Feasibility Study of Banana Peels and Coconut Husks As An Alternative Raw Materials For Paper Making

Feasibility Study of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos
Nucifera) Husk as an Alternative Raw Material for Paper
Division of City Schools

JOSE ABAD SANTOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Numancia St., Binondo, Manila
Feasibility Study of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and

Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk as an Alternative Raw Material
for Paper Making
A Research Paper presented to

the Senior High School
Jose Abad Santos High School
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements in the Course
Practical Research 2
by
Christine Mae Besagas Espinosa
Marjie Corpuz Magallon
Ashanti Mary Noelle Beltran Medina
Rachelle Ann Ubat Ortega
Academic: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Ariel R. Rogon, Research Adviser
October 2021
i
Division of City Schools

JOSE ABAD SANTOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Numancia St., Binondo, Manila
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Paper is traditionally created from wood, which is reliant on forest

resources. As a result, each year, large tracts of rainforests are
destroyed to feed the demand for wood fiber. Paper is made from
recycled or produced virgin cellulose fibers, and its physicochemical
properties are determined by the fibrous content of the raw material
(Bajpai, 2012). It may be made from almost any form of fiber, from old
jeans to grass clippings (Hayes, ca.2000). Because it is most typically
used for writing and printing, it is frequently utilized as a product
packaging, in various cleaning products, in a multitude of
manufacturing and construction operations, and even as a food
ingredient, particularly in Asian cultures (Garber, 2012).
The pulp and paper market is a diverse and highly

interconnected industry. It indicates that international trade occurs not
only in all product categories but also in semi-finished goods and raw
materials. Chemical pulp and recyclable materials are also traded
worldwide, in addition to the fiber resource. Pulp and paper
manufacturers specialize in different aspects of the industry: some
focus solely on pulp production, while others oversee the entire
process from raw materials to finished paper grades. As a result,
several countries specialize in particular final products while still
relying on imports for other paper types (Szabo et al., 2009).
The current socio-economic conditions, as well as the expansion

of many disciplines such as research and education, have resulted in a
steady increase in paper consumption, which has been increasing year
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after year. The pulp and paper sector, which is currently more
profitable than ever, generates around P30 billion in domestic sales
value each year which saves the government $700 million in foreign
cash by avoiding the importation of paper and board. The country's
recent excellent economic performance has driven the demand for
packaging materials including corrugating container boards and carton
boards, which can be related to the rising export sales of electronics,
fresh fruits, clothing, handicrafts, and furniture. The need for packaging
processed foods, appliances, tissue, publishing, and printing paper, as
well as other consumer items, are driving strong growth in the
domestic market. The improved living standards, increased disposable
income, refined welfare, tourism, and manufacturing activity in the
Philippines are the sources of this demand (DTI, 2021).
In spite of the Philippines' small per capita consumption of 19 kg

of paper and paperboard, overall annual demand is expanding at a rate
of 2.5 percent, with packaging and tissue grades seeing the highest
growth. Moreover, in the next five years, total demand in the
Philippines is expected to approach 2 million tons, or an increase of 0.3
million tons per year over present consumption levels. However, to
supply the 157 million tons of virgin fiber pulp utilized by the paper
industry (in 1996), many trees are cut down (FAO, 1998). Although
there is a gradual shift toward environmentally friendly policies and
lifestyles, and numerous attempts have been made to forecast long-
term consumption in connection to global climate change and the
community for the paper-making business, it is an undeniable fact that
paper is made from wood, and as a result, there is significant
deforestation. Furthermore, in the pulping process, chemical
compounds that are difficult to decompose organically are still used
(Kumar et al., 2017). There is now an insufficient supply of wood as a
raw material for paper production, and it is now generated through
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illegal logging, which has terrible ecological consequences. With the

cost of wood pulp rising and forest destruction becoming a political hot
topic, several countries are looking into alternate raw materials and
methods for making environmentally friendly paper. The use of non-
wood plant fibers as a substitute for wood pulp in pulp, paper, and
paperboard manufacturing is now widely accepted around the world.
Many non-wood fibers are employed in small manufacturing
papermaking enterprises. (Haile et al., 2021).
According to studies, the cost of producing paper from non-wood

fiber is much cheaper than that of producing paper from wood fiber
(Hussain and Tarar, 2014). Agricultural leftovers (fruit seeds, peels,
leaves), natural growing plants (banana, bamboo), and non wooden
crop residues (cotton stalks, rice straw, cereal straw) are currently
used to make non-tree fibers (Mahale and Goswami-Giri, 2015). Since
the use of non-wood fibers began nearly 2000 years ago, when Ts'ai
Lun of China manufactured the first authentic hemp paper, wood can
be considered a newcomer (Chandra et al., 1998). Non-wood pulp
production in the commercial sector is predicted to account for 6.5% of
global pulp production and is expected to grow. China accounts for
77% of the global non-pulp industry, and non-woody plants provide
more than 70% of the raw materials used in the pulp industry in China
and India. The primary sources of non-wood raw materials are
agricultural wastes from monocotyledons, such as cereal straw and
bagasse, a fibrous leftover from processed sugar cane (Saccharum
officinarum L.). Non-wood plant fibers are now generally recognized as
an alternative for wood pulp in pulp, paper, and paperboard production
all over the world. (Paavilainen et al., 1996).
Musa Paradisiaca, Musa sapientum, Musa Cavendishii, and Musa

Chinensis are the botanical names for banana plants (Sharma, 2013).
According to Sharma (2013), practically every portion of the banana
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plant may yield fibers of varying strength, color, appearance, and

distinct length that can be used for a variety of purposes. For years,
the Philippines has been one of the world's top five banana exporters
and producers, with over 3.5 million tons exported annually. In 2018,
the island of Mindanao produced 84% of bananas (and 99% of
Cavendish varieties), with Davao, Northern Mindanao, and Soccskargen
as the top three locations. They are grown for export by Filipino-owned
businesses and global corporations. Small and medium-sized farmers
who grow bananas for export sell them to large corporations or directly
to traders. Bananas grown organically contribute to a modest
percentage of the country's GDP (Banana Link, 2021). As a result, the
copious agricultural leftovers can be used as an effective industrial
feedstock substitute for virgin wood fiber.
The Philippines produces 14.69 billion husks each year, with over
5 billion of them being used as firewood during copra drying. (PCA,
2015). The residual husks are used as farm waste, and enormous
quantities are dumped in the field, either with or without the shell. The
Philippines' Department of Agriculture (DA) estimates that 9 billion
husks are discarded or burned in the field (DA, 2014). This vast volume
of husks could be a valuable natural resource (Greer, 2008). Fibers are
extracted from the coconut husk and used to make geotextile and a
variety of manufactured items such as ropes, bags, mats, rugs,
carpets, and a variety of other products (Kavitha, 2016). Furthermore,
organic plant media fertilizer is made from coconut peat (the non-
fibrous component of the husk). (Nazari et al., 2011). Despite all of the
current husk applications stated, the Philippines' estimated husk
consumption is 334 tons per day (about 120,000 tons per year), which
is only a tiny proportion of overall husk production (PCA, 2015).
There are two types of coir fibers. The difference between ripe
and immature coconut husks is one of the distinctions. Brown coir is
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made from the husks of fully ripened coconuts. Its processing

procedure shields it from the damaging UV component of sunlight,
making it strong and resistant to abrasion. It comes in a dark brown
tint and is mostly utilized in brushes, floor mats, and upholstery
padding. White coir, on the other hand, is made from the husks of
coconuts picked just before they ripen. This fiber, which is light brown
or white in color, is softer and less robust than brown coir that is spun
into yarn. (Sudhira, H.S., and Ann Jacob, 2000)
Raw materials which can be used to replace wood as the

primary material, to see if coconut fiber can replace wood in the
production of paper. Coconut coir has a high cellulose fiber content,
making it suitable for pulp production. It can also be used to create
composite products by combining coconut husk raw material with HVS
material. Furthermore, fiber pulp fibers with the greatest amounts of
alpha-cellulose were blended with waste paper pulp as a raw material
in the production of composite paper (Husin, 2013).
The argument over logging and the use of non-tree fiber remain
contentious. Non-wood plants and agricultural residues sparked
increased attention in the face of a shortage of conventional pulp
suppliers (Ververis et al., 2003). Furthermore, environmental concerns
have raised the demand for non-wood pulp as a low-cost papermaking
raw material (Mahale and Goswami-Giri, 2015). This research will look
at the viability of using banana peels (fibers) and coconut husks, which
are non-wood plants as alternative raw materials for paper production.
It will focus on the long-term viability of banana peels (fiber) and
coconut husks as an environmentally beneficial raw material for
creating paper, in order to mitigate the negative and dangerous effects
of the use and illegal use of wood in the production of paper. Aside
from that, we considered its yielding ability, pulping quality, and
adaptation to the prevailing climatic conditions and possibilities of
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these materials to be used as a low-cost production of paper. Thus, this

research aims to aid in the usage of waste biomass, which we
anticipate will have a positive impact on the country's social,
environmental, geographic, and technological components.
Theoretical / Conceptual Framework

Despite the contribution of the paper industry to the growth of
trading globally, and the economy of the country, Unfortunately, it
does have participation in producing waste for the reason that it
undergoes processes of manufacture and usage of various products
which come up with the problem of degradation and pollution. Aside
from this, it poses the gravest problem on the environment as there is
a massive threat to the scarcity of trees and the destruction of landfills
due to deforestation. Another point worth considering is its chain of
effect, especially to public health.
In order to reduce damages caused by cutting trees as a way of

creating paper, it is an effective strategy to conduct research and
develop environmental-friendly paper from raw materials namely:
Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel, and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk.
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of the
raw material as an alternative raw material in creating paper. To
produce durable paper from Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and
Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk, it must pass through various processes
and analysis to come up with the desired result: Surface Texture,
Visibility in Writing, Grammage, Folding Endurance, Biodegradability,
Weight, Water absorption, and Flammability.
It was recommended to use a sustainable and cost-saving
resource in making paper for the reason that it is more convenient and
doesn’t contain any chemicals in the process of manufacturing. The
following figure portrays the study conducted by the researchers as a
way of elaborating the idea presented. Upon checking the result, it was
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found out that several factors affect the durability and the quality of
the paper.
Figure 1
Processing of the raw materials and analysis of its

characterization
Independent Variables
 Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel Dependent Variable
 Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk  Quality and Durability of the paper
Processing and Testing

Procedures
Environmental-friendly Papers
Numerous studies on the production of paper have been conducted

and it was found out that the proportion of the raw materials is a
significant factor to consider in order to establish accurate and precise
outcomes. The researchers argue that variation in quantity serves a
vital role in formulating a functional product. Based on Figure 1, it was
shown that the addition of the amount will affect the quality of the
product and the results in the process of analysis. The figure that was
presented aims to determine the correlation between the quantity of
the materials and the quality of the paper. Moreover, the analysis on
results they produced by undergoing certain analyses namely: Surface
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Texture, Visibility in Writing, Grammage, Folding Endurance,

Biodegradability, Weight, Water absorption, and Flammability.
Figure 2
The Production Process of the environmental-friendly

papers
Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos
Nucifera) Husk
SET A SET B
Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk
SET A1 SET A2 SET B1 SET B2
300 ml of water 300 ml of water 300 ml of water 300 ml of water

½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of 1 tbsp (15 ml) of ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of 1 tbsp (15 ml) of
banana peel banana peel coconut husk coconut husk
Production of the paper
Analysis on the
Properties
Eventual
Outcome
Figure 2 portrays the process of producing alternative paper from

Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk. It
presents the method of collection of the raw materials, process of
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producing paper, analyzing the properties, and the result. Raw

materials such as banana peels and coconut husks may be gathered
from the market or in the household. These are the most important
factors in the study for the reason that without these ingredients,
conducting the experiment would be infeasible. Furthermore, the
quantity of the raw materials used would affect the conclusion. For
instance, an excess amount or simply, disproportionate amounts of
banana peels and coconut husks might be causing the paper to be too
dark, and not fit for utilization as a writing material.
Statement of the Problem
This research aims to test the effectiveness of banana peel and

coconut husk as an alternative raw material when it comes to
papermaking. To begin with, the study here are some of the significant
questions that the researchers needed to answer:
1. How does the quality of paper made from the banana peel in terms
of:
 Surface Texture
 Visibility in Writing
 Grammage
 Folding Endurance
 Biodegradability
 Weight
 Water absorption
 Flammability
2. How does the quality of paper made from coconut husk in terms of:
 Surface Texture
 Visibility in Writing
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 Grammage
 Folding Endurance
 Biodegradability
 Weight
 Water absorption
 Flammability
3. Which ratio of consideration is effective when it comes to paper

making?
Set A
SET A1
• ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of Banana peel
SET A2
• 1 tbsp(15ml) of Banana peel
Set B
SET B1
• ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of Coconut husk
SET B2
• 1 tbsp (15ml) of Coconut husk
4. Is there a significant difference between the paper made from the

banana peel and the paper made from coconut husk?
Null Hypothesis
The goal of this hypothesis is to show whether or not the test is

supported while keeping the researcher's own values and decisions out
of it. It expresses the exact opposite of what a researcher or
experimenter anticipates or predicts. In this research, the following null
hypothesis will serve as a guide on whether or not the banana peel and
coconut husk have the potential to produce paper.
The null hypothesis is the following statement:
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● The presence of raw materials namely: Banana (Musa

Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk has no remarkable
reaction on the quality and durability of the environmentally friendly
and resource-efficient paper.
Hypothesis Testing
In this research, the researchers constructed two (2) main sets

namely SET A and SET B. Set A includes Set A1 and Set A2 in which Set
A1 contains 300 ml of water and ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana peel while
Set A2 contains 300 ml of water and 1 tbsp (15ml) of banana peel. On
the other side of the coin, Set B consists of Set B1 and Set B2. Set B1
contains 300 ml of water and ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of coconut husk.
However, Set B2 contains 300 ml of water and 1 tbsp (15ml) of coconut
husk. The paper produced from banana peel and coconut husk will be
tested in terms of Surface Texture, Visibility in Writing, Grammage,
Folding Endurance, Biodegradability, Weight, Water absorption, and
Flammability.
In terms of visibility, the researchers will use a marker and a ballpen

to examine the writings on the paper made from banana peels and
coconut husk to determine if the images and words written in the
paper are readable and if it would serve its purpose as a good
substitute for commercial paper. As well as the surface texture of the
paper, it will also be examined and evaluated based on categories. For
the visibility of the writing: Illegible, and legible. For the surface
texture: smooth, flaky, and rough. To the folding endurance, we would
calculate the measurement of the paper's durability when folded
repeatedly using the formula of fold endurance. In measuring the
weight of the product, we will be using a balance scale. Similarly on
testing the folding endurance, water absorption, grammage, and
flammability will be calculated based on the factors present on their
formulas. Lastly, the biodegradability testing of the product will be
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conducted through burying the paper in the natural soil or compost soil
and observing the changes on the appearance of the eco-friendly
paper throughout the course of various days.
The result of the findings would decide whether it rejects or

supports the null hypothesis. The presence of raw materials such as
Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk
showed a marked reaction to the quality and durability of
environmental-friendly and resource–great roles. Therefore, we reject
the null hypothesis.
Definitions of Terms
These are the terms that will provide clear interpretation and
insight on the study. For a better understanding, the following terms
are conceptually and operationally defined:
Agricultural Waste – Materials that are unwanted or unmarketable

which are mostly produced from agricultural operations.
Biodegradability- refers to the material’s propensity to decompose

and breakdown after having in contact with biological elements.
Cellulose - a material that is present in the cell walls of plants. It is

utilized to manufacture paper, plastic, and a variety of textiles and
fibers.
Coir - the fibrous material or layer that lies between a coconut's hard
interior shell and its outer coat.
Durability – refers to the ability of a material to withstand wear and

pressure without any unexpected damage or maintenance.
Feasibility Study - determines if a project or initiative is likely to

succeed by analyzing its viability.
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Fibers - a thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used

to make cloth, paper, etc.
Flammability – capability of a material to ignite, combust, burn or

catch fire.
Folding Endurance - measures the toughness or durability of the

material when it is repeatedly folded under steady force or constant
load.
Grammage - the weight of paper expressed as grams per square

meter.
Legibility - the property or quality of being easy to read and

comprehend.
Non-Wood Fibers - nonwoody cellulosic plant materials from which

papermaking fibers can be extracted.
Paper - material manufactured from wood pulp or other fibrous

materials and cut into thin sheets in order to serve as a writing and
drawing material.
Perforated - a cut or hole in a piece of paper that makes it easy to

tear.
Pulp - a clean, wood-based, renewable, and biodegradable raw

material.
Raw Materials - refers to the use of banana peel and coconut husk as
a component for paper making.
Surface Texture - refers to the feel, appearance, or consistency of a

surface of the paper.
Visibility Test- measures how vibrant and visible the images and
words appear when written on the paper.
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Water Absorption - the amount of water absorbed by the wetted

surface of the material.
Weight - refers to the thickness and heaviness of different paper

types.
Significance of the study
The researchers hope that this research would provide numerous

contributions to individuals and the community. This study aims to
produce an efficient, sustainable, and environmentally-friendly paper
from Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera)
Husk. From this, the findings and results of the study will be of great
benefit to the following:
The researchers believe that this experiment will not only yield a
product that will be valuable to the learners, but also to the
educators. The students will be equipped with the knowledge and
strategy of creating an alternative paper that they can use for
educational purposes.
The accomplishment of the study will offer the economy of the

country a tremendous advantage for the fact it will lend a hand in
minimizing the waste and trash in the community, and at the same
time, it would provide a cost-efficient material in which the companies
will definitely save money through changing and enhancing the
product which may be beneficial in mass production in the market.
The future researchers would acquire a head start as their

foundation in conducting an in-depth study regarding the subject
matter. The research would provide critical points, comprehension, and
empirical information about the environmental problem and conflict.
Therefore, it will lead the subsequent researchers to employ crucial
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measures in managing an inclusive, and thorough investigation on

producing ecological-friendly paper.
This research study will be quite beneficial in the Philippine

Paper Industry as it would propound the idea of recycling paper from
agricultural waste: Banana (Musa Acuminata) peel and Coconut (Cocos
Nucifera) husk. Aside from that, it would point out the viability of non-
wood plants as alternative raw materials in papermaking that would
support in diminishing the adverse effect of illegal use of wood, thus, it
would aid some areas to recover and establish a tree plantation.
It would give assistance in the consumption of waste

biomass because practically all industries produce waste and biomass
production would increase manufacturers' sources of income. The
paper industry is in a great position as the waste biomass for the
reason that it is a raw material that is now in great demand and
continues to grow. The increasing demand for waste biomass is putting
a strain on resource availability, which may authenticate the need for
paper recycling.
This study would provide individuals who use Banana (Musa

Acuminata) peels and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) husks in
creating paper and people who are looking for an idea for business
an insight and strong points that would assist them in further
understanding of the process and utilization to make an effective and
high-quality paper product.
Scope and Delimitation
The general intent of this study is to produce and assess the

feasibility of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos
Nucifera) Husk as an Alternative Raw Material for Paper Making. Since
waste paper has become the second most generated waste and the
production of paper causes damage to our environment, researchers
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have come up with the idea of using alternative raw materials such as
banana peels and coconut husks for making paper since these two are
also considered as a waste.
The study is only limited to the use of banana peel and coconut
husk in making the products. There are numerous variables that are
needed in considering the quality of a paper, but only Surface Texture,
Visibility in Writing, Grammage, Folding Endurance, Biodegradability,
Weight, Water absorption, and Flammability are tested in this study.
The evaluation on the quality of the product will be known based on
the process and result of the test conducted.
This chapter discusses and presents the methods and

instruments used in conducting the study. In this section, various
methods were introduced and done by the researchers, accordingly,
starting from the research design down to the samples of the study,
sampling techniques, research instrument, data gathering techniques,
and procedures, data
analysis, and ethical consideration.

Research Design
This study is a quantitative research that used an experimental

and/or correlational design approach to know the feasibility of banana
(Musa acuminata) peels and coconut (Cocos nucifera) husks as
alternative raw materials for paper making. Experimental design was
used for this study where the researchers manipulate the independent
variables to measure their effects on the dependent variables to
ensure that the data are accurate to be able to answer the question of
interest. On the other hand, correlational design was used to measure
and determine significant changes on the paper as alternative raw
materials as this study aims to scrutinize the long-term viability of
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banana peels and coconut husks as a substitute to produce and create

an environmentally friendly paper.
Samples of the study
This study was implemented and conducted during the first

quarter of the school year 2021 in the months of October and
November. This research mainly focused on the feasibility of the
variables: banana peels and coconut husks. In view of the fact that the
study does not use participants, the samples of the study are banana
peels and coconut husks that were obtained and gathered from the
Asuncion Market.
To better analyze the effect of the variables on the outcome, the

researchers have used two (2) set-ups that have been labeled with A
and B. Set A includes Set A1 and Set A2 in which Set A1 contains 300
ml of water and ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana peel while Set A2 contains
300 ml of water and 1 tbsp (15ml) of banana peel. On the other side of
the coin, Set B consists of Set B1 and Set B2. B1 contains 300 ml of
water and ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of coconut husk. However, Set B2 contains
300 ml of water and 1 tbsp (15ml) of coconut husk.
Sampling Techniques
The study requires no participants. Only the researchers have the

authority and control to test, examine, and analyze the variables of the
experiment that will provide them with results. The results of the
experiment will be used to collect data in order to determine the best
ratio for making banana peel and coconut husk paper. For this study,
the researchers conducted an experiment using banana peel and
coconut husk as an alternative raw material for paper making to
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determine if the Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos

Nucifera) Husk show a marked reaction to quality and durability as
environmental-friendly and resource-efficient.
The materials were selected based on the testing that will be

performed. For instance, the samples will be tested in terms of Surface
Texture, Visibility in Writing, Grammage, Folding Endurance,
Biodegradability, Weight, Water absorption, and Flammability in order
to find out the best ratio for producing paper from banana peel and
coconut husk. Therefore, the researchers will need a balance scale,
blender, casserole, scissors, large tupperware, cups, oven, serving
spoon, strainer, mould and deckle. These materials may all be
obtained at home or in the market.
Research Instrument
This research has the objective to determine if there is a

correlation between the quantity of the banana peel and coconut husk
and the quality of the product. Additionally, it seeks to have some
knowledge on the feasibility of performing the study as a way of
producing environmentally friendly paper.
The researchers utilized particular equipment in performing

investigational and experimental testing. To achieve the objective of
the study, the researchers used a balance scale in order to measure
the mass of the ingredients such as banana peel, pulp, and coconut
husk. In addition, a stationary blender was utilized to crush and
emulsify the materials. The casserole and large tupperware were
needed to serve as containers. Scissors for cutting the materials into a
thinner portion.
Cups and serving spoons to measure the accurate amount of
substances that will be needed in carrying out the experiment.
Moreover, the strainer was used to strain and filter the liquids or
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unwanted particles away from the other materials. The oven was
needed for controlling the temperature in drying or testing the papers.
Furthermore, mould and deckle are one of the primary materials
needed in executing the experiment. It is a frame-covered tool used to
form and create straight edges on the paper sheet. Lastly, the visibility
of the writing will be observed if the writing is legible, or not. On the
other side of the coin, the surface texture of the paper will be analyzed
and evaluated based on categories: too rough, smooth. The following
figure shows the tables that will be used to evaluate the visibility of the
writing and the surface texture. These will also serve as tools for
accumulating data.
Visibility of the writing

Samples Illegible Legible
Set A1
300 ml of water and ½
tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana
peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp
(15ml) of banana peel
Set B1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of coconut
husk
Set B2
(15ml) of coconut husk.
Figure 1: Visibility of the writing
Surface Texture
Samples Rough Flaky Smooth
Set A1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
banana peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and
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1tbsp (15ml) of
banana peel
Set B1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
coconut husk
Set B2
300 ml of water and
1tbsp (15ml) of
coconut husk.
Figure 2: Surface Texture
Data Gathering and Procedures
This study was mainly focused on the production of paper using

alternative raw materials such as banana peel and coconut husk.
Hence, to attain this, a series of experiments and testing were
conducted.
Researchers began to gather ingredients needed for making the

products. We got 18 pieces of banana peel at the Angel Banana Dealer,
then we put it in a small tupperware. Next, we got over 20 pieces of
coconut skin at Jamie and Neneng’s store and put them in a small
tupperware. In making the product, the researchers will be guided by
the following procedures:
1. Shredding of waste paper
1.1 Tear the waste paper into small pieces
1.2 Put it in the large tupperware with half of the water
1.3 Soak it for 5 minutes
1.4 Remove the water and set it aside
2. Cutting banana peels and coconut husks
2.1 Cut the banana peels into cube size
2.2 Put it in the small tupperware and set aside
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2.3 Cut the coconut husks into small pieces
2.4 Put it in the small tupperware and set aside
3. Making the products
l. Set A
Set A1
1. Put the waste paper in the blender
2. Add 200ml of water and blend it a little
3. Put ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana peel
4. Add 100ml of water, blend, and then set aside
Set A2
3. Put 1 tbsp (15ml) of banana peel
ll. Set B
Set B1
3. Put ½ tbsp of coconut husks
Set B2
21
3. Put 1 tbsp of coconut husks
4. Making the paper
4.1 Filter the mixture using a strainer
4.2 Place it in a large tupperware with half of the water
4.3 Use the mould and deckle
4.4 Absorb the remaining water using a sponge
4.5 Move it in a clean cloth
5. Drying the paper

5.1 Let it dry under the heat of the sun for three days
The banana peel and coconut husks were obtained at the local
traditional market. Then, these will be washed with clean water before
being shredded to small pieces in a mixing blender. The researchers
construct two (2) set-ups that have been labeled with A and B. Set A
includes Set A1 and Set A2 in which Set A1 contains 300 ml of water
and ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana peel while Set A2 contains 300 ml of
water and 1 tbsp (15ml) of banana peel.
On the other side of the coin, Set B consists of Set B1 and Set B2.
B1 contains 300 ml of water and ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) of coconut husk.
However, Set B2 contains 300 ml of water and 1 tbsp (15ml) of coconut
husk.
The following diagrams represent the set-ups constructed by the

researchers in order to produce an environmentally friendly paper.
Similarly, the set-ups serve as instruments in order for the researchers
to conduct a series of analyses, and trials on its characterization.
22
Set-ups of the experiment:
Set A1: Set A2:

300 ml of water and ½ 300 ml of water and 1tbsp
tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana (15ml) of banana peel
peel
Set B1: Set B2:

300 ml of water and ½ 300 ml of water and 1tbsp
tbsp (7.4 ml) of coconut (15ml) of coconut husk.
husk
Data Analysis
In order to test the properties of the samples, the researchers

used parameters in testing the surface texture, visibility in writing,
grammage, folding endurance, biodegradability, weight, water
absorption, and flammability. For the purpose of answering the
questions, the researchers conducted several experimental testing.
23

Samples Illegible Legible
Set A1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of banana
peel
Set A2
(15ml) of banana peel
Set B1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of coconut
husk
Set B2
(15ml) of coconut husk.
Figure 1: Visibility of the writing
Surface Texture
Samples Rough Flaky Smooth
Set A1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
banana peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and
1tbsp (15ml) of
banana peel
Set B1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
coconut husk
Set B2
300 ml of water and
1tbsp (15ml) of
coconut husk.
Figure 2: Surface Texture
24
Grammage
It refers to the basis weight of the paper sheet. It is defined as

the weight per unit are of the sample. Grammage is generally
expressed as g/m2.
Formula:
Grammage (g/m2) = (W x 10 000)

L x Swd x Ns
where:
w= weight in kilogram (kg)
L= length of the sheet in meter (m)
Swd = width of the sheet in meter (m)
Ns = number of sheets
Folding Endurance
The folding endurance of a paper sheet measures the resistance

of the sample to the application of pressure in the form of multiple and
repeated folds before tearing. This type of test determines the
properties of the paper when it is subjected to consecutive folding and
bending.
Formula:
F = log10d
Where:
F= Folding endurance
d= number of folds
Weight
25
Balance scale will be used in getting the mass of the paper

sheet. It is expressed in grams (g).
Samples Weight
Set A1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
banana peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and
1tbsp (15ml) of
banana peel
Set B1
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
coconut husk
Set B2
300 ml of water and
1tbsp (15ml) of
coconut husk.
Figure 3: weight
Biodegradability Test
Conducting the biodegradability behavior test is a tool to

determine the biodegradability of paper made from banana peel and
coconut husk using soil. In addition to that, the samples with the size
of 10cm by 10cm were buried for several days in natural soil and
compost soil. And will be observed every day in order to document the
changes in the appearance until it will be completely decomposed.
Water Absorption
This test was conducted to determine the water absorption

behavior of the paper. The water absorption will be investigated by
cutting a piece of paper with a size of approximately 10 cm x10 cm
and then weigh the mass. An oven was turned on and set at 80˚C.
Once the oven reached the required temperature, the samples were
placed in the oven with a temperature of 40-50 °C. After 5-6 hours, the
26
papers were put into a tray immersed in distilled water for 24 hours.
Within 5 days interval, each sample was weighted, and data was
recorded. The following equation was used to calculate water
absorption:
Formula:
Water Absorption (%) = (Wt -Wo)

X 100
Wo
Where:
Wt (g) = weight of paper sheet at the time being
Wo (g) = initial weight of paper sheet before being immersed in

distilled water.
Flammability Test
In order to examine the flammability of the product, each sample
was cut with the same dimension of 100mm x 100 mm or 10 cm x 10
cm. Then, they were burnt, and the researchers recorded the burning
time.
Testing Parameters
Folding Water
Samples Grammag Biodegradabil Weig Flammabil
Enduran Absorpti
e ity ht ity
ce on
Set A1
300 ml of
water and
½ tbsp
(7.4 ml) of
banana
peel
Set A2
300 ml of
27
water and
1tbsp
(15ml) of
banana
peel
Set B1
300 ml of
water and
½ tbsp
(7.4 ml) of
coconut
husk
Set B2
300 ml of
water and
1tbsp
(15ml) of
coconut
husk.
Figure 4: Testing Parameters
The result from the test experiments will serve as the support of
the researchers from the product they made to find out if the amount
of the materials play a vital role in formulating an effective product. As
specified in the process of the experiment, the researchers argue that
in order to establish precise outcomes, it is significant to consider the
proportion of the various substances and materials in order to arrive at
the expected outcome.
Ethical Considerations
The researchers must foresee and address ethical difficulties and
dilemmas that may occur and arise during their studies while
conceptualizing the proposal writing process. (Hesse-Bieber & Leavey,
28
2006). Researchers’ safety is the primary aspect to be considered

before conducting an experiment. The whole procedure of the
experiment was done carefully and safely indoors. In conducting this
study, the researchers did not use human or animal testing so there
were no animals or humans harmed. The researchers do not duplicate
data, information, and publications. Furthermore, falsifying
conclusions, findings, information, and evidence that may harm other
individuals and animals was avoided. In citing various studies, the
researchers also stated who owns certain data. Moreover, the
researchers wear safety equipment then accurately follow the
procedures and perform the experiment. After the experiment, the
researcher labeled the trial samples and kept them in a place where it
is out of reach of the children.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter converse about the findings, information, and data
obtained from the experiment. Subsequent to a series of thorough
observation and trials conducted on the eco-friendly paper produced
from Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera)
Husk gathered from the local markets, the researchers had evaluate a
string of analyses and test runs.
From the numerous examinations conducted on its characteristics
such as visibility in writing, surface texture, grammage, folding
endurance, biodegradability, weight, water absorption, and
flammability, the researchers eventually come up with the factual
results.
Result
The researchers constructed four (4) set-ups using Banana (Musa

Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Husk as the raw
materials, which is shown on the diagram below.
Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos

Nucifera) Husk
29
Set A1 Set A1 Set A1 Set A1

300 ml of water 300 ml of water 300 ml of water 300 ml of water
½ tbsp (7.4 ml) ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) ½ tbsp (7.4 ml) ½ tbsp (7.4 ml)
of banana peel of banana peel of banana peel of banana peel
Figure 5: Sets of the experiment

Research Question No. 1: How does the quality of paper made from
the banana peel in terms of:
1.1 Visibility of the writing
Samples Illegibl Legibl

e e
Set A1
✓
tbsp 7.4 ml of banana
peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and ✓
1tbsp 15ml of banana
peel
Figure 6: Visibility of the writing on paper made from banana
peel
Figure 6 reflects the visibility of the writing on the paper

produced from the banana (Musa acuminata) peel. The researchers
used pencil, ballpen, and markers to write on the paper in order to test
the visibility of the writings.
As specified on the table presented above, Set A1 which contains
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp or 7.4ml of banana peel produced an eco-
friendly paper in which the handwritings were readable. Similarly, the
handwritings on the Set A2 which contains 300ml of water and 1 tbsp
or 15ml of banana peel are also clear enough to read. From this, the
30
paper sheet from the set A1 and set A2 may serve their purpose as a
writing material in terms of the visibility of the writing on it.
1.2 Surface Texture
Surface
Texture
Samples Rough Flak Smooth

y
Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ ✓
tbsp (7.4 ml) of
banana
peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and ✓
1tbsp (15ml) of
banana peel
Figure 7: Surface Texture of the papers made from banana peel
Figure 7 demonstrates the observation of the researchers in
identifying the surface texture of the paper produced from the banana
peel.
Based on the figure 7, the banana peels were both used in Set A1
and Set A2 but differ in quantity. Set A1 and Set A2 got dissimilar result
on the surface texture. The surface texture of the paper produced from
Set A1 has a flaky surface texture. On the other side of the coin, the
paper produced from Set A2 has a rough surface texture.
1.3 Grammage
Samples Grammage
Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp 80 g/m2
or
7.4 ml of banana peel
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp or 106.67 g/m2
31
15 ml of banana peel
Figure 8: Grammage of the paper made from banana peel
Set A1
Grammage (g/m2) = (3 grams x 10 000)

25 cm x 15cm x 1
= (30 000)
375
= 80 g/m2
Set A2
Grammage (g/m2) = (4 grams x 10 000)

25 cm x 15cm x 1
= (40 000)
375
= 106.67 g/m2
Figure 8 shows the grammage of the paper produced from
banana (Musa Acuminata) peel. As stated on the table, Set A1 contains
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp or 7.4ml of banana peel. In contrary, Set
A2 is consist of
300 ml of water and 1tbsp o r ( 15ml) of banana peel.
In order to compute the firmness of the paper, the researchers
used the formula of grammage which is:
Grammage (g/m2) = (W x 10 000)
L x Swd x Ns
where: “w” refers to the weight in kilogram (kg), “L” make reference to
the length of the sheet in meter (m),”Swd” represents the width of the
sheet in meter (m) and “Ns” refers to the number of sheets.
Set A1 which contains 300 ml of water and ½ tbsp or 7.4ml of

banana peel has a grammage of 80 g/m2. On the other hand, the set A2
32
which contains 300ml of water and 1 tbsp or 15ml of banana peel has
a grammage of 106.67 g/m2.
1.4 Folding Endurance
Samples Folding Endurance

Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp 0.903089986991
or
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp or 0.778151250383
15ml of banana peel
Figure 9: Folding Endurance of the paper made from banana peel
Set A1
Folding Endurance (F) = log10(8)

= 0.903089986991
Set A2
Folding Endurance (F) = log10(6)

= 0.778151250383
In the diagram presented above, the results in terms of the

folding endurance of the paper produced from Set A1 and A2 can be
reflected.
To be able to find out the durability of the paper, the researchers
used the formula of folding endurance which is:
Folding Endurance (F) = log10d
In this equation, “F” make reference to the folding endurance

and “d” refers to the number of folds applied in the product.
33
In set A1, the paper has a folding endurance which equals to

0.903089986991 or simply 0.90. On the other side of the coin, the set
A2 has a folding endurance of 0.778151250383 or simply 0.78. It is
apparent that set A2 has a lower folding endurance compared to the set A1.
1.5 Biodegradability
Samples Biodegradability
Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp 5 days
or
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp o 4 days
r
Figure 10: Biodegradability of the paper made from banana peel
The diagram presented above shows how long does it take for a
specific type of paper to decompose in a natural soil. The researchers
observed the changes in the appearance of the paper over a period of
several days.
As stated in the figure 10, the paper produced from Set A1 which
contains 300 ml of water and ½ tbsp or 7.4 ml of banana peel is able to
be totally decomposed within five (5) days of being buried in
natural soil. On the flip side, the paper produced from the Set A2
which has 300 ml of water and 1 tbsp or 15 ml of banana peel had
been decomposed for four (4) days. In concordance with the figure
shown above, the paper sheet from the set A1 takes longer to
decompose or degrade than the paper sheet from set A2.
1.6 Weight
34
Samples Weight
Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp 3 grams
or
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp o 4 grams
r
Figure 11: Weight of the paper made from banana peel
The data indicated in the figure 11 shows the result in terms of
the weight of the paper sheets created from the set A1 and set A2. The
researchers used a balance scale in order to determine the weight of
the paper sheets.
With 300 ml of water and ½ tbsp or 7.4 ml of banana peel, the
paper sheet from the set A1 has a weight of 3 grams while in the
set A2, the paper sheet has a weight that equals to 4 grams. From
this, As it has been pointed out, the paper sheet produced from the
setA1 is lighter than the paper sheet from set A2.
1.7 Water Absorption
Samples Water Absorption

Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp 88.99666667%
or
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp o 77.184525 %
r
Figure 12: Water Absorption of the paper made from banana peel
Set A1
X 100
35
Water Absorption (%) = (5.6699 grams - 3 grams)

3 grams
= (2.6699 grams)
X 100
3 grams
= 88.99666667%
Set A2
Water Absorption (%) = (7.087381 grams - 4 grams)

X 100
4 grams
= (3.087381 grams)
X 100
4 grams
= 77.184525 %
With the intention of determining the amount moisture a

particular type of paper is expected to absorb over time, the
research used the formula of water absorption which is:
Water Absorption (%) = (Wt -Wo)
W X 100 o
Figure 12 shows the outcome obtained by the researchers using the

formula of water absorption. As stated in the diagram above, the set A1
has a water absorption of 88.99666667% or simply 89 %. It indicated that
the set A2 has a water absorption that equals to 77.14525% or simply
77.15% . It implied that the set A2 has a lower water absorption than the
set A1.
1.8 Flammability
Samples Flammability
Set A1
300 ml of water and ½ tbsp 0.903089986991
or
36
Set A2
300 ml of water and 1tbsp o r 0.778151250383
Figure 11: Flammability of the paper made from banana peel
37
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APPENDICES
44

Feasibility Study of Banana Peels and Coconut Husks As An Alternative Raw Materials For Paper Making

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Feasibility Study of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and Coconut (Cocos

Nucifera) Husk as an Alternative Raw Material for Paper

Division of City Schools

Feasibility Study of Banana (Musa Acuminata) Peel and

A Research Paper presented to

Marjie Corpuz Magallon

Ashanti Mary Noelle Beltran Medina

Rachelle Ann Ubat Ortega

Academic: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Ariel R. Rogon, Research Adviser

Division of City Schools

Background of the Study

Paper is traditionally created from wood, which is reliant on forest

The pulp and paper market is a diverse and highly

The current socio-economic conditions, as well as the expansion

In spite of the Philippines' small per capita consumption of 19 kg

illegal logging, which has terrible ecological consequences. With the

According to studies, the cost of producing paper from non-wood

Musa Paradisiaca, Musa sapientum, Musa Cavendishii, and Musa

plant may yield fibers of varying strength, color, appearance, and

made from the husks of fully ripened coconuts. Its processing

Raw materials which can be used to replace wood as the

these materials to be used as a low-cost production of paper. Thus, this

Theoretical / Conceptual Framework

In order to reduce damages caused by cutting trees as a way of

Processing of the raw materials and analysis of its

Processing and Testing

Numerous studies on the production of paper have been conducted

Texture, Visibility in Writing, Grammage, Folding Endurance,

The Production Process of the environmental-friendly

SET A1 SET A2 SET B1 SET B2

300 ml of water 300 ml of water 300 ml of water 300 ml of water

Production of the paper

Figure 2 portrays the process of producing alternative paper from

producing paper, analyzing the properties, and the result. Raw

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to test the effectiveness of banana peel and

3. Which ratio of consideration is effective when it comes to paper

4. Is there a significant difference between the paper made from the

The goal of this hypothesis is to show whether or not the test is

The null hypothesis is the following statement:

● The presence of raw materials namely: Banana (Musa

In this research, the researchers constructed two (2) main sets

In terms of visibility, the researchers will use a marker and a ballpen

The result of the findings would decide whether it rejects or

Agricultural Waste – Materials that are unwanted or unmarketable

Biodegradability- refers to the material’s propensity to decompose

Cellulose - a material that is present in the cell walls of plants. It is

Durability – refers to the ability of a material to withstand wear and

Feasibility Study - determines if a project or initiative is likely to

Fibers - a thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used

Flammability – capability of a material to ignite, combust, burn or

Folding Endurance - measures the toughness or durability of the

Grammage - the weight of paper expressed as grams per square

Legibility - the property or quality of being easy to read and

Non-Wood Fibers - nonwoody cellulosic plant materials from which

Paper - material manufactured from wood pulp or other fibrous

Perforated - a cut or hole in a piece of paper that makes it easy to

Pulp - a clean, wood-based, renewable, and biodegradable raw

Surface Texture - refers to the feel, appearance, or consistency of a

Water Absorption - the amount of water absorbed by the wetted

Weight - refers to the thickness and heaviness of different paper

Significance of the study