Banana Pseudo Stem As Eco Friendly Paper Bag

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Banana Pseudo-Stem as Eco Friendly Paper Bag
BS Medical Technology (National University (Philippines))
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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class
Eco-Friendly Paper Bag Made From

Banana Pseudo-stem
A Research Study Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School - Night Class
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research in Daily Life 2
By:
Cabatay, Karyll Patiam
Coronel, Daryl Jay Delos Santos
Masilungan, Kim Angela Teaño
Rota, Kristel Hanah Grace Gamier
April 2023

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class i
APPROVAL SHEET
The thesis entitled “ECO-FRIENDLY PAPER BAG MADE FROM

BANANA PSEUDO-STEM” conducted and submitted by Cabatay, Karyll P.,
Coronel Daryl Jay D., Masilungan Kim Angela T., Rota Kristel Hanah Grace G., in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High School, Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand, has been evaluated and approved.
________________________
Kaila Marie Coz
Thesis Adviser
Approved by the panel of examiners with the grade of ______________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Aizzel Joie C. Gonzales, LPT Jolo N. Mendoza
Marjorie G. Manalo, LPT, MAEd
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research in

Daily Life 2 in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.
April 15, 2023 Janette M. Orola, LPT, MAEd

Date Principal

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and pleasure that accompany a successful completion of

any task would be incomplete without mentioning those people who made it
possible to achieve them. The researchers would like to extend their sincerest
gratitude to the following persons for without them, this piece of work will not
come into reality.
We are extremely grateful to Ms. Kaila Marie Coz, senior high school
teacher of Sto. Niño Formation and Science School, for her assistance as our
research adviser to accomplished our study.
Our earnest and genuine gratitude to Mrs. Rowena V. Canlas, senior

high school teacher of Sto Niño Formation and Science School, for her valuable
guidance as our subject teacher and for her patience constant encouragement and
enlightening ideas which enabled us to accomplish this task.
Our heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. Linafe G. Guadez, BSED Major in English,

for helping us for the revision of our grammar of the presented study and for words
of encouragement to finish this study.
I extend my hearty thanks to Engr. Vanessa Banaira, Chemical Engineer

Supervisor, for evaluating our prototype and for giving advices for the success of
this study.
Our special thanks to Engr. Myralyn Cordero Pangilinan, Sanitary

Engineer of SANIDAD ROSARIO BATANGAS for evaluating our prototype in terms
of sanitation and for the words of encouragement to finish this study.

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class iii
We are are sincerely thankful to Ma’am Cynthia Caballo, MGOH-MENRO,

for evaluating our prototype and for giving advices for the success of this study.
It is our privilege to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to

the whole faculty teachers of the senior high school department of Sto. Niño
Formation and Science School for their timely help, valuable suggestions and
guidance for successful completion of this study.
From the bottom of our heart we thank our friends for their
encouragement, prayers, wishes and support throughout my study.
Mr. And Mrs. Cabatay, Mr. And Mrs. Coronel, Mr. And Mrs.
Masilungan, Mr. And Mrs. Rota, parents of the researcher, for their love and
understanding that inspired the researcher to work hard to finish this research
study.
We thank all those who have helped us directly and indirectly during my
project work.
K.P.C
D.J.D.S.C
K.A.T.M
K.H.G.G.R

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class iv
DEDICATION
This work is the result of numerous, hardwork and sacrifices. With the
researchers effort, this paper is sincerely and proudly dedicated to the people who
serve as an inspiration. And to our parents and guardians, to classmates and
friends who offered and provided mental and financial assistance when there were
difficulties with the task. Also, we would like to extend our gratitude to Sir Jolo
Mendoza and Ma'am Wheng Canlas for the guidance and advices they share for
the completion and success of this paper.
Above all, we pay tribute to God Almighty, who has abundantly blessed us
in every aspect of our circumstances, especially for giving us the strength,
fortitude, bravery, knowledge, time, and direction to complete this mission.
K.P.C
D.J.D.S.C
K.A.T.M
K.H.G.G.R

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Sto. Niño Formation and1 Science School – Night Class v
ABSTRACT
Title: Eco-friendly Paper Bag Made From Banana Pseudo-

stem
Authors: Daryl Jay D. Coronel
Karyll P. Cabatay
Kim Angela T. Masilungan
Kristel Hanah Grace G. Rota
No. of Pages: 86
Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Type of Document: Unpublished Thesis
Institution: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
Address: J Belen Street San Roque Rosario Batangas
Adviser: Kaila Marie M. Coz
The Abstract:
As a result of the widespread use of plastic in our nation, which has had a
negative impact on a large number of people, people have gradually employed
trees to slow down the spread of plastic. Nevertheless, due of unlawful tree-
cutting, our forests have been destroyed. This made the researchers to make a
paper bag that would help not only people but also help our environment.
The purpose of this study was to know the potentiality of banana pseudo
stem as an alternative in making eco-friendly paper bag. A quantitative
experimental research design was employed in this study. Banana fiber has been
utilized in earlier experiments to create ropes, matting, and twines, proving its

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Sto. Niño Formation and1 Science School – Night Class vi
durability and suitability for usage in paper bags. Our initial attempt failed since
the sun wasn’t present, resulting in significant cracks. The second attempt’s usage
of too much sodium hydroxide gave the paper a sharp quality. After reviewing our
first and second attempts, we made our final attempt after learning more about
the proper procedure. We also tried adding food coloring, and once the paper
dried, we had a sturdy and well-textured paper for the paper bag.
After the data gathered and interpret, the Researchers proved that using
a banana, we can make an eco-friendly paper bag made from banana pseudo stem
that will benefit both individual and the environment.

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Sto. Niño Formation and2 Science School – Night Class vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE Page

APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………………………… i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………………………… iv
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………. vii
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………... ix
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………… x
CHAPTERS
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 1
Objectives ………………………………………………………………… 4
Scope, Limitation and Delimitation ………………………………. 5
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………. 6
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………. 7
II. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
Conceptual Literature ………………………………………………… 8
Research Literature …………………………………………………… 13
Synthesis …………………………………………………………………. 20
Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………… 24
Conceptual Paradigm ……………………………………………….. 25
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
Research Design …………………………………………………….. 26
Pre-design Stage ……………………………………………………… 27
Design Stage …………………………………………………………… 27
Tools, Equipment and its Function …………………………….. 29
Supplies and Materials ……………………………………………… 30

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Testing Stage …………………………………………………………… 31

Time Allotment …………………………………………………………. 32
Financial Components ………………………………………………. 33
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTOTYPE
Safety Consideration ………………………………………………… 34
Ethical Consideration ………………………………………………… 34
Constructing Procedure ……………………………………………. 36
Structures ………………………………………………………………. 39
Composition of Chemical Compounds ………………………… 40
Fabrication of Chemical Composition of Paper ……………. 40
Testing and Trouble Shooting …………………………………… 42
V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary ……………………………………………………………….. 43
Findings …………………………………………………………………. 44
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 46
Recommendations ……………………………………………………. 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 Conceptual Paradigm …………………….. 25
2 Process ………………………………………… 28

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Sto. Niño Formation and1 Science School – Night Class x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 Tools, Equipment and its Function ……………….. 29
2 Supplies, Materials and Their Function …………. 30
3 List of Supplies and Materials ………………………. 31
4 Time Allotment of the Project ………………………. 32
5 Financial Components …………………………………. 33
6 Procedures in Producing Eco-friendly ……………. 36
Paper Bag made from Banana Pseudo-stem
7 Supplies and Function …………………………………. 40

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Sto. Niño Formation and2 Science School – Night Class 1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
This chapter represents the introduction, objectives of the study,

significance, the scope, limitation and delimitation, and definition of terms
respectively.
INTRODUCTION
Nature is the world around us. All humans, rely on nature at all times and
for everything. Humans also rely on them for numerous other goods and services
humans depend on for health, happiness and prosperity. Nature is our natural
capital. Extracting natural resources, polluting air and waterways, and razing wild
landscapes are some of the most damaging examples of industrial destruction.
These activities have the potential to devastate an entire ecosystem, wiping out
the plants and animals that live there. In short, the nature can be destroyed with
these factors.
Wendell Berry (2020) once said, “ To damage our earth is to damage our
children”. An ecosystem is a functioning unit of nature where living things interact
both with one another and with their physical surroundings. All the components of
our surroundings, both living and non-living, as well as their effects on human life
are collectively referred to as our environment. Over the course of human history.
Earth has encountered numerous environmental issues. It is apparent that all
environmental risks have disastrous consequences on every part of plant, animal,
and human diversity activities.
Plastic is a material consisting of a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and, therefore, can be molded
into solid objects. Plasticity is the general property of all materials that involves

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permanent deformation without breaking. Plastic can be used for almost

anything either liquid or solid
Over the course of human history, Earth has encountered numerous
environmental issues because plastic is used everywhere. It is apparent that all
environmental risks have disastrous consequences on every part of plant, animal,
and human diversity activities. One of those factors that can affect our
environment is pollution because of plastics. No one is aware of the damage it
does to our planet. To stop plastic pollution, we must be aware of the
repercussions.
PLASTIC BAGS REGULATIONS ACT OF 2014, It is declares the policy of the
state to protect and promote the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology and the right to health. It also declares the policy of the state to protect
the physical, moral and social well-being of its citizens by ensuring the use of non-
toxic and non-hazardous materials in commerce and trade. Towards this end, the
state shall regulate the manufacture, use, recycling, and disposition of plastic bags.
Another approach is to make biodegradable bags as an alternative to plastic
bags from natural organic materials. Paper bags are one of the biodegradable bags
that has some advantages over plastic bags when it comes to sustainability. They
are easier to recycle and since they are biodegradable, they can be used for
purposes like composting. Since paper bag productions require the use of a large
amount of wood, it may result in an illegal logging activity due to decreasing
permitted wood resources. This affects our environment because trees take
several years to grow and can cause a negative effects to our environment such
as climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for Indigenous
people.

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Plastics are versatile, hygienic, lightweight, flexible and highly durable but
plastic is a major contributor to both land and water pollution . Approximately 7
billion of the 9.2 billion tons of plastic produced from 1950-2017 became plastic
waste, ending up in landfills or dumped and the major problem is it takes many
years for them to decompose. In addition, toxic substances are released into the
soil when plastic bags perish under sunlight and, if plastic bags are burned, they
release a toxic substance into the air causing ambient air pollution.
The banana pseudo-stem is one of the best alternative raw materials for
paper bag. Since banana grows faster than other trees, we can lessen
deforestation in the world. The pseudo-stem is a part of the banana plant that
looks like a trunk, which is consist of a soft central core and tightly wrapped up to
25 leaf sheaths. These leaf sheaths unwrap from the stem and transform to
recognizable banana leaves when they have matured. The pseudo-stem fiber of
the banana plant is similar to sisal, pineapple leaves, and other stiff fibers, however
it is a little more elastic. Banana pseudo-stem fiber is mostly used to create
specialized, premium sanitary products like newborn diapers, fabrics, and
documents like banknotes. Because it has strong resistance to sea water and
buoyant qualities, the banana pseudo-stem fiber can also be utilized for ropes like
marine rope. This fiber can also be used to create disposable fabrics, light-density
woven fabrics, filter cloths, coffee and tea bags, and plaster reinforcing fibers.
The average of maximum elongation obtained was 6.54% while the average
of tensile strength was 570 MPa. Due to its high tensile strength than (273 MPa)
and sisal (350 MPa) fibers, being one of the most important properties for yarn
production. In this case this is a right choice as a raw material for the project. The
benefit of utilizing banana pseudo-stem stem as a paper bag is that banana papers
care about the environment. Banana trees only bear fruit once a year, after which
they are cut down and their leaves and tree

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stumps are left behind as garbage. Banana paper contributes to reducing

excessive river and forest pollution by recycling this waste fiber into paper.
Now, if we keep on using plastic, it does not only impact on the environment
but also on humans and other living creatures. In light of the foregoing, the
researcher was encouraged to carry out a study on this subject in order to
comprehend the viewpoint of local consumers and to take this gap into
consideration in order to analyze consumer preferences for the usage of eco-
friendly paper bags.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objectives is to design and develop an eco-friendly paper bag

using banana pseudo-stem.
Specifically the researchers attempt to answer the following objectives:
1. To know the properties of banana pseudo-stem that makes it feasible to be

used as a main ingredient for paper bag.
2. To test the banana pseudo-stem as a main ingredient for making a paper bag
in terms of:
2.1 Texture
2.2 Strength, and;
2.3 Smell?
3. To find information that will support the effectiveness of banana pseudo-stem

as an eco-friendly paper bag.
4. To distinguish the benefits of using banana pseudo-stem as an alternative paper

bags.

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SCOPE, LIMITATION, AND DELIMITATION
Plastic pollution as a significant threat to biodiversity needs a solution to

solve this problem. The major impact of plastic bags on the environment is that it
takes many years for them to decompose. In this case, it threatens wildlife and
spreading toxins and also contributes to global warming.
Banana pseudo-stem is one of a renewable resources that can be converted
into pulp for paper making that can be used as a raw material to make eco-friendly
paper bag as an alternative for plastic bags. This offers a productive use of waste
fibers for creating a local supply of paper and generating income.
The strong property of pseudo stem as a fiber is an advantage to be a main
product for making paper bags since it contains a massive amount of cellulose.
Some paper bags aren’t water proof but due of the high tensile strength of a
banana fibre, it is much stronger than other natural fibres that are used as a raw
materials for making a paper.
There are studies that banana fibre has a good absorption of liquids and no
side effects. There are experiments concerning the banana paper that it can be
somehow water resistant using three fibers such as okra, banana stem, and
coconut. Some of them proves that banana paper bag can be waterproof.
The delimitation of this study is that Banana fibre has major drawbacks in
composite production, such as low inter-facial bond strength between fibre and
matrix when compared with synthetic fibre such as plastic bags and Eco bags made
out of nylon fabrics.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will discuss the value of using banana pseudo-stem stem paper
bags and the benefits it can have for both the environment and each individual.
The following will be the beneficiaries of this study:
To the industry. This study will benefit the sector because consumers may
now use cheaper, stronger, and higher-quality bags in place of plastic.
To the community. The results of this study will assist the community
since they are completely reusable, recyclable, and biodegradable while also being
environmentally beneficial and less dangerous to wildlife. Paper bags may be
recycled with less energy than plastic bags.
To the students. The results of this study will assist students in carrying
items like notebooks, art materials, and other school projects that cannot fit in
their bag.
To the future researchers. For upcoming researchers, the findings of this

study are crucial since they can be used as a starting point as they work to enhance
the qualities of the output from their own research. The results of this study can
be improved upon and used to design a new feature that will be included to the
paper bag.
To the researchers. As a senior in high school, the researcher had the

opportunity to use the knowledge gained via the research process to better and
more effectively collaborate with other researchers to improve their study-
conducting experience.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the purpose of enlightenment and to help readers comprehend the

study's content, the terminology listed below have been conceptually and
practically explained.
Alternative- According to Merriam-Webster, it is a proposition or situation

offering a choice between two or more things only one of which may be chosen.
In this study, it pertains to the product as more skillful approach to producing a
product from organic materials.
Banana Pseudo-stem- According to Encyclopedia, it is a false stem formed of
the swollen leaf bases, as in the banana. In this study, it is the main ingredient to
produce a paper bag.
Eco-Friendly- According to Merriam-Webster, it means not environmentally

harmful. In this study, it is one of the goals of the researchers, to make the product
available to everyone without harming our environment.
Paper Bag- According to Collins, it is a carrier bag made from paper, for holding
purchases. In this study, it will be the final product using banana pseudo-stem as
its main ingredient.
Sodium Hydroxide- According to Britannica, in paper making, sodium hydroxide

is used to break down wood into pulp. In this study, it is also an ingredient used
in the creation of the product when the banana pseudo-stem was boiling.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the conceptual literature and related studies that
provide the researchers with useful insights and information about the topic. It
presents the synthesis, conceptual framework and paradigm of the study.
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
Nature has the ability to evoke the creative way of thinking by making us
more curious, innovative as well as flexible in our way of thinking. In the other
hand, using natural resources such as banana pseudo-stem as a raw material for
innovation of a product such as fibers for paper bag support the provision of
ecosystem services necessary to develop human and social capital. It can also help
to protect the Earth and all of its inhabitants from the negative consequences of
human activity. Lots of inventions concerning Banana Pseudo-stem as a raw
material already exist in the country.
In the article of Mostafa et al. (2015) “Effect of Banana Fibers on the

Compressive and Flexural Strength of Compressed Earth Blocks.” Buildings, vol. 5,
no. 1, 2015, pp. 282–296., stated that the significant degree of variation in banana
fibers' length and fibers is typical of natural fibers. It has been discovered that
when fiber diameter increases, the standard deviation decreases. The pace of the
test affected the banana fibers' tensile strength. Banana trash has been effectively
converted into banana fibers employing a variety of sodium hydroxide applications
as the rental medium. The fiber yield ranged from 0.25 to 0.55%.

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According to Reddy N. et al. (2015) in their book entitled Innovative

Biofibers from Renewable Resources, bananas are one of the most widely available
fruits widely cultivated all over the world. Bananas are the fourth most important
product in the world, with an annual production of about 120–150 million tons.
However, only around 12% of the weight of the plant and stem is made up of the
fruit; the leaves and other portions are typically not edible. Thus, efforts have been
made to use banana stems and leaves for a variety of non-food purposes, including
the manufacturing of fiber. The pseudo-stem of the plan is where fibers are
primarily extracted mechanically. There are rumors that full-fledged banana fiber
production is already underway in a number of nations. Textiles, paper, floor mats,
and composites are a few items made from banana fibers. Banana fibers are similar
to other fibers made from lignocellulosic byproducts in that they comprise roughly
50% cellulose, 17% lignin, and 4% ash [09Gui]. Banana fibers have a wide range
of reported compositions, with some lignin contents as high as 17% recorded
[08Hab]. Fibers have been extracted from the banana plant's leaf and rachis in
addition to the stem.
R. Vinoth (2018) proposed review study lies about the fabrication and
testing of banana fiber eco-friendly carry bag. It is believed that because of its
high strength, light weight, fire resistance, and biodegradability, it is used to create
items such as filter paper, paper bags, greeting cards, lamp stands, pen stands,
ornamental papers, rope, mats, and composite materials in addition to handcrafted
bags and covers.
Mehamud et al. (2016) “Fabrication and Mechanical Property Evaluation
of Ethiopia Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites.” Advances in Research,
proposed an experiment using natural fibers as reinforcement for polymeric
composites introduce a positive effect on the mechanical behavior of the polymers.
When compared to synthetic composite products, natural fiber reinforced polymer
composites have advantageous characteristics like lower density, lower cost, and
reduced solidity. A property of natural fibers, substantial

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variability along the length and fibers of banana fibers has been observed. It has
been discovered that when fiber diameter increases, the standard deviation
decreases. The variation in diameter followed a normal distribution. The pace of
the test determined how resilient the banana fibers were.
Additionally, a more efficient design for the new banana fiber extraction
machine is possible. This device can be used for mass production and will lessen
manual labor. Roller speed is a factor in fiber quality; feed angle and clearance
also have an impact on the volume of fiber produced. Correctly selecting these
elements can boost fiber quality and production (Sheikh, Awate, et al., 2016).
However, Sujaritjun et al. (2013) stated in their study that the mechanical
properties will be changed in the composition of fibers. When sisal and banana are
combined, the tensile strength is quite high but the bending values are very low
since the banana content is more than the sisal content. The 15 weight percent
banana fiber and 3 weight percent coconut fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites
achieve maximum tensile strengths of 73.23 MPa and 30.86 MPa, respectively.
When the water absorption was examined, it was shown that L2 absorbs more
water and L1 absorbs the least amount. It was discovered that the mechanical
qualities of laminate grow as the glass layer thickness does. These composites
must be used in applications with medium loads. The adhesion between the matrix
and the fibers, which rises with strong adhesion between them, has a major impact
on the mechanical properties of composite materials.
The sisal banana glass reinforced composites, which have a value of
10.42MPa, are followed in tensile strength by the banana sisal hybrid composites,
which can withstand a tensile strength of 21.06MPa. The mechanical parameters
of these composites, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength,
and water intake behavior, are assessed. The hybrid composites of banana and
carbon fibers were manufactured by hand. 28) The best methods for enhancing
the compatibility of the fiber with the cement matrix are still being sought after.
The same may be stated for changes in fiber characteristics, which is why quality
control techniques are required to determine minimal differences in the

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characteristics of natural fibers. The greatest effect 60 percent glass fiber and 40
percent epoxy resin composites have a strength of 11.22 joules, followed by 50
percent banana fiber and 50 percent epoxy resin composites, which can withstand
an impact force of 9.48 joules. The extrusion and injection molding processes were
used to prepare the tensile properties of PLA composites reinforced with bamboo,
grass, and coconut fiber. Untreated grass fiber and coconut fiber composites'
tensile strength was lower than that of neat PLA and decreased as the fiber content
rose.
Furthermore, since the 1980s, the utilization of natural fibers in polyester
composites has drawn interest. Hemp, jute, banana, sisal, coir, bamboo, rice, and
oil palm are just a few of the plant fibers that have been utilized to strengthen
polyester matrix. These fibers are extremely prone to absorbing water in humid
environments (Haghdan, Smith, et al., 2015)
In addition, Subagyo, A., & Chafidz, A. (2018). Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber:
Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications. The research shows that although
the pseudo-stem fiber of the banana plant is a little more elastic, it is similar to
sisal, pineapple leaves, and other hard fibers. The main applications for banana
pseudo-stem fiber are the production of specialized and premium sanitary goods
like newborn diapers, textiles, and papers like banknotes. Since the banana
pseudo-stem fiber has strong resistance to sea water and buoyant capabilities, it
can also be utilized for ropes like marine rope. This fiber can also be used to make
disposable fabrics, light-density woven fabrics, filter cloths, plaster reinforcing
fibers, coffee and tea bags, and disposable clothing. The literature claims that the
global production of abaca (Musa textiles) fiber has surpassed 100,000 tons per
year. Abaca output peaked in 2002 at about 99,320 tons per year, compared to a
similar level in 1960 (about 97,000 tons per year). However, four different eco-
friendly non-woven materials, including outer bark, middle bark, inner bark (IB),
and mid rib (MR), were created through wet lay web construction from various
banana plant leaf and bark components. All the pieces were chemically treated
with NaOH to remove the fibers. Banana fiber's

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extremely high absorption capacity. To increase their hydrophobicity, the produced

non-wovens were given a water repellent (WR) chemical treatment.
Investigated were WR's impacts on the non-wovens' morphological,
mechanical, and physical characteristics. With the addition of WR, all of the
nonwovens' hydrophobicities significantly increased. For OB nonwovens at
concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% WR, respectively, it took 1.25, 2.69,
4.20, and 4.67 h to absorb a drop of water, whereas all the untreated nonwovens
took practically zero seconds. All other nonwovens followed the exact same path
as OB. Young's modulus (YM), elongation at break (EB), and tensile strength (TS)
of OB nonwovens were the highest, with values of 8.56 MPa, 12.56%, and 215
MPa, respectively. IB nonwovens had the lowest TS and YM, with values of 1.23
and 67 MPa, respectively, and the lowest EB of 1.77%. TS and YM were enhanced
but EB was somewhat decreased with the concentration of WR, despite the fact
that WR had no appreciable influence on tensile characteristics. By using FTIR and
SEM examination, the chemical bonds and morphology of the fiber and nonwovens
were also looked into (K.Z.M. Abdul Motaleb,2020)
Therefore, it will be highly beneficial to look into the possibility of using this
mature plant as a source of fiber. To meet consumer demand, textile production
has been evolving to become more efficient. The use of banana fiber will
encourage communal sustainability (Hossain et. al. 2017)
Banana fiber is also biodegradable and has no adverse environmental
effects. Banana fiber is a wonderful substitute for all synthetic and natural fiber
because it is chemical-free, non-toxic, and odor-free. Since no toxic chemicals or
colors are employed, banana fibers' natural cooling and therapeutic properties
benefit their user's health (Avneet 2015).

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class 13
RESEARCH LITERATURE
A. Foreign Studies
Amit Ramdhonee, Pratima Jeetah. (2017). stated in their review study
entitled “Production of wrapping paper from banana fibers” that The production
and trade of bananas has shown to be socially, economically, and environmentally
sustainable. Around 500 to 540 acres of land are used for banana farming in
Mauritius, producing 10 500 to 12 000 tons of bananas annually. As a result, the
plentiful agricultural waste that results makes a great replacement for virgin wood
fiber in industrial feedstock. Their use will result in positive economic and
environmental outcomes. Banana paper production on a sustainable basis will help
Mauritius' natural fiber supplies to be less stressed. The fruit that is traded the
most globally is the banana, mostly between developing and developed nations.
It's interesting to note that the banana plant, which grows 2–8 m long and has
leaves that are 3.5 m long, is not a tree. There are various types of banana plants,
and the size, color, and flavor of the bananas they produce vary. The banana plant
also gives us a variety of polymers like cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin,
which offer fibers with high mechanical qualities, in addition to the plentiful,
nutrient-rich bananas.
Additionally, they draw the conclusion that the tuxying procedure was a
successful way to separate banana pith from fiber. Four completely developed and
harvested banana plants enabled for the creation of roughly 50 papers with varying
amounts of bagasse and wastepaper fibers. The pressing, drying, and calendering
sections of the traditional Fourdrinier paper manufacturing machine were manually
simulated on a laboratory scale using the papermaking apparatus.
Tanvi Kumari (2022) conducted a study entitled “Banana Fiber - A Boon to

Indian Textile” that these days, clothing is made of banana fiber. People are aware
of the benefits of banana fiber and fabric for accessories, furniture, and

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other purposes. Banana fiber has been the subject of numerous studies, many of
which are still ongoing. As a result, banana fiber is in increasing demand today.
Additionally, until recently, bananas were only used as a fruit, and the rest of the
plant was thrown away. However, today, banana fiber is removed from the stem
and used to make paper, cloth, and accessories (such as bags and shoes) as well
as for other purposes. These items are supple, permeable, and naturally
absorbent. Their inherent sheen is frequently compared to silk. This fiber can be
blended to create advantageous textiles. Banana fiber has the potential to make a
comeback in the fashion industry because it is a sustainable alternative for those
looking for an unusual and eco-friendly material.
Ramakrishna et al. (2013) proposed a study that is similar to the study of

Sujaritjun et al., wherein they both categorize the mechanical and physical
capability of banana fiber. The Ramakrishna study differs from this one in that it
illustrates both mechanical and physical characteristics as well as chemical
composition using jute and banana fiber. Additionally, it claims that the use of less
expensive products in extremely high performance appliances is made possible by
composite technology.
According to Ashwini Kumar Sharma et al. (2013) in their study entitled
“The Use of Banana (Musa sapientum) and Ankara (Calotropis procera) in the
Handmade Paper Industries” that both banana and ankara have high cellulose and
low lignin contents, making them potential raw materials for making handmade
paper as well as other varieties for high-end applications like archival application
for the preservation of manuscripts and currency/security paper, and value-added
handicraft items. The pulps can be utilized to produce high-quality archival
tissue/board paper, bond papers, pulp sheets, card sheets, archival box papers,
file covers, tote bags, coated paper, marble paper, business cards, etc. after
successful pilot plant experiments.

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Another experiment was made by Jesus Rubalcaba, Satoki Okamoto and

Miguel Lozano about Banana Paper. In their experiment, their major ingredient or
the material that was important was the banana leaf. They cut the banana leaves
into smaller pieces and blended it. Mixed that blended pieces by five cups of water,
dipped the frame in the pulp and spread the pulp with hands. They took the frame
outdoors and let it dry for one day. It was concluded that the banana paper held
its shape without crumbling apart. It was so unappealing and the quality wasn’t
great. This study helps and guides us not to use banana leaves in making the
banana paper in which the results was not good enough. Base on their
observations, it was strong enough to hold its shape but it was lumpy and brownish
which makes the product not very appealing to the eyes. Thus, many would not
be interested in buying, using and making it. The banana leaves weren’t strong
enough compared to the banana stalks and fibers.
In a study of DST in India, “Papers and Boards from Banana Stem Waste”
because bananas are a very good source of cellulose, they used banana stem
debris to produce paper and board. After the fruit was harvested, farmers' leftover
banana stem trash was collected and used as a raw material. Typically, 100 kg of
material was cut into pieces between 3 and 4 inches in size per day. The material
was given the proper amount of time to soak in 1-2% NaOH. The ligno-cellulosic
linkages are loosened by the alkali, which softens the substance. It was then rinsed
in water. The mixture was then pounded in a Hollander beater, a device created
by the Dutch in 1680 to create paper pulp from plant fibers that contained
cellulose. To obtain pulp of high quality, a beating session of three to four hours
was necessary. Wet beating was found to employ the proper amount of fillers,
loading material, or chemicals depending on the quality of the finished boards. The
wet boards are then allowed to dry in direct sun on bamboo frames specially
designed for this purpose, while adding the appropriate quantity of resins such
urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde while maintaining pH, for the
production of hard boards.

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Radesh, P, Ndia, I & Maheshwari, (2014) , entitled “Awareness of green

marketing and its influence on buying behavior of consumers” stated that Demand
for eco-labeled items may generate the required consumer pressure to assure a
cleaner environment, given India's rapid GDP development rate and the country's
extremely detrimental environmental impact. This study supports the presence of
a difference between consumers' ideas and behaviors regarding becoming green,
or an environmental value-action gap. This essay has emphasized a number of
facets of consumer behavior and demonstrated how marketing may affect
consumers' preferences towards greener products. Products that receive more
exposure are more likely to sell in larger quantities. When values and beliefs are
sufficiently explicit, the green activity is in line with consumers' subjective interests,
and product qualities are positively seen, pro-environmental conduct is more likely
to occur. Concern over whether the product will work as promised is a major
barrier to the purchase of green products. Consumers typically have faith in well-
known brands to deliver on their promises, thus green products that deliver on
their promises without making exaggerated ones could find success in the
marketplace under well-known labels. Due to the low levels of customer awareness
regarding global warming at the moment, Indian brands must work to increase
awareness. Despite consumers' lack of awareness of green products due to weak
marketing efforts, Indian producers have yet to find a market for them. However,
Indian firms may end this vicious cycle by recognizing the need to go green and
investing in green initiatives and customer education. Overall, it is evident that
marketers targeting consumer groups with pro-environmental beliefs are under-
utilizing the Indian market for greener products. This research implies that
marketing brands are being used more frequently to market genuine green items.

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B. Local Studies
CJ. Corpuz (2021) conducted a study entitled “Banana pseudo-stem As an
Alternative making paper”. He learned that pulp can be made from banana pseudo-
stems. Additionally, because it is more environmentally friendly than the majority
of manufacturing processes, the stem can be a perfect substitute material for
generating paper. According to the study, banana trees grow more quickly than
other trees, which take a longer time. It may be used in all of its parts and has
numerous health benefits for people. However, by employing banana pseudo-stem
pulp rather than wood pulp, it can benefit both the environment and society.
Another study of Lea Rito (2022) entitled “Banana Pseudo -Stem
Fiber as Eco Paper Bag” stated that the Pseudo stem and peduncle are the
main sources of fiber for bananas, but because banana bark contains a
significant quantity of cellulose, it has the strength of a fiber and can be
utilized as a substitute to paper to make useful items.
Moreover, Rosal et al. (2012) aim an experiment entitled “Use of banana
tree residues as pulp for paper and combustible,” Banana tree residues can be
used in two different ways to assess their best use: first, they can be pulped using
soda-anthraquinone as the pulping liquor, and the properties of the pulps and the
corresponding paper sheets made from them can be studied in relation to the
effects of operating variables; second, they can be used as fuel, and the heating
values, flame temperature, and dew point temperature of the combustion gases
can be determined, and their values can be compared to those found for other.
The pulp was made using a 15-L batch cylindrical reactor that was heated using
electrical wires and connected to a control unit with a motor that actuated the
reactor and the necessary instruments for pressure and temperature measurement
and control through a rotary axle (to ensure proper agitation). Under specific
conditions, the banana tree remnants were pulped in

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the reactor. Conditions included: liquid/solid ratio (8:1), temperature (160–180°C),

time (40–60 min), soda concentration (7.5–12% w/w), and anthraquinone
concentration (1% w/w). The cooked material was next fiberized at 1200
revolutions per minute for 30 minutes in a wet disintegrator, and the screenings
were separated by sieving through a screen with a 1 mm mesh size. On an ENJOF-
39.71 sheet machine, paper sheets were created using the TAPPI 220
recommended procedure.
They came to the conclusion that low cooking conditions (160°C, 40 min,
and 7.5% soda) are necessary to pulp banana tree residue with soda
anthraquinone, producing pulp with desirable properties (39.23% pulp yield, 28.59
Kappa number, 48.25% brightness, 1149 ml/g viscosity, 48.0 Nm/g tensile index,
3.80 kN/g burst index, and 4.83 mN/g tear index). According to an energetic
analysis of banana tree debris, the material has a heating value of 17751 kJ/kg, a
flame temperature of 1300–2400°C, and a dew point temperature of 4–54°C,
depending on the amount of surplus air utilized in burning (10–50%). These
numbers are comparable to those of other lignocellulosic non-wood materials.
Compared to coal and by a wide margin to those of liquid fossil fuels, the cost of
the energy (kJ) produced by combustion of these leftovers was lower.
Furthermore, DOST ScINET-Phil (2002) conducted a research study which
is “Handmade paper from corn (zea mays) husks” that deals with the recycling of
cornhusks,It served as the primary ingredient in the creation of high-quality paper.
The cornhusks were softened for the paper by boiling them with caustic soda.
Additionally, boiled starch was employed to bond the fibers. The cornhusks were
measured in accordance with the specified weight ratio of 250 g: 50 g for
cornhusks to caustic soda. This mixture of cornhusks was boiled and then drained.
To finen the fibers, blending and pounding were also employed. Just enough
chlorine was used to bleach the cornhusks' original color in order to bleach the
fibers.

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In addition, the binder and bleached cornhusks were combined in the following
proportions: 250 g: 1 L, 250 g: 2 L (cornhusks to cooked starch mixture). To create
the paper, a 30 cm by 20 cm improvised molder was soaked in a basin containing
cornhusks and the cooked starch mixture. Test results on the paper were
compared to those of commercial paper. Furthermore, the outcomes
demonstrated that configuration A, 250 g: 1 L, was more effective at producing
high-quality paper. Additionally, it demonstrated that cornhusk paper can be
equivalent to other types of paper.
Moreover, the stalks are immediately drained after boiling and put into a
box with a screen bottom. The stalks are beaten with a wooden mallet after being
thoroughly rinsed with water at least three times. After being pounded, the pulp
is screened using a double-decked screen box while being subjected to high water
pressure. Depending on the intended color of the paper, bleaching the pulp may
be a one- or multi-stage process. The pulp is carefully cleaned with water after
each bleaching. The pulp is blended with paper additives such rosin size, starch,
and alum while being continually agitated.The mixture is then spread out on a
level, dry surface. In order to make the sheet, the mixture is finally rolled down or
pressed. However, in this study rice straw was used as the main component in
manufacturing the paper, whereas banana fibers and stalks were used as the main
ingredients
However, Robin Raine Cuison et al. (2021) conducted a research “Banana

Pseudo-Stem Fiber: A Sustainable Face Mask” concluded that Banana pseudo-
stem fiber can be used as a substitute for a face mask, and its use might bring
farmers financial gain. First, it is less expensive than a surgical face mask; second,
it is more environmentally friendly and can be a great option; third, the Banana
Pseudo-Stem Fiber Mask's filter can help us avoid the virus because it is made of
strong fiber; and fourth, even though it is effective, there are drawbacks or
problems that can occur while using it, such as skin irritability and a weak

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band. Finally, it can be improved by adjusting the mask's size and adding an elastic
band to make wearing it more comfortable.
SYNTHESIS
As the world's population grows, so does the amount of garbage that

people generate. Approximately 7 billion of the 9.2 billion tones of plastic produced
between 1950 and 2017 ended up as waste, either in landfills or dumped. On-the-
go lifestyles necessitate easily disposable products, such as soda cans or water
bottles. Nonetheless, the accumulation of these products has resulted in increasing
levels of plastic pollution throughout the world. Because plastic contains major
toxic pollutants, it has the potential to cause significant environmental harm in the
form of air, water, and land pollution.
Millions of people's livelihoods, ability to produce food, and social well-being

can all be negatively impacted by plastic pollution, which can modify habitats and
natural processes. Ecosystems' capacity to adapt to climate change can also be
reduced. In a landfill, a plastic bag takes 1,000 years to break down. The bags,
however, do not completely dissolve and instead undergo photo-degradation,
changing into tiny plastic particles that continue to contaminate the environment
by absorbing pollutants.
Before delving into solutions, it is necessary to understand how plastics

became so pervasive in modern life. Plastics provide enormous societal benefits:
they are used in food and beverage packaging, medical equipment, cars, and even
the phone or computer. Unfortunately, the effects of plastics on human health are
still relatively unknown due to the variability of chemical and particle composition
and the recent nature of many plastic studies. Having said that, studies have
revealed that plastics absorb pollutants in the environment and, when consumed
by humans, can release those toxins into the human body.

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Plastic pollution has dramatically increased worldwide in recent decade. The

single best thing we can do is to reduce or eliminate the amount and within this
we are avoiding the problem altogether.
Ecobags are not only recycle waste material, but they also eliminate the
need for single-use plastic bags, which have been shown to harm the environment.
Plastic bags, which are made of petroleum, contribute to the extraction of fossil
resources. They also pose a significant disposal issue. Plastic bags take centuries
to degrade in nature, burning them releases poisonous chemicals, and plastic trash
harms a variety of marine species in the oceans. Non-toxic Ecobags, on the other
hand, help the environment by biodegrading harmlessly after multiple uses.
Production of Ecobags provides a sustainable source of income. Reducing plastic
waste and conserving natural resources through recycling, help the community as
a whole. As a result, these communities have become more aware of
environmental issues.
Paper bags can also be used in place of plastic bags to address this problem.
They are made of paper, whose constituent parts are obtained from felling trees.
Because they are completely reusable, recyclable, and biodegradable, as well as
being environmentally beneficial and posing less of a hazard to wildlife, paper bags
are growing in popularity. Recycling paper bags is more energy efficient than
recycling plastic bags.
The researcher discovered several theses and studies from various

authorities that are familiar, parallel, or supportive of the study. With the support
of the above discussions and studies from foreign and local authors, the researcher
discovered some facts that are related to the current study.
The related studies of this research were gathered in numerous reliable

sources and sites. This chapter presents the exploration of ideas in relation to
banana pseudo-stem as an eco-friendly paper bag.

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According to Reddy N. et al., (2015). in their book entitled Innovative

Biofibers from Renewable Resources, since there are about a million tons of
bananas that grown annually in the world and banana tree don’t produce fruit
twice, other parts such us the pseudo stem are abundant residue after harvesting
of the banana bunch and this is also cause of an environmental pollution. Therefore,
as a solution to this problem an innovation in banana pseudo stem have been
made into various nonfood applications including fiber production.
Similar to our study, CJ. Corpuz (2021) also proposed a study regarding
banana pseudo-stem as an alternative fiber for making paper. It stated that
Banana trees grow faster compared to other trees that take several years. In this
case, it helps environment and society by using Banana Pseudo-stem pulp
instead of wood pulp.
However, the study of Sujaritjun et al. (2013) supports our study which
experimented the mechanical properties of a fiber made of banana pseudo-stem.
It tested the tensile strength value of a fiber made of banana pseudo-stem with
combination of sisal which are the maximum strength are 73.23MPa and 30.86MPa
which is done by the 15 wt% banana fiber and 3 wt% coconut fiber reinforced
epoxy resin composites respectively. Also examined for water absorption, it was
shown that L2 absorbs more water and L1 absorbs the least amount. It was
established in this study that banana pseudo-stem is an excellent fabric,
particularly when combined with other renewable fabrics like sisal.
The experimental research of Ramakrishna et al. (2014) supports the study

of Sujaritjun, Uawongsuwan, Pivsa-Art, Hamada, et al which they classify the
mechanical and physical properties of a banana fiber. It proves that banana have
a strong mechanical and physical properties and chemical composition.
In addition, Avneet (2015) stated that Banana fiber is biodegradable and

there is no negative effect to the environment. In this case, it is eco-friendly,
chemical free, non-toxic and odor free and is a good alternative to all the

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synthetic and natural fiber. It also stated that the natural coolant and medicinal
property of banana fiber helps in the health of their user and is 100% safe as no
harmful chemicals and colours are used.
Furthermore, Amit Ramdhoneem and Pratima Jeetah (2017) stated that the
ample nutrient-rich bananas, the banana plant also provides us with various
polymers such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pectin and lignin which offer fibers with
strong mechanical properties.
In similar to Ashwini Kumar Sharma et al. (2013) that high cellulose and
low lignin content of both banana and ankara make them suitable and potential
raw materials for handmade paper making and other varieties for high end
application i.e. archival application for preservation of manuscripts and
currency/security paper, and value-added handicraft items. It proves that pulps
can be used to make good quality of archival tissue/board paper, bond papers,
pulp sheets, card sheets, archival box papers, file covers, tote bags, coated paper,
marble paper, business cards etc.
Additionally, Mehamud et al. (2016) tested the use of natural fibers as

reinforcement for polymeric composites, with positive results for the materials'
performance mechanical properties of polymers. According to the article, banana
fibers have exhibited great variety throughout their length and throughout, which is
a trait of natural fibers.
Today, as the world and technology advances, people across the globe still
needs Paper. As trees do not grow fast, it is essential to seek an
alternative for producing Paper . To address the problem, Banana Pseudo-
stem can be used as an alternative raw material to make eco-friendly paper
bags. On the other hand, Banana Pseudo-stem can be a very suitable alternative
lignocellulosic raw material, with many advantageous characteristics for pulp and
paper making this is due to their very high percentage of cellulose and
comparatively good mechanical properties.

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In conclusion, they are lightweight, biodegradable, rapidly renewable,

water-resistant, and flame-resistant. Since it is a biodegradable material, it can
contributes to nature for it can be fertilizers for plants. In this case, it has a big
contribution in preserving the trees, lessening the pollution, preventing
landslides, and protecting earth.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework shows a concise preview of the project

development study and the procedures that were undertaken by the
proponents to accomplish Eco-friendly paper bag made from Banana
Pseudo-stem.
Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the design and
implementation of Eco-friendly paper bag made from Banana Pseudo-
stem. The first frame of the study is the research inputs. This entails
compiling ideas and information. The information acquired is crucial for
carrying out the suggested investigation. Materials, tools, and equipment
play a significant role in the subject development’s preparation. This refers
to the researchers' areas of expertise that will be utilized in the
development of the project in question.
The processes of how product development is carried out are on the second
frame. This phase shows the procedure of the actual construction of the project,
such as designing, fabrication, testing, evaluating, assembling of the rpoject. This
stage is vital because all the consideration must be made for better output. After
processing, the proponents shall have come up with the output which is the Eco-
friendly Paper Bag made of Banana Pseudo-Stem.

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CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
The conceptual paradigm shows the inputs, the processing
undertaken and the output produced by the proponents. In this study, it
pertains to the trainer.
The first stage, input includes knowledge and skills, materials, tools
and equipment, banana pseudo-stem, money and time. Next stage is the
process which includes, planning, designing purchasing, fabricating,
testing and evaluating. The last stage is the finished product which is the
Eco-friendly paper bag made of banana pseudo-stem.
Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study. The input, process and
output provide ideas in designing and constructing an Eco -friendly paper
bag made of banana pseudo-stem.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

⚫ Knowledge ⚫ Planning
and skills
⚫ Designing
⚫ Tools and Eco-friendly
⚫ Constructing
Equipment paper bag made
⚫ Testing of banana
⚫ Banana
Pseudo-stem ⚫ Evaluating pseudo-stem
⚫ Money
⚫ Time
Figure 1
Conceptual Paradigm

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CHAPTER 3
DEVELOPMENT METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter presents various procedures and methods for the realization
of the development of Eco-Friendly Paper Bag Made From Banana Pseudo-stem.
It covers the research design, pre-design stage, design stage, tools, equipment,
and its function, supplies and materials, testing stage, time allotment and financial
components.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The purposes of this study is to formulate the eco-friendly paper bag made
form banana pseudo- stem, to experiment the acceptability of the product among
the consumers, to determine the proximate composition and microbial composition
of the developed product as a measure of its safety assessment, to conduct cost
analysis of the product. To obtain this purpose, the researcher used experimental
method under quantitative research design. The process of purpose is to
experiment, formulate, and gather information about how the eco-friendly paper
bag made from banana pseudo-stem affects the economy.
Stated by Dr. Saul Mcleod ( 2013), the experimental method involves the
manipulation of variables to establish cause and effect relationships. The key
features are controlled methods and the random allocation of participants into
controlled and experimental groups. An experiment is an investigation in which a
hypothesis is scientifically tested. In an experiment, an independent variable (the
cause) is manipulated and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any
extraneous variables are controlled.
Furthermore, he added that an advantage is that experiments should be
objective. The views and opinions of the researcher should not affect the results
of a study. This is good as it makes the data more valid, and less biased.

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PRE-DESIGN STAGE
The knowledge and skills gained under the supervision of people at the
organization are extremely beneficial in considering about and organizing this
study. The researchers have gathered data that will aid in determining whether
such a study is feasible. Various knowledge was gathered during the extensive
analysis, proving that it can help and be effective, which come up with the design
of the Eco-friendly Paper Bag made from Banana Pseudo-stem. The amount of
time spent gathering data for the study is extremely beneficial to achieve it
perfectly.
DESIGN STAGE
To ensure the success of the development of Eco-friendly Paper Bag made

from Banana Pseudo-stem, the researchers conducted planning and data collection
by reading various notes related to the study. A lot of knowledge has also been
gathered with the help of technology, particularly, when it comes to the amount
of sodium hydroxide needed to produce a paper bag. The researchers ensured
that the data collected was accurate and relevant, such as, the right procedure
and right supplies and tools. It also ensured that the production process is correct
in order to avoid product over-repetition and the necessary supplies are not
wasted.
This Eco- friendly Paper Bag made from Banana Pseudo-stem will be tested
to ensure its efficacy in people, particularly in economy.

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Figure 2 presents a graphical representation of the process.
PLANNING
The researchers devised a plan for the product's development procedure.
DESIGNING
The researchers gathered information and materials for the output in this
stage.
CONCTRUCTING
The researchers attempted to create the product throughout this part of
the process.
TESTING
The researchers attempted to use the output.
EVALUATING
After observing the product, the researchers evaluated it in order to
improve it further.
Figure 2
Process

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Table 1
Tools, Equipment and its Function
Tools Functions
1. Cooking Pots It is used to boil the main ingredient.
2. Food Processor It is used to grind the boiled banana
pseudo-stem to create a paste-like
consistency.
3. Bowl Used for storage of ingredients.
4. Knife Used for cutting, chopping, and slicing.
5. Basin It is used to hold the water with the
banana pseudo-stem paste.
6. Silkscreen It is used to scoop out the banana
pseudo-stem paste from the water to
create a paper.
7. Cloth Used to hold the formed paste as it
dries and turns into a paper.
8. Measuring Spoon Used to measure the amount of sodium
hydroxide.
9. Strainer Used to separate the boiled banana
pseudo-stem from the water.
The tools and equipment utilized by the researchers are listed in the Table
1 along with its respective functions.

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SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS
The supplies and materials needed for the study’s output production were
acquired by the researchers. To prevent damage to the supplies and materials,
they were all handled appropriately.
Table 2
Supplies, Materials and Their Function
Supplies and Materials Functions

1. Banana Pseudo-stem The major component of the study, it
is a section of the banana plant that
resembles the trunk.
2. Sodium Hydroxide It serves as a solution for dissolving
unwanted materials in ingredients.
3. Adhesive Used to hold the paper together to
form a paper bag.
4. Food Color A coloring agent used to give the paper
bag a color.
5. Cardboard A thick paper that was placed inside
the paper bag to serve as the base.
Table 2 presents the supplies and materials used by the researchers to

accomplish the project study.

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Table 3
List of Supplies and Materials
Quantity Unit Description Unit Price Total Price

3 kg Banana N/A 0
Pseudo-stem
1 Pack Sodium Php 45.00 Php 45.00
Hydroxide
1 Pack Adhesive Php 95.00 Php 95.00
2 Pieces Food Color Php 5.00 Php 10.00
1 Piece Cardboard Php 12.00 Php 12.00
Total Php 162.00
Table 3 includes the list of supplies and materials needed to create the
product. It indicates the total quantity of the components required for the
development of the study. The price listed in the table components to the current
rate in the market.
TESTING STAGE
To guarantee the success of the study's final product, the researchers go
through a testing stage to assess the process and provide solutions for any
potential flaws. The researchers prepared and gathered the necessary data,
materials, and supplies before making their first attempt at making the product.
Due to the rainy weather, the first try was a failure. One essential component for
making a paper bag from a banana pseudo-stem is the sun's heat, which wasn't
available at the time. The product had the appropriate texture and consistency,
but because it received only a small amount of heat, the paper developed big
fractures that prevented it from being utilized to produce paper bags. Instead, it
became the basis for the next attempt of production. The sodium hydroxide used

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in the second try was too much, giving the paper a crisp texture. The researchers
then discovered the ideal process and quantity of elements that would be
employed for the creation of the final product after analyzing the first and second
trials. In the final attempt, the researchers also tried adding food coloring, and
after the paper dried, it worked nicely and had the same texture as the other
original color. The product's sizes and handle designs differed from those of the
typical paper bags available in stores, which further enhanced its attractiveness
and originality.
TIME ALLOTMENT
The construction of the research took some time. To complete the stages
and activity, the researchers dedicated time and effort for the development of the
study.
Table 4
Time Allotment of the Project
Activities Duration
1. Planning 3 Days
2. Gathering of information, supplies 5 Days
and materials.
3. Designing the product. 2 Days
4. Production of the paper bag. 8 Days
5. Testing and evaluating 4 Days
6. Documentation 5 Days
The shortened time graph in Table 4 displays the planned actions to

complete each step. This guarantees that the researchers effectively manage their
time to finish the product.

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FINANCIAL COMPONENTS
Table 5 states the total cost of all the expenses including the supplies and
materials and other miscellaneous fees used in conducting this study
Table 5
Financial Components
Items Total Cost

Supplies and Materials Php 162.00
Miscellaneous Php 250.00
Total Php 412.00

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CHAPTER IV
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTOTYPE
This chapter presents the description of the completed project which covers
the safety consideration, constructing procedures, structures, composition of
chemical compounds, fabrication of chemical composition of paper, construction
of exterior design, and testing and trouble shooting.
SAFETY CONSIDERATION
The researchers studied for information on the chemical compound that

they planned to incorporate into the product. The chemical compound used is
sodium hydroxide, which can be perilous if not used adequately. Because it can
have an impact on the paper bag about to be created, the researchers measured
the appropriate size to put in the product. This is also to ensure that the
experimentation yields positive results. It was discovered that the chemical to be
used is extremely sensitive, necessitating extreme caution and the use of
appropriate protective gear to prevent risks.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
During the experiment, ethical considerations are considered. It is to avoid

any harm to humans and the environment, which have intrinsic value and are
deserving of protection in their own right. On the basis of this ethical consideration,
it is the right of humans and the environment to be respected in a significant
manner.
The reduction of natural waste in our environment is the goal of this study.
However, the major material used for the product is part of our environment. One
of the researchers families is the property owner of the utilized material. Despite
this fact, ethical considerations are followed in this study. Therefore, the

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researchers sought the owners of the banana pseudo-stems' agreement, and they
demonstrated a voluntary decision.
This was done to respect human nature and maintain the validity of the
study. The researchers made sure that the owner’s participation was voluntary in
order to emphasize the importance of research ethics. To give clear and valid
evidence about this, the researchers wrote a consent letter that discussed the
approval of the owner for the researchers to obtain the banana pseudo-stem.
Since the purpose of this study is to increase awareness about possible

materials that may have the potential to become natural waste once a desired part
is taken, this also serves to emphasize the relevance of the usage of materials in
our environment. Every aspect of our nature should be valued. Therefore, people
should always place a high focus on obtaining permission and using ethical means
to obtain it.
Designing and constructing the Eco- friendly Paper Bag made from
Banana Pseudo Stem
In designing and constructing the project, the proponents used proper tools
and equipment to secure the strength, size, and color of the Eco- friendly Paper
Bag made from Banana Pseudo- stem. Also, the proponents stick to follow the step
by step procedure to avoid miscalculation as a way to ensure the that the project
will be useful and not wasted.

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CONSTRUCTING PROCEDURES
The proponents of the project considered the following phases and methods
as they developed the project. The following are the steps/procedures that the
proponents considered to develop the project.
Table 6 shows the stage procedures done by the researchers in making the
eco-friendly paper bag made from banana pseudo stem.
Table 6
Procedures in Producing Eco- friendly Paper Bag made from Banana

Pseudo- stem
1. Prepare all the necessary tools for

creating the paper bag.
Make sure to use the proper tools
correctly according to their purpose.
2. Prepare all the supplies and

materials with handle and care

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3. Cut the banana pseudo-stem into

cube pieces.
4. After cutting the 3 kilos of banana

pseudo-stem, place it in a basin.
5. Place the vat with an exact

amount of water in the tripod stove
and for it to boil.
6. While waiting for the water to boil,

prepare the sodium hydroxide
solution. Put 25 ml of sodium flakes
in a 25ml water.
7. When the water is boilling put the

sodium hydroxide solution.

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8. Boil it until it’s soften and changes

it’s color into brown.
9. After it reach it’s desired softness

and color, wash the banana pseudo-
stem until it reach the enough
temperature to touch.
10. After washing it, put it inside the

food processor. The Banana pseudo-
stem should be teared apart to make
it easier for the food processor to
grind.
11. Grind the banana pseudo-stem

until it reach the desired texture.

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12. After it reach the desired texture,

place it inside a container.

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13. Put an enough water to the basin

and put the banana pseudo-stem.
14. Using a silk screen, strain the

banana pseudo-stem until it covered
the whole silk screen and until it
reach the desired thickness.
15. Transfer the sieved fiber to the

cloth
16. Dry the sieved fiber under the

sun.
STRUCTURES
This part presents the supplies and its function that the researchers
deemed to be important in producing Eco-friendly Paper Bag made from Banana
Pseudo stem.

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Table 7
Supplies and Function
It serves as a solution for dissolving

unwanted materials in ingredients.
Used to hold the paper together to

form a paper bag
A coloring agent used to give the

paper bag a color.
A thick paper that was placed inside

the paper bag to serve as the base.

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The major component of the study,

its is a section of the banana plant
that resembles the trunk.
COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
The researchers worked with the chemical compound sodium hydroxide,

which was used in the creation of the Eco-friendly Paper Bag made from Banana
Pseudo-stem. It includes a substance that hardens the product. The researchers
used it in the exact size when it was utilized with a measuring spoon. To make the
sodium hydroxide liquid, it must be stirred. Researchers used knowledge to
minimize errors throughout preparation and measurement.
FABRICATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PAPER
Chemical components of the project study were constructed using step-by-

step approaches to achieve the best results while saving time and effort while
maintaining efficacy. The researchers use the following steps to create and finish
the product.
1. Assemble all the necessary tools, equipment and materials.
2. Measure the amounts of chemical and place it in a pot of boiling water with a
chopped banana stem in it.
3. Wash the banana stem to make it cold and grind it using food processor and
wait until it looks like a paste.

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4. Place the paste in the basin and strain the fiber using silkscreen and let it dry
under the sun.
TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING
During the testing stage, the researchers ensured that they were already
aware of the error in previous experiments. They accommodated all of the
necessary data and information. Each developer also guaranteed that they
understood what could happen during the experimentation. This would result in
the final product. The proponents began the process of making a paper bag by
cutting a three-kilogram banana stem. It is washed and cut into small pieces after
it hardens. The pan containing the water was already strained while cutting into
small pieces. A 25ml solution of sodium hydroxide is also prepared. Make sure the
measurements are correct when making the sodium hydroxide. After peeling the
banana stem, it will be placed in boiling water with 25ml of sodium hydroxide
added. Wait for the banana stem to soften before straining and washing it. After
washing, place it in a meat grinder with a little water and pulse until it becomes
thick like a paste. Place it in a small container. Prepare a basin of water and add
the blended banana stem. Food coloring can be added to the paper bag to give it
color. It is optional to add food coloring. According to the researchers food color
can be possibly mixed and used to create a dye in a paper bag. Strain the fiber
with a silkscreen and transfer it to the cloth and then lay it out in the sun to dry.
After drying, stick it using the stikwel to the desired size you want. The project
was improved through the brainstorming of the developers and through the help
of technology.

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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section provides an overview of the research, conclusions obtained

from the experiments, and recommendations for developing the field of study.
SUMMARY
This study focuses on the use of organic materials, specifically banana

pseudo-stem, that can be used to produce a paper. The effectiveness of the
banana pseudo-stem to produce a paper was experimented in this study. The
results showed the potential of the final product to be used by the community.
The researchers observed the procedure and evaluate the trials made, the product
showed significant difference compare to a normal paper bag that we use, in terms
of texture, strength, and smell. In addition, the results of the study are assumed
through the following objective.
1. To know the properties of banana pseudo-stem that makes it feasible to

use as a main ingredient for paper bag.
2. To test the banana pseudo-stem as a main ingredient for making a paper
bag in terms of:
2.1 Texture
2.2 Strength, and;
2.3 Smell?
3. To find information that will support the effectiveness of banana pseudo-
stem as an eco-friendly paper bag.
4. To distinguish the benefits of using banana pseudo-stem as an
alternative paper bags.

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FINDINGS
1. The banana pseudo-stem was used as the main ingredient of the product in this
study because it was the topic of the research. The banana plant, is not a tree but
rather a high herb. According to Ashwini Kumar Sharma et al., (2013) in their study
entitled “The Use of Banana (Musa sapientum) and Ankara (Calotropis procera) in
the Handmade Paper Industries” that high cellulose and low lignin content of both
banana and ankara make them suitable and potential raw materials for handmade
paper making and other varieties for high end application i.e. archival application
for preservation of manuscripts and currency/security paper, and value-added
handicraft items.
2.1 The experimentation stage involved the researchers evaluating the product's
texture. The texture of the paper is little rough, but not enough to hurt or harm
the skin. The paper bags rough texture is caused by the banana fiber, which is
visible through the paper bag. The pseudo-stem of the banana's natural fiber adds
to the product's uniqueness. It differs from the typical paper bag which has
smooth texture. Given that during testing, fibers could already be observed after
the boiling banana pseudo-stem went through grinding in the food processor, the
researchers anticipated the product's textural outcome.
2.2 The strength of the product was one of the things that the researchers have
in mind before even starting this study. After finding enough information about
the banana pseudo-stem, the answer about the strength was found. Amit
Ramdhonee, Pratima Jeetah. (2017) stated in their review study entitled
“Production of wrapping paper from banana fibers” banana plant also provides us
with various polymers such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pectin and lignin which
offer fibers with strong mechanical properties. The product underwent a strength
test in which a standard paper bag and a banana pseudo-stem bag

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were both used as comparison samples. The typical paper bag had a few small
breaks at the bottom and both bags held 1 kg to 2 kg of stones. In order to be
more precise, the researchers performed a shake test using both paper bags filled
with 2 kg of stones. The shake test to gauge strength failed with the common
paper bag.
2.3 The product's smell was also studied by the researchers because it has an
impact on users. Because the items within the paper bag may pick up a strong or
unpleasant odor, this needs to be taken seriously. The researchers attempted to
smell the product after the trial phase, and fascinatingly it has no odor. In addition,
Banana fiber is biodegradable and there is no negative effect to the environment.
Banana fiber is ecofriendly, chemical free, non-toxic and odor free and is a good
alternative to all the synthetic and natural fiber. The natural coolant and medicinal
property of banana fibers helps in the health of their user and is 100% safe as no
harmful chemicals and colours are used (Avneet 2015).
3. The researchers gathered evidence to support their investigation on whether

the banana pseudo-stem may be used as an alternative raw material for creating
paper bags. The banana pseudo-stem was discovered to have mechanical
properties as well as physical and chemical composition, which was confirmed in
the experimental research of Ramakrishna et al. (2014). This study supports the
study of Sujaritjun, Uawongsuwan, Pivsa-Art, Hamada, et al, in which they classify
the mechanical and physical properties of a banana fiber. It demonstrates that
bananas have strong mechanical, physical, and chemical qualities.
4. The researchers hoped to use this study, which focuses on the environment.
Furthermore, the researchers took care to choose a study that would benefit not
only themselves but also society and the environment. The objective of this study
is to make more publicly known the use of natural or organic waste in the

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manufacture of creative and practical products. CJ. Corpuz (2021) discovered in

his study "Banana pseudo-stem As an Alternative Making Paper" that Banana
pseudo-stem may be used to make paper. Furthermore, because it is more
sustainable than most manufacturers' methods, the stem can be a fantastic
alternative material for creating paper. According to the study, banana trees grow
faster than other trees, which take several years. All components of it can be used
and provide several health benefits to the human body.
CONCLUSION
According to the researchers investigation, banana pseudo-stem works well

as a substitute for a paper bag that is more environmentally friendly. Following
are a discussion of the researchers findings from the study.
1. The banana pseudo-stem has a high cellulose content and a low lignin level,
making it a viable raw material for paper production.
2.1 The natural fibers of the banana caused the product’s texture to be a little
rough.
2.2 The banana pseudo-stem's natural fibers offer a high degree of strength.
2.3 After the production of the output, the researchers smelled the product, which
has no odor.
3. The study of Sujaritjun, Uawongsuwan, Pivsa-Art, Hamada, et al, proves that
banana pseudo-stem is an effective material for making a paper bag. The result
of the output also proves that it is indeed effective to use.
4. It can lessen the natural or organic waste in our environment. By creating a
paper bag from the banana pseudo-stem the organic waste can be minimized and
a new material can be produced.
After evaluating the final product and the previous attempts, the
researchers conclude that banana trees cannot only produce a fruit but also a
paper from its stem and this will be a huge help for the society.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings discussed these are the recommendations and

suggestions the researchers could share:
1. The banana pseudo-stem can be transformed into a variety of materials. The

product cannot just be a paper bag.
2. The use of paper bags created from banana pseudo-stems may benefit both
society and the environment. This is also to serve the product's community
purpose.
3. The paper bag made from banana pseudo-stems could be marketed in the
market to increase public awareness of the product. This could help to enhance
market awareness of the use of biodegradable bags.
4. Beauty and uniqueness can go a long way toward attracting attention. Designs
could be used to improve the product's functionality. It may also boost the
product's creativity.
5. One of the goals of this research is to promote awareness and serve as a

learning tool for others. This research can help others acquire knowledge more.
Therefore, future researchers may base their own research and experiments on
this study.

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[Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from
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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class8

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APPENDIX B
CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTABILITY BY THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER
The Sto. Niño Formation and Science School-Night Class
San Roque Rosario,Batangas
Certificate of Acceptability
This is to certify that the “Eco-Friendly Paper Bag MAde from Banana
Pseudo-stem” a study Developed by Karyll P. Cabatay, Daryl Jy D. Coronel, Kim
Anela Masilungan, Kristel Hanah Grace G. Rota as a requirement for Research in
Daily Life 2 has been accepted and evaluated by
Engr. Vanessa Banaira.
Comments and Suggestions:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Evaluated on this 10th day of April , 2023 at Rosario, Batangas.

Evaluated by:
Vanessa Banaira
(Signature over printed name)
Supervisor
___________________________
(Title Occupation)

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APPENDIX C
Engr. Miralyn Pangilinan
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Evaluated on this 10th day of April , 2023 at Municipality of Rosario

Batangas
Evaluated by:
Sanitary Engineer
___________________________
(Title Occupation)

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APPENDIX D
Cynthia A. Cabillio.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Evaluated on this 12th day of April , 2023 at MENRO ROSARIO MUNICIPAL

Evaluated by:
CYNTHIA A. CABILLIO
MGDH-MENRO
___________________________
(Title Occupation)

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12
APPENDIX E
EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR PROTOTYPE
ECO-FRIENDLY PAPER BAG MADE FROM BANANA PSEUDO STEM
NAME: Vanessa Banaira DATE: April 12, 2023
Instruction: Kindly evaluate the prototype by using the given and placing a
checkmark (/) under the corresponding numerical rating.
Numerical Rating Equivalent Category of Rater/Evaluator

5 Excellent ___ Environmentalist
4 Very Good ___ Chemical Engineer
3 Good ___ Sanitary Engineer
2 Fair ___ Others, please state_______
1 Poor
INDICATORS 1 2 3 4 5
A. Functionality
1. Working on it’s purpose
2. Ability to carry
3. Strength and durability
B. Workability
1. Locally available materials
2. Availability of tools and supplies
3. Easy to construct
C. Durability
1. Materials quality
2. Designs quality
3. Output’s quality

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13
D. Economy
1. Affordable in terms of tools needed
2. Low cost in terms of time
3. Reduced resources needed
E. Usefulness
1. Productive usage
2. Eco-friendly than the usual
3. Prevent discarding what is seemed
useless
F. Environment
1. Ability to reduce natural waste
2. Creative use of organic material
Summary:
A. Functionality Evaluation Instrument Endorsed by:
B. Workability
C. Durability
D. Economy Adviser
E. Usefulness
F. Sanitary
VANESSA BANAIRA
SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME OF EVALUATOR

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14
APPENDIX F
NAME: Miralyn Pangilinan DATE: April 12, 2023

1 Poor
G. Functionality
5. Ability to carry
H. Workability
I. Durability
5. Designs quality

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15
J. Economy
K. Usefulness
4. Productive usage
useless
L. Sanitary
4. Proper waste disposal are applied
5. Proper sanitation of material used
Summary:
G. Functionality Evaluation Instrument Endorsed by:
H. Workability
I. Durability
J. Economy Adviser
K. Usefulness
L. Sanitary

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16
APPENDIX G
NAME: Cynthia A. Cabillio DATE: April 11, 2023

1 Poor
M. Functionality
8. Ability to carry
N. Workability
O. Durability
8. Designs quality

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17
P. Economy
Q. Usefulness
7. Productive usage
useless
R. Environment
7. Creative use of organic material
Summary:
M. Functionality Evaluation Instrument Endorsed by:
N. Workability
O. Durability
P. Economy Adviser
Q. Usefulness
R. Sanitary
CYNTHIA A. CABILLIO

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18
Appendix H
REQUEST LETTER
This certifies that this study entitled “ECO- FRIENDLY PAPER BAG
MADE FROM BANANA PSEUDO-STEM” has been edited and made for
submission.
This certification is issued upon the request of the researchers for

whatever purpose it may serve them.
19th
Given this _____day April
of _____________ at Our Lady of Mercy Academy
________________________________
Grammarian’s Signature over Printed Name

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19
APPENDIX J
April 12, 2023
ENGR. Myra Cordero Pangilinan
Sanitary Engineer
Dear Sir:
Greetings of Peace and Prosperity!
The undersigned are presently enrolled in the Sto. Nino Formation and
Science School. We are proposing the project development study entitled “ECO-
FRIENDLY PAPER BAG MADE FROM BANANA PSEUDO-STEM”.
In relation with this, we would like to ask you to be our adviser on this
study. We believed that your expertise and knowledge can help is make our study
possible.
We are hoping for your approval on this request.
Respectfully yours,
Cabatay, Karyll P.
Coronel, Daryl Jay D.
Masilungan Kim Angela T.
Rota Kristel Hanah Grace G.

Noted:
Ms.
Thesis Adviser
Approved By:
_______________________
ENGR. Myra Cordero Pangilinan
Sanitary Engineer

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20
APPENDIX K
April 12, 2023
Ma’am Cynthia Cabillo
Environmentalist
Dear Ma’am:
possible.
Respectfully yours,
Cabatay, Karyll P.
`Rota Kristel Hanah Grace G.

Noted:
Ms.
Thesis Adviser
Approved By:
____________________
Ma’am Cynthia Cabillo
Environmentalist

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21
APPENDIX I
ENGR. Vanessa Banaira April 12, 2023
Chemical Engineer
Dear Sir:
possible.
Respectfully yours,
Cabatay, Karyll P.
`Rota Kristel Hanah Grace G.
Noted:
Ms.
Thesis Adviser
Approved By:
_____________________
ENGR. Vanessa Banaira
Chemical EngineeR

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RESEARCHER’S PROFILE
KARYLL P. CABATAY
Mobile Number: 0930-662-6942
Email Address: karyllcabatayy@gmail.com
Personal Data
FULL NAME: Karyll Patiam Cabatay

DATE OF BIRTH: October 18, 2004
ADDRESS: San Agustin, Ibaan, Batangas
AGE: 18
HEIGHT: 5’3
NAME OF MOTHER: Eleanor P. Cabatay
OCCUPATION: OFW
NAME OF FATHER: Rolando C. Cabatay
OCCUPATION: Driver
Educational Background
SECONDARY: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

(SNFSS) - SHS Night Class
Padre Vicente Garcia Memorial Academy
(PVGMA)
ACHIEVEMENTS: Academic Excellence Awardee
K-SMART Club member
PRIMARY: San Agustin Integrated School

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ACHIEVEMETS: Copy Reading and Writing participant

(District meet)
Math Quizbee participant (District meet)
Badminton player (District meet)

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DARYL JAY CORONEL

Email Address: coroneldaryljay@gmail.com
Personal Data
FULL NAME: Daryl Jay Delos Santos Coronel

DATE OF BIRTH: April 7, 2005
ADDRESS: Sitio Putohan, Cowongan, Padre Garcia,
Batangas
AGE: 17
HEIGHT:
NAME OF MOTHER: Helen D. Coronel
OCCUPATION: Farmer
NAME OF FATHER: Teodoro N. Coronel
OCCUPATION: Farmer
SECONDARY: Sto. Niño Formation and Science Schoo (SNFSS)

-SHS Night Class
ACHIEVEMENTS: Perfect Attendance Awardee
Academic Excellence Awardee
Posterslogan Awardee (2nd Runner up )
PRIMARY: Padre Garcia Central School
Running Competition (2nd Runner up)

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KIM ANGELA T. MASILUNGAN

Email Address: kimineyah13@gmail.com
Personal Data
FULL NAME: Kim Angela Teaño Masilungan

DATE OF BIRTH: October 13, 2004
ADDRESS: T- 162 Namuco, Rosario,Batangas
AGE: 18
HEIGHT: 5’1
NAME OF MOTHER: Janet Masilungan
OCCUPATION: Housewife
NAME OF FATHER: Simon Masilungan
OCCUPATION: Tricycle Driver

-SHS Night Class
Perfect Attendance Awardee
Techno Quizbee Participant
PRIMARY: Rosario East Central School
Photo Journalism Awardee (2nd Runner up)
English Writing Awardee (2nd Runner up)

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Running competition (School event)

High Jump participant (Municipal meet)

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ix
KRISTEL HANAH GRACE G. ROTA

Email Address: kristelrota60@gmail.com
Personal Data
FULL NAME: Kristel Hanah Grace Gamier Rota

DATE OF BIRTH: April 25, 2005
ADDRESS: #049 Basilyo Compound, Tilambo, Taysan,
Batangas
AGE: 17
HEIGHT: 155cm
NAME OF MOTHER: Cristina G. Rota
OCCUPATION: Housewife
NAME OF FATHER: Hernane E. Rota
OCCUPATION: Self-Employed

-SHS Night Class
SSO officer (2017-2019)
Science Quizbee Awardee 2017-2018
(3rd Runner up)
Elite Modelling 2019 (1st Runner up)
Chorale Choir 2019 (1st Runner up)

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ix
BBTP Vocal Solo 2018-2019 participant

BBTP Vocal Solo 2020-2021 (1st Runner up)
Student’s Choice Award 2021-2022
Miss BBTP 2021-2022 3RD Runner up
PRIMARY: Taysan Central School
Bigsaywit member 2016-2017 (District: 1st
Runner up & Division meet: participant)
Bigsaywit member 2015-2016 (3rd Runner up)
Badminton player 2015-2017 (District meet)
SPG officer 2015-2016
YES-O officer 2016-2017
Collaborative Journalism in layouting 2015-
2016 (District: 1st Runner up&Division meet:
participant)
Feature writing in English 2016-2017 (2nd
Runner up)
Broadcasting in English 2016-2017 (District
:1st Runner up&Division meet: participant)
Science Jingle member 2014-2015 (District: 1st
Runner up&Division meet)
Sabayang Pagbigkas member 2014-2015
(District meet: 3rd Runner up)

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Banana Pseudo Stem As Eco Friendly Paper Bag

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Banana Pseudo-Stem as Eco Friendly Paper Bag

BS Medical Technology (National University (Philippines))

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class

Eco-Friendly Paper Bag Made From

A Research Study Presented to the

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class i

The thesis entitled “ECO-FRIENDLY PAPER BAG MADE FROM

Approved by the panel of examiners with the grade of ______________.

Aizzel Joie C. Gonzales, LPT Jolo N. Mendoza

Marjorie G. Manalo, LPT, MAEd

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research in

April 15, 2023 Janette M. Orola, LPT, MAEd

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class ii

The satisfaction and pleasure that accompany a successful completion of

Our earnest and genuine gratitude to Mrs. Rowena V. Canlas, senior

Our heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. Linafe G. Guadez, BSED Major in English,

I extend my hearty thanks to Engr. Vanessa Banaira, Chemical Engineer

Our special thanks to Engr. Myralyn Cordero Pangilinan, Sanitary

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class iii

We are are sincerely thankful to Ma’am Cynthia Caballo, MGOH-MENRO,

It is our privilege to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to

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Sto. Niño Formation and Science School – Night Class iv

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Sto. Niño Formation and1 Science School – Night Class v

Title: Eco-friendly Paper Bag Made From Banana Pseudo-

Authors: Daryl Jay D. Coronel

Kim Angela T. Masilungan

Kristel Hanah Grace G. Rota

Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Type of Document: Unpublished Thesis

Institution: Sto. Niño Formation and Science School

Address: J Belen Street San Roque Rosario Batangas

Adviser: Kaila Marie M. Coz

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Sto. Niño Formation and1 Science School – Night Class vi

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Sto. Niño Formation and2 Science School – Night Class vii

TITLE PAGE Page

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Sto. Niño Formation and1 Science School – Night Class viii

Testing Stage …………………………………………………………… 31

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FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

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TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

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Sto. Niño Formation and2 Science School – Night Class 1

This chapter represents the introduction, objectives of the study,

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Sto. Niño Formation and3 Science School – Night Class 2

permanent deformation without breaking. Plastic can be used for almost

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Sto. Niño Formation and4 Science School – Night Class 3

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Sto. Niño Formation and5 Science School – Night Class 4