Chemical Cellulose Pulps.
Cellulose, 1(2), 107–130.
26
Websites
https://solisco.com/en/2017/01/25/worldwide-paper-consumption/
https://www.statista.com/topics/1701/paper-industry/
https://prezi.com/zfuziuii1tdm/
http://lolako.com/philippine-romblon-pandanus-plant/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1520-6750(199503)42:2%3C183::AID-
NAV3220420205%3E3.0.CO;2-8
https://www.pwc.com/us/en/library/covid-19/coronavirus-impacts-forest-paper-
packaging
https://sustainenvironres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42834-019-0023-6
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pulp-and-paper-
industry
http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12008425.pdf
27
APPENDIX A
Plagiarism Check
28
APPENDIX B
Documentation
Collection of Romblon leaves Chopping of samples
Mixing samples
Blending of chopped samples Final product
29
APPENDIX C
Flow Chart
Figure 2. Flow Chart of the Study
Figure 2 shows the summarize flow chart of this study. From the collection of
the samples, paper making, GSM testing, disposal and the statistical treatment to know
the feasibility of the alternative paper.
30
APPENDIX D
Curriculum Vitae
A. Personal Information
Name : Eliel Marie M. Palco
Address : P-11, Sta. Irene, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur
Date of Birth: April 12, 2002
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Jesus Is Lord Church
Parents : Shalie M. Palco
: Nonito G. Palco
Email Address : elielpalco1@gmail.com
B. Educational Attainment
Elementary : Philippine Normal University in Mindanao (2009-2015)
Junior High School : Agusan del Sur National Science High School (2015-2019)
Senior High School : Agusan del Sur National Science High School (2020-2021)
Academic Strand : Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
31
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Romblon (Pandanus utilis) Leaves Mixed with Caustic soda as an Alternative in

Research · October 2023

Eliel Maturan Palco

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

A Research presented to the

ELIEL MARIE M. PALCO

AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

According to Crowther’s paper, the global number of trees has fallen

Kevynne De Guzman, Myca Cemini, Erika Ondap, Krizziah Juanico and

research and preparing for the research exhibit;

Title Page .......................................................................................................................... i

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2. RESEARCH METHODS .......................................................................... 17

Chapter 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................ 21

Chapter 4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 24

Tables Table Title Page

Table 1 Research Design 18

Table 2 Romblon leaves paper test results 21

Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Variance on 22

the GSM of the samples

Table 4 Post Hoc Analysis for the ANOVA 23

Result for GSM

Figure Figure Title Page

Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm of Study 7

Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of the Procedure

1.1 Background of the Study

It is a standard knowledge to everyone that papers are made up of the trees

down something is produced.

system, researchers presented a mixed integer goal programming (MIGP) model.

this staple (CEPI, 2006).

According to the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) in 2010,

increased the price competitiveness of recycled fiber, but also by environmental

affected the demand for recovered paper.

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is causing widespread concern and economic

many fields like forestry, agriculture, chemicals, biology, distribution, and

The Romblon (Pandanus utilis) plant is additionally commonly found within

contribute to society by converting its leaves into an alternate paper.

1.2 Research Objectives

The general objective of the study is to determine the feasibility of Romblon

(Pandanus utilis) leaves mixed with caustic soda as an alternative paper.

Specifically, this study will intend to:

1. Identify the properties of Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves paper in terms

2. Determine if there is significant difference in the properties of Romblon

3. Determine if there is a significant difference between Romblon (Pandanus

utilis) leaves paper and commercial paper in terms of:

1.3 Research Problem

Specifically, this aims to answer the following questions:

2. Is there a significant difference in the properties of Romblon (Pandanus utilis)

leaves with varying amounts of fiber added in terms of:

3. Is there a significant difference between Romblon (Pandanus utilis) leaves

paper and commercial paper in terms of;

feasibility to make an alternative paper.

2. There is no significant difference in the properties of Romblon (Pandanus

utilis) leaves with varying amounts of fiber added in terms of:

3. There is no significant difference between Romblon (Pandanus utilis)

leaves paper and commercial paper in terms of:

1.5 Conceptual Framework

Plant Romblon Paper Making and

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

source of paper which is the main concept of the research problem.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

have made the paper fine.