THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CASSAVA STARCH AS A COMPONENT OF

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC

An Experimental Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of the

Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Practical Research III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

RHEA DANICA B. ANGUS

KAIZER M. FRANCISCO
ROMER D. VALMORIA
CEFENEL A. CATA-AL
CHRISTIAN MUTIA
MAE S. SACALA

June 2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION X
DIVISION OF MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL
JIMENEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
CORRALES, JIMENEZ, MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This research paper entitled “The Effectiveness of Cassava Starch as a

Component of Biodegradable Plastic” prepared and submitted by Rhea Danica
Angus, Cefenel Cata-al, Kaizer Francisco, Christian Mutia, Mae Sacala, and
Romer Valmoria in partial fulfillment of the Practical Research III of Strand
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, and MATHEMATICS, is hereby
recommended for approval.

GLIMPS B. LAPINIG, SPSTI

Research Adviser

_______________________
Date Signed

This research paper is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
strand of SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, and MATHEMATICS.

NICANOR C. TAGACTAC, JR. KAYE M. NILLO

Panel Panel

JESSAH MAE M. LUZA

Panel

SALOME P. REGALADO
Head Teacher II - OIC

_______________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Glimps B.

Lapinig, our research adviser, for his unwavering assistance in carrying out our study.

We were able to complete the research paper and experiment writing process with the

help of his direction and assistance. Our memories of him will never fade because of

his vision, sincerity, and passion. Working and learning under his guidance was a

great honor. We are grateful to him for all that he has done. We would wish to thank

him for his friendship and his kindness.

We would also like to acknowledge the contributions to the STEM students

and fellow researchers who have provided valuable insights and feedback. Their

collaboration and willingness to share ideas have enriched our research process and

helped us refine our work.

We also owe our families and friends a debt of gratitude for their unwavering

support and understanding throughout this research journey. Their encouragement,

patience, and belief in us have been constant sources of motivation.

Finally, we express our heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty God for His

unwavering love, support, and guidance throughout this research journey. We are

forever indebted to His grace and mercy and offer our humble thanks for His

continuous blessings.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution has emerged as a critical global issue due to the affordability,
accessibility, and durability of conventional petroleum-based plastics. To address this
problem, researchers have explored alternative materials for the production of
biodegradable plastics. This study investigates the use of cassava starch as a
component in the synthesis of biodegradable plastics, combined with different
concentrations of glycerin (2.5%, 5%, and 7%). Mechanical tests, including tensile
strength, water absorption test, and soil burial degradation test, were conducted to
assess the performance of the biodegradable plastics. The tensile tests demonstrated
that the highest strength was exhibited by the biodegradable plastic with a 7%
glycerin concentration, averaging 1289.319g in weight. The water absorption test
indicated that the addition of 7% glycerin resulted in the highest water absorbance at
5.3%, while the lowest level of 3.7% was observed with 2.5% glycerin. The soil
burial degradation test revealed that the biodegradable plastic containing 7% glycerin
exhibited the highest degradation rate, suggesting accelerated breakdown of the
material. These findings indicate that higher glycerin concentrations enhance the
strength of biodegradable plastics, accelerate the degradation process, and increase
water absorption. The results highlight the potential of incorporating 7% glycerin in
cassava starch-based biodegradable plastics as a viable substitute for traditional
synthetic plastics. This formulation has the capacity to mitigate the environmental
impact associated with conventional plastics, contributing to a more sustainable future.
In conclusion, utilizing cassava starch and glycerin at appropriate concentrations
presents an encouraging avenue for the development of biodegradable plastics,
offering a potential solution to the plastic pollution crisis.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE ….……………………………………………. i
APPROVAL SHEET ….……………………………………………. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ….……………………………………………. iii
ABSTRACT ….……………………………………………. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ….……………………………………………. v
LIST OF TABLES ….……………………………………………. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ….……………………………………………. vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ….……………………………………………. viii

CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study……………………. 1
Statement of the Problem……………………. 2
Hypothesis…………………………………… 3
Scope and Delimitation……………………… 3
Significance of the Study……………………. 3
Conceptual Framework……………………… 4
Theoretical Framework……………………… 5
Definition of Terms………………………….. 5

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7

3 METHODOLOGY 12
Research Design……………………………... 12
Research Setting……………………………... 12
Research Instruments………………………... 13
Research Procedure………………………….. 13
Data Gathering ……………………………… 15
Statistical Analysis…….…………………….. 16

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

5 22
RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES 24
APPENDICES 26
CURRICULUM VITAE 30

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Formulation of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic from Different

1 14
Concentrations of Glycerin….………………………………….
Cassava Biodegradable Plastic from Different Concentrations
2 17
of Glycerin………………….…………………………………
Summary and Results of the Statistical
3 21
Analysis………………………………………………………….

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Table Page

1 Production of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic………………. 4

Biodegradable plastic production from starch (Chaisu,
2
2016)…………………………………………………………
Schematic Diagram of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic Using
3 13
Tensile Strength……………………………………………..
4 Process of Making the Cassava Biodegradable Plastic…….. 15
Cassava Biodegradable Plastic Using Tensile Strength with
5 18
Different Concentrations of Glycerin………………………..
Cassava Biodegradable Plastic Using Water Absorption Test
6 19
with Different Concentrations of Glycerin…………………..
Soil Burial Degradation Test of Cassava Biodegradable
7 20
Plastic with Different Concentrations of Glycerin…………..

vii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A Production of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic……………... 26

Cassava Biodegradable Plastic from Different
B 26
Concentrations of Glycerin…………………………………
C Testings…………………………………………………….. 27

viii
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This section of the study presents the background of the study, statement of

the problem, hypothesis, scope and delimitation, significance of the study, conceptual

framework, theoretical framework, and definition of terms.

Background of the Study

Plastic packaging, plastic bags, plastic spoons, and plastic bottles are

extensively used by people. These items have gained popularity due to its

affordability and remarkable strength despite being lightweight. However, a major

concern associated with plastic is its durability, as it can persist in landfills for an

incredibly long time after disposal. The vast majority of plastics used come from

petroleum products, but more and more corn starch, which has a compact structure

and may be utilized as a plastic, is being produced recently.

Since corn starch is frequently used, the researchers came up with cassava

starch as a possible substitute. The cassava is cultivated mainly in the tropic region

like in the Philippines. Cassava is the primary raw material for the manufacturer

starch and one of the important agricultural crops in the Philippines. The plant

produces all year round and can be harvested over an extended period of time. As a

subsistence crop, cassava is the third most important carbohydrate food source in the

tropics after rice and maize.

Generally, this study is to replace the conventional non-biodegradable plastics.

Nowadays pollution is aggravating because of plastics and their byproducts are

littering our cities, oceans, and waterways, and contributing to health problems in

humans and animals. Plastic is one of the major toxic pollutants of present time.

1
Commercial plastic is not only useful due to its sturdiness that keeps things or

materials in it, but it can be re-used over and over again. Unfortunately, it is non-

biodegradable. Accumulations of commercial plastics as one of the non-biodegradable

wastes is a perennial problem. Being composed of toxic chemicals and most

importantly a non-biodegradable substance, plastic pollutes earth and leads to water

pollution. The good side is that there are already countries like Indonesia who have

started with the help of technology in producing biodegradable plastic made from

cassava. (RNZ News, 2017) Unlike plastic made from cassava starch it can help to

maintain and improve our environment because it is biodegradable.

The purpose of this study is to promote the use of cassava starch which is a

very favorable raw material in plastic-making and to lessen the pollution we are

facing and help preserve our nature for the next generations. The objective of this

study is to create a biodegradable plastic that can be degraded through environmental

circumstances. The researchers expect that after conducting experiment they will

create biodegradable plastic.

Statement of the Problem

Main Objective: To determine the effectiveness of cassava starch as a component for

biodegradable plastic.

The researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is cassava starch effective in the production of biodegradable plastic?

2. What is the optimal concentration of glycerin to use in making biodegradable

plastic?

2
 3. Is cassava biodegradable plastic effective in terms of the following:

a) Tensile Strength

b) Water Absorption

c) Soil Burial Degradation

Research Hypothesis

H1 The cassava starch is effective in the production of biodegradable plastic.

H0 The cassava starch is ineffective in the production of biodegradable plastic.

Scope and Delimitation

The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of biodegradable plastic made

from cassava starch. This study employs experimental research methods. This study is

conducted at Jimenez National Comprehensive Senior High School building. The

duration of this study lasted for 3 months. The output of this study is an environment-

friendly biodegradable plastic. No comparative test was conducted between

commercial plastic and biodegradable plastic. The majority of the materials used in

the experiment are readily available and can be purchased in supermarkets.

Significance of the Study

This study is important in order to assist the Earth in reducing pollutants and

toxic or harmful wastes. The researchers will be able to help other people, animals,

and the environment as a result of this research. By investigating the potential of

cassava starch-based plastics, the researchers aims to contribute to reducing the

3
accumulation of plastic waste in landfills and oceans, minimizing the long-term

environmental damage caused by conventional plastics.

Plastic bags and bottles, like all other forms of plastic, impose significant

environmental and economic costs. Biodegradable plastics could be a viable solution

to all pollution issues. Biodegradable plastics degrade faster, can be recycled more

easily, and are non-toxic. The researcher may be able to save lives and the

environment by using biodegradable plastics.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Production of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic

The paradigm illustrates how the study was conducted. The first step is the

preparation of cassava starch, water, vinegar, and glycerin then, the samples were

produced into biodegradable plastic, wherein it was measured and characterized

through various test namely: tensile strength, water absorption test, and soil burial

4
degradation test. The output was to create a biodegradable plastic made from cassava

starch.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on theories propounded by Chaisu (2016),

biodegradable plastics can be produced from polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose,

chitosan/chitin), proteins (e.g., casein, gluten), and other carbon sources.

Currently, the most used bioplastic is thermoplastic starch, obtained by

enzymatic saccharification and microbial fermentation or by modifying starch with

plasticizers with hydrophilic properties (Mojibayo et al. 2020).

Figure 2. Biodegradable plastic production from starch (Chaisu, 2016)

5
Definition of Terms

Biodegradability. One of the characteristics or attributes of the produced

biodegradable plastic that will determine the average time in dissolving the

biodegradable plastic.

Biodegradable Plastic. In this study, biodegradable plastic refers to the plastic

produced from the mixture of cassava starch, water, glycerin and vinegar.

Cassava Starch. Raw material and the main ingredient used in producing

biodegradable plastic.

Glycerin. Raw material used in producing biodegradable plastic that is a colorless,

odorless viscous liquid with a high point of boiling and freezes to make a paste and

that makes the biodegradable plastic more flexible.

Tensile. One of the characteristics or attributes of the produced biodegradable plastic

that will determine the maximum weight and length of time it will last before being

torn.

6
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section of the study presents the review of literature that is related to the

major concept in this study. The research studies presented are from our local and

foreign areas and they will support the research paper.

According to Pumeirandi (2015), Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) to begin with

to begin with got to be known in South America and after that created in Brazil and

Paraguay. Cassava is developed commercially in Indonesia amid the rule of the Dutch

East Indies around 1810 after previously introduced by the Portugese within the 16th

Century to the archipelago. In plant kingdom, cassava class Euphohorbiaceae

Dicotyledonae and incorporates family, genus Manihot which has 7,200 species.

The most strategic crops around tropical world is Cassava. It is the basic food

of more than half billion people and it provides support for the cultivars, food

processors and dealers. Despite the significance of Cassava as a principal crop and

industrial raw material, the contribution of its efficient food in some countries, has

been neglected in agricultural development policies. (Food and Agriculture

Organization of United States, 2018)

Cassava is grown both as food (for both humans and animals) and as raw

material (FAO, 2013). Cassava is the third largest source of calories following rice

and maize in the tropics (Food Safety Network, 2014). Its processed products contain

a large proportion of carbohydrates and minerals (mainly starch). (Guira, 2013)

Ethanol, starch, biofuel, flour, biscuits, bread, jelly, thickening agents, gravies,

custard powders, baby food, glucose and confectionary are the most important

industrial uses (Echebiri and Edaba, 2018)

7
 Starches are inappropriate for most application, therefore starch must be

changed chemically or physically to strengthen its characteristics to minimize defects.

Starch can come from many foods just like cassava. This research is about creating

biodegradable plastics using acid materials treatment. Glycerin is a simple compound

of polyols. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid with a high point of boiling and

freezes to make a paste. The plasticizer used in the production of films. A plasticizer

is an additive which softens the added material. (Ezeoha and Ezenwanne, 2013).

Vinegar, a 6% in volume solution of acetic acid liberates acetate ions and hydrogen

ions in solution. This is important, because ions react with the starch polymers and

make them be disordered more easily in the solution. This disorder, resulting from the

disruption by the water and the ionization by the acetic acid, makes the resulting cast

film more homogenous. (Schwartz, 2015) Water plays an important role in the

production of biodegradable plastic. First, it acts as a solvent to dissolve the starch.

Secondly, it helps the starch molecules to stay disrupted after heating. (Schwartz,

2015)

According to Duran et al., (2013) on “Cassava Starch as a Major component in

making “Biodegradable Plastic”. As a result, the product exhibited the desirable

mechanical properties of a biodegradable plastic, making the product completely

biodegradable. Researchers conclude that cassava starch is one of the most promising

raw materials for biodegradable plastics development due to its high quantity

availability, relatively low cost and biodegradability.

According to the study of Abidin et al., (2021), “Production of Bioplastic from

Cassava Peel with Different Concentrations of Glycerol and CaCO3 as Filler"

investigates the effects of varying concentrations of glycerol and calcium carbonate

(CaCO3) as a filler in the production of bioplastics using cassava peel as a raw

8
material. The researchers aimed to assess the tensile properties of the bioplastics

produced, specifically focusing on their strength and elasticity. The tensile test, a

common method for evaluating the mechanical properties of materials, was employed

to measure the maximum stress, strain, and Young's modulus of the bioplastic

samples. To conduct the experiment, cassava peel was collected and processed into a

powder form. Various concentrations of glycerol and CaCO3 were added to the

cassava peel powder, and the mixture was then molded into bioplastic films using a

hot press machine. These films were subsequently subjected to the tensile test. The

results of the study revealed that the addition of glycerol and CaCO3 significantly

influenced the tensile properties of the bioplastics. The presence of glycerol improved

the elasticity and flexibility of the films, as higher concentrations of glycerol led to an

increase in strain values. On the other hand, the addition of CaCO3 as a filler

enhanced the strength of the bioplastics, resulting in higher maximum stress values.

Overall, the study demonstrated that the tensile properties of bioplastics derived from

cassava peel can be modified by adjusting the concentrations of glycerol and CaCO3.

These findings contribute to the understanding of how different additives and fillers

can affect the mechanical characteristics of bioplastics, providing valuable insights for

the development of environmentally friendly materials with desirable properties.

The study conducted by Abidin et al., (2021) focused on the production of

bioplastic using cassava peel as the main ingredient. In particular, the researchers

investigated the effects of different concentrations of glycerol and calcium carbonate

(CaCO3) as a filler on the water absorption properties of the bioplastic. To assess the

water absorption of the bioplastic, the researchers conducted a water absorption test.

They prepared bioplastic samples with varying concentrations of glycerol and CaCO3,

and subjected them to immersion in water for a specific duration. The purpose of this

9
test was to evaluate the extent to which water was absorbed by the bioplastic and to

determine the effect of the variables on its water absorption properties. The results of

the water absorption test indicated that the concentration of glycerol and CaCO3

significantly influenced the water absorption capacity of the bioplastic. Higher

concentrations of glycerol and CaCO3 resulted in a decrease in water absorption,

indicating improved water resistance of the bioplastic. This finding suggests that the

addition of glycerol and CaCO3 can enhance the water barrier properties of the

bioplastic, potentially making it more suitable for applications where moisture

resistance is important. Overall, the water absorption test conducted in this study

provides valuable insights into the potential of cassava peel-based bioplastics and

highlights the influence of glycerol and CaCO3 concentrations on the water

absorption properties of the material. The findings contribute to the understanding of

how these variables can be optimized to enhance the water resistance of bioplastics,

thereby expanding their potential applications in various industries.

In the study of Abidin et al., (2021), investigates the soil burial degradation

test conducted on bioplastic produced from cassava peel with varying concentrations

of glycerol and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a filler. The soil burial degradation test

aims to assess the biodegradability of the bioplastic samples under soil conditions.

The test involves burying the bioplastic specimens in soil and monitoring their

degradation over a specific period. To conduct the test, the researchers prepared

bioplastic samples by blending cassava peel, glycerol, and varying concentrations of

CaCO3 as a filler. The specific concentrations of glycerol and CaCO3 were likely

varied to investigate their effects on the biodegradation rate and overall performance

of the bioplastic. After the preparation of bioplastic samples, they were buried in soil

for a predetermined duration. Throughout the test period, the researchers regularly

10
observed and analyzed the bioplastic samples to evaluate their degradation behavior.

This analysis likely included visual inspections, weight measurements, and structural

integrity assessments. The soil burial degradation test provides valuable insights into

the biodegradability of the developed bioplastic. The results obtained from this test

can help determine the extent to which the bioplastic breaks down in soil

environments. Such information is crucial in understanding the environmental impact

and sustainability aspects of the bioplastic, particularly its ability to reduce plastic

waste accumulation. Overall, the soil burial degradation test conducted in this

research article aimed to evaluate the biodegradability of bioplastic produced from

cassava peel with varying concentrations of glycerol and CaCO3 filler. The test

provides essential data on the degradation behavior of the bioplastic in soil conditions,

contributing to the understanding of its potential environmental impact and

sustainability as an alternative to conventional plastics.

Based on Investigatory Projects in Cooperation with the Department of

Science and Technology a study which is to produce biodegradable plastic, in order to

determine the right combination, three batches with different proportions were

prepared. Measured amounts of water and starch were mixed and boiled, using a hot

plate at 80 degrees centigrade, until a sticky paste was formed. After removing the

starch-water mixture from the hot plate, the rest of the materials were added. After

mixing was passed through a roll-mill with a temperature of 118 degrees to 120

degrees Centigrade. Then, it was compressed, using a compressor with a temperature

of 130 degrees Centigrade for seven minutes. The samples produced were cut into 1-

inch-by-2-inch strips for testing.

11
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology: research design, research

setting, research instrument, research procedure, data gathering and statistical analysis.

Research Design

The research methodology used in this study was a quantitative study that

involved testing and attempting to prove the hypothesis through experimentation and

determining whether the result or findings of the study could be compared with the

norm. The aim was to prove that the starch used to create biodegradable plastic is

efficient and effective.

Research Setting

The researchers conducted their experiment at Jimenez National

Comprehensive High School in Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental. Most of the

needed materials are accessible in the said location, as is the needed space, making it

a suitable place for conducting the experiment.

Research Instrument

The research instrument used in the study was durability test using tensile

strength. Tensile strength: This test determined the durability of the plastic produced

12
when put under duress. A strip of biodegradable plastic was placed over the two

tables under the books that holds the biodegradable plastic with a maximum weight of

1 kilo mobile phones (weighed) were placed one at a time inside the biodegradable

plastic that was hung over the two tables. We continued to put in a total of 10 mobile

phones until the plastic got torn.

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic Using Tensile

Strength

Research Procedure

A. Gathering of materials

The researchers bought vinegar, cassava starch, and glycerin (glycerol) in the

supermarket.

B. Materials in making of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic

The materials that were used in the preparation of the cassava starch

biodegradable plastic are cassava starch, glycerin (glycerol), vinegar, water, stainless

casserole, spatula, stainless steel flat molder, and gram scale.

13
 C. Preparation for the making plastic from cassava

70 g of cassava starch was added with 15 mL of vinegar and the mixture was

stirred before adding 120 mL of distilled water and was sun-drying for 2-3 days.

Different amount of glycerin as in Table 1 were added into the mixture before being

poured into the stainless flat molder.

TABLE 1. Formulation of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic from Different

Concentrations of Glycerin

Composition (120 mL) Water

Sample (%)

Cassava Starch, g Vinegar, mL Glycerin, mL

7 60 15 15

5 60 15 10

2.5 60 15 5

14
 Gather ingredients Heat and cook the
Measure and mix
and materials mixture
ingredients
equipment

Cassava
Mold or shape the
Biodegradable Dry the plastic
plastic
Plastic

Figure 4. Process of Making the Cassava Biodegradable Plastic

Data Gathering

The biodegradable plastics made from cassava underwent biodegradability and

solubility tests. The cassava biodegradable plastics produced were cut into strips for

testing.

1. Water Absorption Test. This test determined the solubility of produced

plastic when exposed to liquid agents 1x5cm strips of biodegradable plastic

was prepared for testing and dried. Biodegradable plastic humidity absorption

capacity was acquired by soaking the sample for 24 hours in water. Next, the

sample was instantly dried using cloth and weight (Suryanto, 2017).

15
 Biodegradable plastic water absorption capacity can be calculated as in the

equation below:

(Wet Weight − Dry Weight)

%Water Absorption= Dry Weight
× 100 [ Eq 1]

2. Soil Burial Degradation Test: Biodegradable plastics samples (8x8 cm) were

buried in compost soil, then incubated at room temperature for 10 days with

sampling every two days. The buried samples were then cleansed from the soil

and weighed. The weight loss of the sample is measured by weighting the

samples before inoculation as the initial sample weight and after 10 days of

the inoculation process (Suryanto, 2017). Percent weight loss was calculated

with the following equations:

(Initial Weight − Final Weight)

%Degradation= × 100 [ Eq 2]
Initial Weight

Statistical Analysis

Using ANOVA:Single Factor, the data obtained were analyzed using Excel.

The p value of Water Absorption Test and Soil Burial Degradation Test were

analyzed and p< 0.05 was considered as significant. The information is represented in

mean ± standard deviation.

16
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This section of the study presents the results, the analysis and interpretation of

the data gathered. The said data were presented in tabular and graphic form.

Table 2. Cassava Biodegradable Plastic from Different Concentrations of Glycerin

Composition (120 mL) Water

Sample
(%) Remarks
Cassava Vinegar, Glycerin,

Starch, g mL mL

7 60 15 15

5 60 15 10

2.5 60 15 5

Table 2 shows the cassava biodegradable plastic from different concentration

of glycerin. The three samples produced an effective product, a clear, and plastic-like

17
structure. The different concentrations of glycerin showed varied visible traits such as

bubble-like structures depending on the concentration of the glycerin. This also

included the brittle-like to its tenacious structure.

Tensile Strength

Figure 5. Cassava Biodegradable Plastic Using Tensile Strength with Different

Concentrations of Glycerin

In Figure 5, the increasing amount of glycerin in the biodegradable plastic led

to elongating the strength because of glycerin and starch that is hydrophilic. These are

due to the cassava having a hydroxyl group, which is hydrophilic, leading to hydrogen

bond formation. It thus enhances water solubility and reduces the mechanical

properties of the biodegradable plastics. Thus, based on the figure above, it is

recommended that the optimum amount for the tensile test, is 7% of glycerin. At this

18
rate, the biodegradable plastic produced is stronger, has a greater material hardness,

and requires more force or stress to stretch the sample as it is not easily fail.

Water Absorption Test

Figure 6. Cassava Biodegradable Plastic Using Water Absorption Test with Different

Concentrations of Glycerin

In Figure 6, the rate of the water absorption decreased when the concentration

of glycerin in the cassava biodegradable plastic decreased. This is due to the

hydrophilic properties of both glycerin and starch. These properties decreased the

affinity between glycerin and water, hence decreased the water absorption (Suryanto,

2017). The fact that cassava starch contains a hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (CO), and

ester (COOH) shows that the concentration of hydrophilic properties in the

biodegradable plastics is high. Hence, with high concentration of hydrophilic starch

and glycerin cause more rapid degradation in the soil. Thus, cassava biodegradable

19
plastic at 7% of glycerin which contains the highest capacity of water absorption is

the most suitable material because the medium amount of water it absorbed will not

reduce the mechanical properties of the cassava biodegradable plastic.

Soil Burial Degradation Test

Figure 7. Soil Burial Degradation Test of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic with

Different Concentrations of Glycerin

Figure 4.3 shows all the cassava biodegradable plastics are degraded every day.

However, the fastest degradations were achieved on 7% glycerin. The higher level of

glycerin concentration increases the rate of the bioplastic degradation. This is due to

glycerin characteristic which is hydrophilic towards water. Other than that, hydroxyl

group in cassava starch absorbs the water in the soil to initiate hydrolysis reaction to

20
degrade the bioplastic into a small piece (Suryanto, 2017). The degradation also

depends on the environmental condition which are temperature, humidity and

presence of the microorganism in the soil. Examples of soil bacteria are Pseudomonas

sp., Streptococcus sp., and Bacillus sp. that help in the degradation of the bioplastic

(Maran, J. et al, 2014). These bacteria could break the hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (CO)

and also ester (COOH) in the cassava starch. Moreover, glycerin has the ability to

absorb water easily as water is the medium for most bacteria in the soil. Therefore, the

higher amount of glycerin increases the amount of water to penetrate through the

structure of the biodegradable plastic. Thus, the biodegradable plastics becomes easier

to degrade.

Statistical Analysis

Table 3. Summary and Results of the Statistical Analysis

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Water Absorption
3 13.6 4.533333 0.643333
Test
Soil Burial
3 9.8 3.266667 0.010833
Degradation Test

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 2.406666667 1 2.406667 7.357962 0.053396 7.708647
Within Groups 1.308333333 4 0.327083

Total 3.715 5

Results/Interpretation:

Since the p-value is 0.053396, there is no significant difference between the ratios of cassava
biodegradable plastic in terms of water absorption test and soil burial degradation test.

21
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This section of the study presents the summary, conclusions, and

recommendations. The fundamental goal of this study is to investigate the

effectiveness of cassava starch as a component of biodegradable platstic.

Summary

This study aims to determine whether cassava-derived starch can be an

effective component in the production of biodegradable plastics. It involves testing

the mechanical and biodegradable properties of the plastic, such as tensile test, water

absorption test, and soil burial degradation test with different concentration of

glycerin.

The findings of this study may indicate that cassava starch is a viable

alternative to traditional plastic components, as it shows comparable mechanical

properties and can undergo decomposition through biodegradation. This information

may be valuable to industries looking to reduce their environmental impact by

adopting more sustainable practices.

Conclusion

The use of cassava starch as a component of biodegradable plastic is a

promising solution to the global environmental crisis caused by traditional plastics.

The different concentration of glycerin will lead to different physical characteristics

of cassava biodegradable plastics in terms of texture, appearance and characteristic.

22
However, the functional groups of the biodegradable plastics are not affected. The

tensile properties will be increased with the increasing amount of the glycerin. The

higher amount of glycerol will also accelerate the biodegradable plastic degradation

and in water absorption. Thus, the addition of 7% of glycerin in the biodegradable

plastic proves to be the most effective compared to other concentration and has the

potential to be used to replace current synthetic plastic.

Recommendations

Since the researchers’ main objective is to determine the effectiveness of

cassava starch as a component of biodegradable plastic, future researchers who may

be interested in this study, may work more on improving the product in terms of other

attributes of a plastic and to produce environmental-friendly related products.

Researchers also recommend to measure its shelf life as one of the test to know how

long the biodegradable plastic will decay.

Users of biodegradable plastic must use it only for dry goods. The usage of

biodegradable plastic is disposable. It is not advisable to use biodegradable for wet

goods or that can moisten the plastic.

23
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Different Concentrations of Glycerol and CaCO3 as Filler. Retrieved

May 11, 2023, from www.doi.org/10.1063/5.0043482

Chaisu K.(2016). Biodegradable plastic production from starch. Retrieved May 11,

2023, from www.doi.org/10.18178/joaat.3.4.310-313

Duran K. (2013). Cassava Starch as a Major Component in Making Biodegradable

Plastic. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from

www.studymode.com/essays/Cassava- Starch-As-a-Major-Component-

1850582.html

Echebri, R., & Edaba, M. (2018). Production and Utilization of Cassava in Nigeria:

Prospects for Food Security and Infant Nutrition. Retrieved

February 28, 2023, from www.patnsukjournal.net/Vol4No1/p5.pdf

FAO (2013). Save and Grow:Cassava. Retrieved March 2, 2023, from

www.fao.org/3/i3278e/i3278e.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of United States, (2018). Cassava:A Basic Energy

Source in the Tropics. Retrieved March 2, 2023, from

www.//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7134971/

Food Safety Network. (March 14, 2014). Cassava Nutritional Network. Retrieved

March 2, 2023, from University of Guelph, Canada pp:1-2

Guira, F. (2013). Memoire de DEA. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from

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3%A0+partir+de+diff%C3%A9rents+ferments

Maran, J., Prakash, S. V., Thirugnanasambandham, K., & Sridhar, R., (2014).

Degradation behavior of biocomposites based on cassava starch buried

under indoor soil conditions. Retrieved May 13, 2023, from Carbohydate

Polymer, 101 (1), 20–28.

Mojibayo et al. (2020). A preliminary investigation of cassava starch potentials as

natural polymer in bioplastic production. Retrieved May 11, 2023,

from www.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue09-05

Pumeirandi P. (2015). The Information of Cassava. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from

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ce=3&isAllowed=y

RC Nissa et al. (2019). Preliminary study of biodegradability of starch-based

bioplastics using ASTM G21-70, dip-hanging, and Soil Burial Test

methods. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from

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Schwartz. (2015). Production of Bioplastic Abstract. Retrieved March 3, 2023, from

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bioplastic/f782131305fb90e8b9dd2d4078cd3c13

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Science and Technology, 1(1), 1-15.

25
APPENDICES

A. Production of Cassava Biodegradable Plastic

B. Cassava Biodegradable Plastic With Different Concentrations of Glycerin

26
C. Testings

1. Tensile Strength

2. Water Absorption Test

27
3. Soil Burial Degradation Test

 7% Glycerin

 5% Glycerin

28
 2.5%

29
 RHEA DANICA BURLAT ANGUS
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Contact Number: 0955-800-8756
Email Address: rheadanicaangus@gmail.com

Personal Information

Date of Birth : August 5, 2004

Place of Birth : Sinacaban, Misamis Occidental
Age : 18
Gender : Female
Height : 5'4”
Religion : Bible Baptist
Marital Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Language Spoken : Tagalog, English, Visayan
Father’s Name : Danilo T. Angus
Mother’s Name : Delia B. Angus

Educational Attainment

SENIOR HIGH : Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering,

SCHOOL and Mathematics (STEM)
Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
(JNCHS-SHS Campus)
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

JUNIOR HIGH : Katipunan National High School

SCHOOL Katipunan, Sinacaban, Misamis Occidental

ELEMENTARY : San Isidro Alto Elementary School

SCHOOL San Isidro Alto, Sinacaban, Misamis Occidental

30
 CEFENEL AGAN CATA-AL
Dicoloc, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Contact Number: 0927-618-8916
Email Address: cefeynel@gmail.com

Personal Information

Date of Birth : March 28, 2004

Place of Birth : Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Age : 19
Gender : Male
Height : 5'8”
Religion : Pentecostal
Marital Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Language Spoken : Tagalog, English, Visayan
Father’s Name : Ceferino G. Cata-al
Mother’s Name : Anabel A. Cata-al

Educational Attainment

SENIOR HIGH : Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering,

SCHOOL and Mathematics (STEM)
Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
(JNCHS-SHS Campus)
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

JUNIOR HIGH : Jimenez National Comprehensive High School

SCHOOL (JNCHS-JHS Campus)
Corrales, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

ELEMENTARY : Victorious Christian School

SCHOOL Nacional, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

31
 KAIZER MATILDO FRANCISCO
Butuay, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Contact Number: 0963-561-2949
Email Address: matildokaizer@gmail.com

Personal Information

Date of Birth : August 10, 2004

Place of Birth : Butuay, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 5'8”
Religion : Adventist
Marital Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Language Spoken : Tagalog, English, Visayan
Father’s Name : Rene C. Francisco
Mother’s Name : Queenie M. Francisco

Educational Attainment

SENIOR HIGH : Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering,

SCHOOL and Mathematics (STEM)
Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
(JNCHS-SHS Campus)
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

JUNIOR HIGH : Jimenez Bethel Institute

SCHOOL Naga, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

ELEMENTARY : Butuay Elementary School

SCHOOL Butuay, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

32
 CHRISTIAN MUTIA
Mialem, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Contact Number: 0930-606-2692
Email Address: christian_mutia@gmail.com

Personal Information

Date of Birth : August 13, 2004

Place of Birth : Bañadero, Ozamiz City, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 5'7”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Marital Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Language Spoken : Tagalog, English, Visayan
Father’s Name : Florande R. Cabasag
Mother’s Name : Amalia Mutia

Educational Attainment

SENIOR HIGH : Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering,

SCHOOL and Mathematics (STEM)
Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
(JNCHS-SHS Campus)
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

JUNIOR HIGH : Ozamiz City School of Arts and Trades

SCHOOL Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental

ELEMENTARY : Manabay Elementary School

SCHOOL Maningcol, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental

33
 MAE SALEM SACALA
Sinara Bajo, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Contact Number: 0915-453-5569
Email Address: maesacala9@gmail.com

Personal Information

Date of Birth : May 4, 2004

Place of Birth : Sinara Bajo, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
Age : 18
Gender : Female
Height : 5'4”
Religion : Roman Catholic
Marital Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Language Spoken : Tagalog, English, Visayan
Father’s Name : Noel G. Sacala
Mother’s Name : Cracela S. Sacala

Educational Attainment

SENIOR HIGH : Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering,

SCHOOL and Mathematics (STEM)
Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
(JNCHS-SHS Campus)
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

JUNIOR HIGH : Jimenez National Comprehensive High School

SCHOOL (JNCHS-JHS Campus)
Corrales, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

ELEMENTARY : Jimenez Central School

SCHOOL Nacional, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

34
 ROMER DELA PEÑA VALMORIA
Sumasap, Panaon, Misamis Occidental
Contact Number: 0968-863-6966
Email Address: romervalmoria15@icloud.com

Personal Information

Date of Birth : July 6, 2004

Place of Birth : Gango, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 5'8”
Religion : Igelsia Filipina Independiente (IFI)
Marital Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Language Spoken : Tagalog, English, Visayan
Father’s Name : Romeo C. Valmoria
Mother’s Name : Gerrelyn D. Valmoria

Educational Attainment

SENIOR HIGH : Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering,

SCHOOL and Mathematics (STEM)
Jimenez National Comprehensive High School
(JNCHS-SHS Campus)
Gata, Jimenez, Misamis Occidental

JUNIOR HIGH : Aloran Trade High School

SCHOOL Aloran, Misamis Occidental

ELEMENTARY : Sumasap Elementary School

SCHOOL Sumasap, Panaon, Misamis Occidental

35