THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORN HUSK (Z.

Mays) AS AN ALTERNATIVE RAW

MATERIAL IN MAKING PAPER BAG: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

____________________

A Quantitative and Capstone Research Presented to

the Faculty of Senior High School (SHS) Unit
Ateneo de Davao University
Davao City

____________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Grade 12

STEM-Pre-Science- Applied Inquiry, Practical
Research 2 and Capstone

ANGELLIE MAE B. PLACIDO

JOHANNA GABRIELLE T. AFABLE
ISIAH JOHN N. PALANGPANG
NINA VALERIE L. DELA PEÑA
SIENNA LEIAN Q. DUBAL
CHERRY MAE L. SISON
KEITH MARIE B. YEE

Grade 12- Blessed Pedro de Fontoura

March 2019
 ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Jacinto St., Davao City, Philippines

APPROVAL SHEET

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2,

Applied Inquiries and Investigation, and Capstone under STEM Strand this study is
entitled:

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORN HUSK (Z. Mays) AS AN ALTERNATIVE

RAW MATERIAL IN MAKING PAPER BAG: AN
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Has been prepared and submitted by Angellie Mae B. Placido, Keith Marie
B. Yee, Johanna Gabrielle T. Afable, Isiah John N. Palangpang, Nina Valerie
L. Dela Peña, Sienna Leian Q. Dubal, and Cherry Mae L. Sison who are
recommended for the CULMINATING PERFORMANCE TASK.

Reymark A. Placambo, LPT Jose Marie Ocdenaria, LPT

Research Adviser Research Adviser

APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical

Research 2 and Applied Inquiries and Investigation, under STEM, by the Office of the
Chairperson.

_________________________________________
Engr. Ottoman Montani, Jr.
Chairperson – STEM

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical

Research 2, Applied Inquiries and Investigations and Capstone.

February 14, 2019 __________________________

Date Mrs. Aujefel Amor Y. Lee

ii
 Assistant Director for Academics
Senior High School Unit
Republic of the Philippines
Ateneo De Davao University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Jacinto St., Davao City 8000

Declaration of Originality

We, ANGELLIE MAE B. PLACIDO, KEITH MARIE B. YEE, JOHANNA

GABRIELLE T. AFABLE, ISIAH JOHN N. PALANGPANG, NINA VALERIE L.
DELA PEÑA, SIENNA LEIAN Q. DUBAL, and CHERRY MAE L. SISON, declare
that this research is original to the best of our knowledge. We declare further that
this activity was undertaken by us.

ANGELLIE MAE B. PLACIDO, et al.

Researchers

February 14, 2019

Date Signed

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

“In God We Trust.”

First and foremost, the researchers unconditionally and highly thank our

Almighty God for guiding and giving the researchers enough strength, wisdom and

patience to conduct the study successfully.

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to Mr. Ricardo

P. Enriquez, the Ateneo de Davao Senior High School director, for giving the

researchers the opportunity and blessing to conduct the study as a part of shaping

their abilities for them to be equipped for future endeavors.

The researchers are deeply thankful to Mrs. Aujefel Amor Y. Lee, the

Assistant Director for Academics, for giving us permission to conduct this research

within the institution.

Moreover, the study would not have been possible without the help of the

research advisers, who were always there to guide and give the researchers

intellectual comments and pieces of advice that were essential in making the study

successful.

Last but not the least, the researchers would also like to extend their heart-

felt thanks to their parents for the financial, moral and emotional support and their

unconditional faith they provided all throughout the study.

Placido, A.M.
Afable, J.G.
Palangpang I.J.
Dela Peña, N.V.
Dubal, S.L.
Sison, C.M.
Yee, K.M.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This quantitative experimental study was conducted to measure if there was a significant

difference between the durability of a paper bag made from corn husk and a commercial

SOS brown paper bag in terms of weight capacity. The experiment was conducted in the

Physics lab of Ateneo de Davao University. Using an electronic scale and weights

weighing 500 grams, the corn husk paper bag and the SOS brown paper bag were tested,

each with 3 trials. On each trial, the researchers added one weight until the paper bag

was torn. The independent t-test was the statistical tool used to obtain the results. The

results showed that the corn husk paper bag has a higher weight capacity than SOS

brown paper bag. This study is deemed significant to the institution of Ateneo de Davao

University and the data gathered was based on the findings which were obtained from

the experimentation conducted in the said institution.

Keywords: Corn Husk, SOS brown paper bag, Paper bag, Paper, Quantitative

Experimental, Ateneo de Davao University

v
 Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study 1

Conceptual Framework 4

Statement of the Problem 5

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and Delimitation 6

Definition of Terms 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Paper 9

Non-wood Cellulosic Fibers 13

Corn Husk 15

Paper Bag 19

3 METHODOLOGY

vi
 Research Design 21

Research Locale 22

Subject of the Study 26

Materials 26

Experimental Procedure 27

Plan for Data Analysis 29

Ethical Considerations 29

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings 38

Conclusions 39

Recommendations 39

REFERENCES 41

APPENDIX

A. Letter

B. PHOTOS IN DATA COLLECTION 46

CURRICULUM VITAE 52

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 The Durability of the Paper Bag Made of Corn Husk in 32

Terms of Its Weight Capacity

2 The Durability of the Commercial Paper in Terms of Its 34

Weight Capacity

3 Difference in the Durability of Corn Husk and 36

Commercial SOS Brown Paper Bag in Terms of Weight

Capacity

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study 4

2 Map of the Research Locale 23

3 Map of the Research Locale 25

ix
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

The increasing demand, rapid urbanization, and industrialization

contributed to the generation of paper waste in huge quantities from day to day. A

number of paper wastes were generated daily through human activities in relation

to the progress of civilization. During the present electronic age, individuals began

to think about going paperless. Be that as it may, there is as yet far to go before

losing the reliance on paper. From daily papers to paper wrappings, paper was all

over and the vast majority of them were winding up in the landfills making a

staggering amount of paper waste. As the way as it has been, wood has

traditionally been the most widely used lignocellulosic matter in the production of

pulp, furniture, and boards of diverse types, as well as being a source of energy.

The increasing demand for these raw materials, together with economic and

environmental factors, made it necessary to research alternative sources of

lignocellulosic matter (Majid et al., 2011).

According to figures for 2015 (Solisco, 2017), global paper consumption

had reached 398 million tons per year. Comparatively, as the global demand for

paper and cardboard increased by an average of 2.2%. Correspondingly, paper

consumption had increased by about 400 percent in the past forty years (Martin,

2011). With current technology, paper has become a cheap commodity. Its

disposability has contributed to a high level of consumption and wastage. As it

shows that nearly four billion trees worldwide were cut down each year for paper,
representing about 35% of all harvested trees.
The paper industry within the Philippines plays a crucial role in the industrial

enterprise program of the country, adding to the development of the economy and

providing employment opportunities to thousands of employees. Unfortunately, it

also conjointly contributed to the waste generation in the country. According to the

Asian Development Bank (2004), waste paper was the second most produced

solid waste in the Philippines, contributing nineteen percent of the total municipal

solid waste production. It has been ranked to be the second most produced solid

waste, waste paper contributes to 19% of the total municipal solid waste in the

Philippines. The paper industry in spite of the generation of high amount of waste

was still considered as a large net importer of waste paper products as its primary

raw material.

In the local context, about 35% of the country’s forest cover – that is

6,066,160 hectares – were found in Mindanao, which was the second largest

island in the Philippines (Tacio, 2018). The City Council of Davao City cut down

on its use of paper during its regular sessions, as stated by the third district

Councilor Bernard Al-ag (Vega, 2017). According to Vega, Councilor Bernard Alag

stated that the cutting down on paper served as a preparation for the next year

wherein the council will no longer be using paper for their sessions. On the other

hand, white corn and yellow corn production in Davao Region increased by

15.61% and 24.22%, respectively, as of the 3rd quarter of 2017 (Arado, 2018).

As paper tree production continued, the researchers have gained

inspiration from it. In order to help conserve nature, alternative source of making

2
a paper instead of trees should be used. The researchers of the study aimed to

examine the potential of Corn husk (Z. Mays) as an alternative source of paper

and control the ecological threat on trees. Through the use of corn husk as an

alternative source of making a paper, the researchers’ aimed to contribute to the

utilization of waste corn husk that gradually reduced the amount of solid waste in

the country and at the same time lead in a major breakthrough in our economic

growth through the paper manufacturers. As concerns on increasing wood

consumption and raw-material availability have increased for the paper industry, it

resulted in a renewed attention on the benefits inherent in several non-wood fiber

plants, with annual or biannual harvests (Gominho, 2001). Several agricultural

food crop residues including rice husk, corn straw, okra stalks, corn stalk, banana

bunch, pineapple leaf and corn husks which do not have immediate beneficial

applications in many communities have been proposed to be potential sources of

pulp (Kamoga, 2013). Among these agricultural residues, corn husks have been

the subject of a very limited amount of research interest as a fiber source. Statistics

have shown that in the year 2016, the corn production in the Philippines amounted

to approximately 7.22 million metric tons as opposed to 6.97 million metric tons in

2011 which corresponded that more corn husk waste were generated. Through

this, corn husks were chosen as it may be reused in producing paper in a cheap

and environmentally friendly way.

3
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the experiment wherein paper

bag was made from corn husk through pulp making process having water as the

positive control and the sodium carbonate as the negative control. Quantitative

analysis was taken through assessment of the quality of the paper bag by weight

capacity test.

Positive Control:
Corn husk paper Pulp
Water
bag making
process
Negative Control:
Sodium Carbonate

Experimentation

Quality of Paper Bag in

terms of Weight
Capacity

Quantitative Analysis

Figure 1. The effects of the corn husk fiber to the quality of corn husk paper bag
as compared to the quality of SOS brown paper bag.

4
Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study was to determine whether the corn husk

can be an alternative component in making paper bag.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the durability of the corn husk paper bag in terms its weight

capacity?

2. What is the durability of the commercial SOS brown paper bag in terms of

its weight capacity?

3. Is there a significant difference between the weight capacity of the corn

husk paper bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag?

Research Hypothesis

H₀: There was no significant difference between the weight capacity of the

corn husk paper bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag.

Significance of the Study

Paper is a material that is used pervasively for printing, writing, books, and

advertisements. Over 40% of the world's cut timber is used for paper production,

and it requires millions of trees to be cut down and uses a lot of water. In that case,

corn husk can stand to be potential sources for pulp with lesser environmental

degradation threat than wood which is traditionally the most widely used ligno-

cellulosic material in the production that can be reused in producing paper in a

5
cheap and environmentally friendly way. In line with the study may help the

following:

Farmers. This study will be to the farmers as this may serve as a new income

source. Since the corn husk is already available in the farm, farmers may make a

paper bag out of the fibers of this corn husk and may sell it to the market.

Environment. This will be beneficial to the environment for it may be used as an

alternative material for making paper bags instead of trees. Thus, it may lessen

the utilization of trees which may lead to ecological balance.

Future researchers. This research will serve as a reference to future researchers

who will be conducting similar studies. The ideas presented would give them

background knowledge or an overview of the study.

Scope and Delimitation

The goal of this study was to create corn husk paper bags and compare its

weight capacity to the commercial SOS brown paper bag. The study was

conducted in the second semester of the school year 2018-2019. The raw material

used was native corn (Zea mays). The researchers gathered information by

conducting various tests to compare the aforementioned properties of the paper

bags. The processes for creating the corn husk paper bag and comparison

between the commercial and corn husk paper bag were done within Davao City,

specifically 72 MacArthur Highway GSIS Heights Matina, Davao City and in

Ateneo de Davao University in Jacinto.

This study was only limited to the use of corn Z. mays in the city of Davao.

Also, the experimentation conducted in this study were limited to simple

6
techniques and did not involve advanced machinery in both creating the desired

material and in comparing it with the commercialized paper bag. In addition, the

study was only limited to measuring and comparing the weight capacity of the corn

husk paper bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag and did not dwell on

other properties and considerations such as paper combustibility, amount of paper

bags created, cost efficiency, and many others. Furthermore, the study did not

take into consideration other factors concerning the production of the raw materials

used in creating the paper such as the growing environment of the corn, the overall

quality of corn husks, and the like.

Definition of Terms

These terms were commonly used in this study and the researchers have

given definitions which were easier to comprehend for a better understanding of

this study.

Commercialized. To make commercial in character, method, or in spirit; to

offer for sale, making it available as a commodity.

Corn Husk. Outer covering of an ear of corn; commonly used to encase

foods to be steamed or baked; Corn husk fibers have a high cellulose content of

80%-87%.

Fiber. A thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral

substance, or textile is created. This cannot be digested by humans.

Native Corn. Also known by the scientific name Zea mays. Considered as

the second most important crop after rice in the Philippines; could either be white

or yellow.

7
 Paper. Material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other

fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping

material.

Paper Bag. Preformed container made of paper, usually with an opening

on one side. They are renewable, recyclable, reusable and compostable because

they are commonly made from renewable resources such as trees; ideal

containers to use for composting residential yard and food waste.

Self-Opening Square (SOS). Square-bottomed paper bag for easy fillings.

This is commonly used for products with uneven or irregular shapes.

Weight Capacity. An amount that something can hold; maximum load that

an item can lift in a particular configuration or application. Also known as the

Working Load Limit.

8
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presented the synthesis of studies and pieces of literature

related to concepts and variables related on the use of corn husk fibers as an

alternative paper bag such as papers, non-wood cellulosic fibers, corn husk, and

paper bag.

Papers

Paper is a material that has been around for about 2000 years. It was

developed in China in the first or second century AD, and it is made by pressing

the fibers of cellulose derived from plants and then dried to result in sheets. Today,

there was an increase of demand for papers around the world that was used for

developing into various materials such as money, toilet tissues, paper bags, and

many more (Paper Recycles, 2018).

Koppelaar (2009) stated that paper could consist of non-wood fibers as well

as wood fibers that undergoes pulp making or the papermaking process. Non-

wood fibers originated from natural sources such as food crop residues and cotton.

On the other hand, wood fibers came from trees and was mostly used in today's

paper products.

Nevertheless, papers, in general were used in a wide variety of forms and

were characterized by a wide range of properties. According to Britt (2012), the

different forms of papers or the different paper grades include bond paper, book
paper, bristol, groundwood, and newsprint papers, kraft wrapping, paperboards,

and sanitary papers. The durability distinguished bond paper for repeated handling

and filing, a degree of stiffness, and the resistance to the penetration and

spreading of ink. On the other side, book papers are made of various combinations

of chemical pulp and also have various properties depending on the type of book

to be made. Moreover, the general term of bristol refers to a group of stiff, heavy

papers with thicknesses ranging from 0.15 millimeter and upward. Groundwood

and newsprints, on the other hand, are printing and converting grades containing

varying amounts of groundwood pulp with small percentages of chemical wood

pulp for strength and durability and tend to be bulky and are receptive to printing

ink. These papers do not have high whiteness and tend to turn yellow when

exposed to light and after long aging. For the kraft wrapping papers, these pertain

to the heavy stock used for paper bags and was in greater volume than all other

wrapping papers combined. It is composed of wood pulp in unbleached condition

made from softwoods, usually pine trees. Moreover, the process for manufacturing

kraft paper involved the exposure of wood chips to intense heat, which breaks

them down into solid pulp and byproducts. This pulping process made kraft paper

particularly strong and ideal for carrying heavy loads due to its reduced lignin

content and high sulfur ratio. On the other hand, paperboards are paper products

which have thicknesses of 0.30 millimeters and above and commonly made from

wood pulp. Lastly are the sanitary papers which are relatively weak because of its

soft and bulky textures.

10
 Furthermore, Britt (2012) also explained the properties of papers such as

the substance and quantity measurement, strength and durability, and optical

properties. The substance and quantity measurement referred to the basis weight

and the caliper or thickness of the paper. Moreover, strength and durability of the

paper was determined through the combination of the factors such as the strength

of the individual fibers of the stock, the average length of the fiber, the inter fiber

bonding ability of the fiber which was enhanced by the beating and refining action,

and the structure and formation of the sheet. Lastly, the optical properties of the

paper which include its brightness, color, opacity, and gloss.

On that premise, there were strength tests available in determining the

capacity of the paper such as the tensile strength, bursting strength, tearing

resistance, and folding endurance. Tensile strength dealt with the stress-strain of

the paper. As stress was further increased, the point of failure was reached, and

the paper strip ruptured. This maximum value of the stress at failure if the tensile

breaking strength of the paper. In the bursting strength, the stretch was the limiting

factor because as the paper bulges, it was strained equally in both directions until

it reached its strength limit. However, tensile breaking strength and bursting

strength exhibit good correlation. Regarding the tearing resistance of the paper, it

is a measure of the force perpendicular to the plane of the paper necessary to tear

a single sheet through a specified distance after the tear has already been started.

With the folding endurance, it was a test used to measure the ability of a paper to

maintain its strength after repeated folding (Caulfield & Gunderson, 2000).

11
 Also, Shen (2002) revealed that the rupture capacity of the paper was not

controlled by the mean strength but by the minimum strength regions in the sheet.

These minimum strength regions can be described by the mesostructure of the

paper. Mesostructure refers to the non-uniform distribution of fibers during the

process of papermaking thus, affecting the overall strength and opacity of the

paper. Therefore, the mechanical and strength properties of paper reflect the

intrinsic chemistry, morphology, and structure of the individual fibers, as well as

the network structure of the paper predicting strength, printability, and appearance

of paper on this scale critical.

With that said, a study of Kang et al. (2006) presented that using an ultra-

fine friction grinder, it was attainable to strengthen mostly the external fibrillation

while maintaining the internal fibrillation of the paper. This then made it feasible to

investigate the effects of the external fibrillation on the strength of the paper.

However, the sheet identity was highly reliant on the internal fibrillation, by mostly

utilizing the external fibrillation, sheet density could also significantly increase. Be

that as it may, this study also revealed that the breaking length of the paper was

highly reliant on the internal fibrillation of the fibers and the amount of fines added

to the furnish, but there was no significant effect seen on external fibrillation even

though the sheet density increased. Moreover, the external fibrillation was closely

related to the formation of fines and the external fibrils which were attached to the

fiber is expected to have a similar role as the fines in a fiber network which

improved the certain strength properties of the paper.

12
Non-wood Cellulosic Fibers

The increasing demand for wood fiber consumptions especially in pulp and

paper making has pushed forward the search for alternative fiber resources. Non-

wood cellulosic fibers such as agricultural residues were good candidates because

of its abundance and availability (Aripin & Zainulabidin, 2015).

Moreover, there were factors concerning the increased use of currently

available non-wood fibers in paper-making. In the environmental aspect, there was

a growing interest in making a “tree-free” papers that resulted to an increase in

paper production from non-wood fibers. Additionally, there was pending

environmental legislation imposing new regulations on the disposal of agricultural

waste fibers. Some of the regions that showed the greatest change in the volume

of non-woods used in the paper-making process were the Asia and the Pacific

(Adriaanse & Morsink, 2007).

In view of this, an article from a journal, Effect of microfibrillated cellulose

and fines on the drainage of kraft pulp suspension and paper strength by Taipale

et al. (2010) explained that the diverse types of microfibrillated cellulose or MFC

and fines suspensions were created, distinguished, and then added to a

papermaking pulp suspension. High and medium molar mass cationic

polyelectrolytes were used as fixatives. The drainage nature of the pulp

suspensions with the additives were assessed in contrary to the strength

properties of hand sheets made thereof. The effects of salt concentration, pH,

fixative type, dosage, and type of fibrillar component on drainage were

investigated. The article states that all the MFC and fines samples produced had

13
different properties because of their contradictory production procedures and they

also introduced particular responses on the measured drainage and strength of

paper. The study also added that generally, the addition of MFC decreased the

drainage rate of pulp suspension and significantly increased the strength of paper.

However, the data has shown that by optimum selection of goods and process

circumstances, an improvement of the strength properties was attained without

simultaneously disintegrating the drainage.

Moreover, a study by Ekhuemelo and Tor (2013), also created an

alternative way of making paper out of fibrous materials. Fiber-containing materials

such as Maize husks and stalk were used in pulp and paper production.

Furthermore, Maize husk is 1.37mm in fiber length while the Maize stalk is

1.52mm, in which a fiber length controlled the physical and mechanical properties

of a plant material regarding its toughness, workability and durability. Moreover,

Runkel ratio or Runkel’s proportion was used in determining the thickness of the

fibers’ wall and cellulose; greater than one (1) being the less suitable, equal to one

(1) being satisfactory, and less than one being the most suitable for paper

production.

Apart from these, a study by Fortuna, Bucur, and Cimpeanu (2013)

analyzed the effects of cellulose fibers utilizing the precipitation in-situ of calcium

carbonate over printing paper properties acquired from softwood and hardwood

fiber mixtures. By the addition of precipitated calcium carbonate into fiber stock,

the effects of fibers with in-situ loading were analyzed through comparison

respectively with the standard paper loading. Using different investigations and

14
analyses such as the optical and mechanical properties of the paper sheets, X-ray

diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, and calcium carbonate

content, the effectiveness of the methods was assessed. In the assessment of

these effects, it was concluded that higher opacity and brightness was produced

by the in-situ loading method than the standard methods at the same filler content.

Regardless of whether they are softwood fibers or hardwood fibers, using cellulose

fibers with in-situ loading as an additive was shown as an alteration of the ratio

between fibers with in-situ loading and without loading allows for the optimization

of printing paper properties, especially with regard between the optical and

strength properties.

Overall, there are more non-wood cellulosic fibers that can be an alternative

raw material in making a paper. However, the abundance and availability of these

non-wood fibers in the area needed to be considered as this contributes to the

pieces of papers made.

Corn Husk Fibers

Corn husk fiber is a multicellular long length lignocellulosic fiber which is

available around 9 million tons every year in the world. It is the second largest

source of natural fibers preceded by cotton and followed by jute and is the most

low-cost source of natural cellulosic fiber. Moreover, it has great potential for high

value textile applications and has better process than natural fibers extracted from

other agricultural byproducts such as pineapple and banana leaves. Furthermore,

the process of the fiber extraction from corn husk required less energy and is eco-

15
friendly compared to the regenerated and the synthetic fiber production process

(Kambli, Basak, Samanta, & Deshmukh, 2015).

From there, an article by Taiwo et al. (2014) entitled Pulp and paper-making

potential of corn husk from the International Journal of AgriScience cited that the

dangers that forest woods and environmental sustainability resulted to intensive

research regarding how suitable several agriculture waste materials are for pulp

and the production of paper. With this, the study investigated the potential of corn

husk in Nigeria for paper making. Also, the evaluation of the fiber structure of the

corn husk validates that it contains short fibers resembling that of various

hardwoods with has the length of <2 mm. The results from testing the strength of

hand sheet acquired from corn husk showed that corn husk paper has

considerable strength. However, the qualities of the sheet by its mechanical

strength and tearing resistance can be enhanced by incorporating corn husk pulp

with the pulp of non-wood, long fibred plants.

Moreover, a study conducted by Fiscal and Dandan (2016) focused on

producing quality paper from corn husks and snake plant (Sansevieria zeylanica)

fibers. In addition, the study also aimed to determine through laboratory

experiment and sensory evaluation, the qualities of the paper created from the

fibers while utilizing an experimental design in making the paper. According to the

results, pure corn husks garnered the closest standard measurement for the basis

weight. On the other hand, pure snake plant fibers, 75% corn husks and 25%

snake plant fibers, 50% corn husks and snake plant fibers, and 25% corn husks

and 75% snake plant fibers adhered to the standard measurement for the

16
thickness. Additionally, all treatments adhered to the standard measurement for

the tensile strength while all the treatments except 50% corn husk and snake plant

fibers followed the standard measurement for folding endurance. Aside from that,

the study showed that among all the treatments, 75% corn husks and 25% snake

plant fibers was the most acceptable based on the sensory evaluation. There is a

significant difference in the color of the paper with one another by the evaluation

by the three categories of respondents. The study revealed that there is a

significant difference on the level of acceptability of utilizing corn husks and snake

plant fibers as raw materials for producing paper in accordance to the texture,

color, and thickness.

In addition, according to Kampeerapapapun (2015), one of the inexpensive,

abundant, and readily available sources of renewable lignocellulosic biomass

among agricultural wastes is corn husk. In his study, the corn husk was treated

with alkali and bleaching treatments followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis

treatment, in which cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted. Using a

scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope

(TEM), the investigation on the morphology of the fibers was conducted. The

progressive removal of materials apart from cellulose was shown by the Fourier

transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Also, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was

used to investigate the crystallinity of the corn husk and CNCs. For this study,

68.33% is the highest crystallinity index value for cellulose nanocrystals.

Moreover, it was stated from the journal article, Effects of enzymatic

treatments on the mechanical properties of corn husk fibers by Yilmaz (2012) that

17
fibers from the corn husk are obtained through water retting, alkalization, and

enzymatic processes at distinct concentration and duration stages. The response

of extraction process parameters on the mechanical and thermal aspects and

chemical aspects of the corn husk fibers were investigated. The chemical

formations of the fibers were examined through IR measurements. The finest and

stiffest fibers are created by water retting followed by an enzymatic treatment. The

article states that the maximal breaking strength and breaking tenacity are

acquired by water-retted fibers. While developing in loss of breaking tenacity and

lengthening in water-retted fibers, enzymatic treatment increased the initial moduli

and breaking tenacity of the alkalized fibers. No significant reaction of enzymatic

treatment duration was obtained on the mechanical properties of corn husk fibers.

Alkalized fibers gave higher lengthening and significantly lower stiffness in

comparison to water-retted ones. The IR spectra showed higher amounts of lignin

and hemicellulose in water-retted fibers in comparison to alkalized and enzyme-

treated ones. Lastly, the article stated that enzymatic treatment and alkalization

improves the thermal durability of the fibers.

With that, corn husks could be of great help especially when it comes to

making alternative products in which it could help or contribute to different aspects.

Because of its fiber content, it is already a potential substitute in making a paper.

Furthermore, in using these, the result would more likely depend on the type of

corn husks used. In terms of the color, it was mentioned from Storm the Castle

(n.d.) that the paper would more likely appear based on the dominant color of the

corn husk used. Its texture, length, and thickness would depend on the process

18
since it can be handled physically. Thus, corn husk as a potential raw material in

papermaking, can also be turned into something more useful such as paper bags.

Paper Bags

Paper bags have been of great help to every human being since their

beginnings in the mid-eighteenth century. It has gotten more importance due to

environmental reasons such as it is reusable, recyclable, and biodegradable.

Nowadays, it is mostly used as shopping bags on boutiques and malls (Rainbow

Packaging, n.d.). Moreover, according to Paper Mart (2018), the most popular

material used in making paper bags is kraft paper which is manufactured from

wood chips.

Washington (2018) further stated that paper bags are eco-friendly,

professional appeal, versatile, and it benefits a lot of users. Paper bags are eco-

friendly as this is made from renewable natural resources and can be used

repeatedly. In fact, minimal energy is used in making paper bags. In the aspect of

promoting one’s company, paper bags contributed to the professional appeal to

delight and impress customers as it can be customized aesthetically. Moreover,

paper bags are versatile as it can be used as packaging for a broad range of

products.

As stated by Future Market Insights (2017), paper bags could be used in

many ways, such as a mode for carrying things. These are usually seen in malls,

where people can use it as a big sack, shopping bag, or for packaging.

Furthermore, paper bags are made up of different varieties of kraft paper or other

19
materials, in which their sizes and designs will depend. In addition, using paper

bags can be a big advantage especially to our environment since it is environment-

friendly, convenient, and practical to use.

With these literature and related studies presented, the study of corn husk

as an alternative raw material in making a paper bag can be supported. The above

literatures enumerated numerous properties of good quality paper which are

shown to be quantifiable. Additionally, these literatures included the methods on

how these properties are measured and the standards and mechanisms that are

applicable in testing paper quality. In line with this study, related studies which

involved the use of non-wood cellulosic fibers in creating paper were also cited,

which mainly focused on the analysis of such fibers and proved that fibers that are

not sourced from wood could be utilized in papermaking. To be more specific,

studies on corn husk fibers were emphasized. Corn husk, being an abundant

source of natural fibers, was subject to various studies which involved the analysis

of its properties as a potential source material for papermaking. With this, corn

husks were proven to be potential substitutes for crafting paper. Lastly, the subject

of paper bags was integrated and justified paper bags being the end product of

this research. Among the reasons cited are that paper bags are versatile and eco-

friendly, as it can be reused, recycled or biodegradable, among others. To

conclude, the accumulated sources gave insight as to why and how this study can

be supported.

20
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter contained the description of the research design, the

research locale, the instruments used, the data gathering procedure, and the

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

Quantitative research approach in an experimental research design was

used in this study to determine whether the corn husk (Z. mays) can be used as

an alternative substance in making a paper bag instead of using wood fibers.

Quantitative research used strategic inquiry such as experimental and surveys in

collecting data and in examining the relationship between variables that was

analyzed mathematically through statistical tools Creswell (Williams, 2007). This

type of research approach used scientific problem statements. Moreover, Creswell

(Mitchell, 2015) also defined experimental design as the study which was centrally

concerned of being high in causal validity which pertained to the accuracy of the

cause and effect of the relationships of the variables. Thus, this research design

was the best approach to determine whether the corn husk was an effective

alternative for paper bags as this research focused on the durability of the corn

husk as an alternative paper bag as compared to the commercial SOS brown

paper bag.
Research Locale

This study was conducted in one of the researchers’ residence at 72

MacArthur Highway GSIS Heights Matina, Davao City as the place had a large

area and had available utensils that were suitable for the process of pulp making.

The place was just along the highway which was convenient for the researchers

to work on the experiment at ease.

22
Figure 2. Map of Research Locale

23
 Moreover, the paper bag test was conducted within the premises of Ateneo

de Davao University Jacinto campus. This was where the researchers made most

of the study. The Physics Laboratory in the campus was utilized because it had

the proper equipment that was used in conducting the tests.

24
Figure 3. Map of Research Locale

25
Subject of the Study

The subject of the study was the corn husk as an alternative substance in

making a paper bag. Greenish brown corn husks from sweet corn was used since

it was a fiber-containing material which can be used for making papers.

Furthermore, it was not necessary to use pure green colored corn husk since it

affected the color of the paper. According to Storm the Castle (n.d.), the paper’s

color depended on the dominant color of the corn husks used. Thus, if the husk’s

color was greenish brown, the paper would also appear greenish

brown. Moreover, these fibers from the corn husk were boiled in water and mixed

with a chemical which was sodium carbonate to be broken down and was then

dried in a silkscreen. In addition, commercial SOS brown paper bag was used as

the standard paper bag in order to compare the durability of the corn husk paper

bag.

Materials

● Weights. The equipment placed inside the paper bags to test for its weight

capacity. The weights weighed five hundred (500) grams.

● Ruler. This was used in measuring the breaking length of the paper.

● Weighing Scale. This was utilized in measuring the total weight of the coins

placed inside the paper bag. For this research, the domestic platform

weighing scale was used.

26
Experimental Procedure

Pre-experimentation

1. The needed tools and equipment for the experiment were prepared. Soda

ash, silkscreen, measuring cup, blender, and stainless steel pot and corn

husk were the constituents that were used in the experiment. Proper attire

and equipment were advised and certain precautions should be followed.

2. The materials required for the experiment such as the corn for the corn

husks, soda ash (sodium carbonate) and silkscreen may be bought at the

local market. The utensils that were used in the experiment were stainless

steel because one of the materials that was used was soda ash (sodium

carbonate) which was mildly alkaline.

During Experimentation

1. The husked from corn was removed and rinsed thoroughly.

2. Right after rinsing, four (4) cups of water were boiled in a stainless steel

pan.

3. (1) tablespoon of soda ash was put for this will help in breaking the fibers

of the corn husks.

4. The husks were place in the boiling water with soda ash (sodium

carbonate). A stainless steel utensil was used to push the corn husk down

into the water with soda ash.

27
 5. After boiling the husks for a minimum of two hours, the researchers placed

it in a, container and rinsed it properly with water to remove the excess soda

ash on it.

6. The husk was used and placed in the blender to mix and grind the husks.

Gently spread the blended fibers on the silkscreen.

7. Silkscreen was dried under the sun within two hours, until the paper is dried

out.

8. The researchers cleaned the area where the experiment was conducted.

Washed the utensils and cleaned the equipment that were used.

9. When the paper is already dry, three papers were cut with a dimension of

8.5 inches by 13 inches.

10. After preparing the papers in making the paper bag, a dimension of seven

(7) inches in length and two (2) inches in width paper bags were made out

of it.

Post-experimentation

1. The three corn husk paper bags and three commercial SOS brown paper

bags were prepared for the data gathering of the weight capacity. There

were three trials in this test.

2. In testing for the weight capacity of the paper bag, weights weighing 500-

grams were needed.

28
 3. Put a 500-gram weight inside the corn husk paper bag and the researcher

held the paper bag in the air for twenty seconds to determine if the paper

bag can carry the weight.

4. Another 500 grams of weight were added if the paper bag did not break.

The weight was recorder and this step was repeated until the paper bag

can no longer hold the weights.

5. The weight capacity process was repeated using the remaining five paper

bags.

Plan for Data Analysis

In treating the data, the researchers identified the mean of the weight

capacity of the corn husk paper bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag to

determine which of the paper bag had the greater durability. In determining

whether there was a significant difference between the means of two groups, the

statistical tool that was used was T-test Thus, it was easy to identify whether the

null hypothesis would be accepted or rejected.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations were critical and must always be considered in a

quantitative research. The National Commission for the Protection of Human

Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974) stated that ethics were

the standard for conduct that assorted acceptable and unacceptable behavior

29
when doing or conducting a research. The researchers conducted a quantitative

study wherein they used an experimental method as well as comparative analysis.

Beneficence. The researchers were treated in an ethical manner. The

people involved voluntarily agreed to conduct this research and accepted their

roles in the study. Mutual respect was shown between the researchers all

throughout the conducting period. The researchers were also made aware of the

situation that they were in and was made fully informed of the whole process of

the study.

Justice. The tasks and responsibilities were equally and fairly distributed

throughout the researchers. The strengths and weaknesses of the researchers

were also put into consideration thus, the researchers were assigned tasks that

were inclined to their skills and strengths. Recognition for a job well done was also

given to those wholly deserving. The researchers were recognized and graded for

the things they had contributed in the said study.

30
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the analysis of data and the discussion of the

research findings in a tabular and textual form. The findings relate to the statement

of the problem and the gathered data were analyzed and interpreted to identify

and describe the difference between the two variables.

The Durability of the Paper Bag Made

Of Corn Husk in Terms of Its

Weight Capacity

Table 1 presented the data gathered on the durability of the corn husk paper

bag in terms of its weight capacity.

The table revealed that the second trial had the greatest weight capacity of

seven and a half (7.5) kilograms among all of the trials. On the other hand, the first

trial had the least weight capacity of five (5) kilograms.

In general, the mean for the weight capacity of the corn husk paper bag

was six (6) kilograms. This denoted that corn husk paper bag can carry a minimum

of five (5) kilograms and a maximum of seven and a half (7.5) kilograms.

The evaluation of the fiber structure of the corn husk validates that it

contains short fibers resembling that of various hardwoods with a length of <2 mm

(Taiwo et al., 2014). The results from testing the weight capacity of the corn husk

paper bag showed that corn husk paper has considerable strength.
 Table 1

The Durability of the Paper Bag Made of Corn Husk

In Terms of Its Weight Capacity

Trials Weight Capacity (kg)

1 5

2 7.5

3 5.5

Mean 6

32
 Moreover, Kampeerapapapun (2015) had indicated that one of the

inexpensive, abundant, and readily available source of renewable lignocellulosic

biomass among agricultural wastes is corn husk. Therefore, paper bags made

from corn husk would most likely cost less than the regular paper bag. With that,

corn husks could be a great help especially when it comes to making alternative

products. Because of its fiber content, it can be substituted paper bag-making.

However, if utilized, the result will more likely depend on the type of corn

husks used. Storm the Castle (n.d.) presented that the paper will more likely

appear based on the dominant color of the corn husk used. The texture, length,

and thickness depended on the process since it can be handled physically. Thus,

corn husk, from the results, had a potential to be a raw material in papermaking

and turned into something more useful such as paper bags.

The Durability of the Commercial

SOS Brown Paper Bag in Terms

of Its Weight Capacity

Table 2 presented the data gathered on the durability of the commercial

SOS brown paper bag in terms of its weight capacity.

The table showed that the first trial had the greatest weight capacity of

four (4) kilograms among all the trials. Whilst, the last trial showed the least by

having only a weight capacity of three (3) kilograms.

In general, the mean weight capacity of the commercial SOS brown paper

bag was three and a half (3.5) kilograms. This revealed that the commercial SOS

33
 Table 2

The Durability of the Commercial SOS Brown Paper Bag

In Terms of Its Weight Capacity

Trials Weight Capacity (kg)

1 4

2 3.5

3 3

Mean 3.5

34
brown paper bag can carry a minimum of 3 (three) kilograms and a maximum of

four (4) kilograms.

According to Paper Mart (2018) the most common type of paper used in

making a paper bag is a kraft paper. Britt (2012) further stated that kraft wrapping

paper is composed of wood pulp in unbleached condition made from softwoods,

usually pine trees. This pulping process makes kraft paper particularly strong and

ideal for carrying heavy loads due to its reduced lignin content and high sulfur ratio.

In the study conducted, however, the results contradicted that statement. It

emphasized how the SOS brown paper bag could only carry less than four (4)

kilograms.

Difference Between the Weight

Capacity of the Corn Husk Paper Bag

And a Commercial SOS Brown Paper Bag

Table 3 showed the result for the difference in the durability of corn husk

and commercial SOS brown paper bag in terms of weight capacity.

The table stipulated that at 0.05 confidence level, the null hypothesis was

rejected, due to the calculated p-value, 0.038, being less than the 0.05 confidence

level. Additionally, the computed t-value of 3.062 exceeded the tabulated t-value

of |+/-2.776|, indicating that there was a significant difference between the weight

capacity of the corn husk paper bag and commercial SOS brown paper bag.

According to a study conducted by Fiscal and Dandan (2016) which

focused on the production of quality paper from corn husks and snake plant

(Sansevieria zeylanica) fibers, the results showed that pure corn husks come close

35
 Table 3
Difference in the Durability of Corn Husk and Commercial SOS Brown

Paper Bag in Terms of Weight Capacity

Paper bag Mean T-value p- Decision Decision

@ a=0.05 value on Ho on

Difference
Computed Tabulated

Weight Capacity

Corn husk 6 3.062 +/- 2.776 0.038 Rejected Significant

Commercial 3.5

36
to the standard measurement for basis weight and adhere to the standard

measurement for thickness. Additionally, Shen (2002) disclosed that the rupture

capacity of paper is not regulated by the mean strength but by the minimum

strength regions in the sheet. These regions can be characterized by the paper

mesostructure, which refers to the unequal distribution of fibers incurred in the

papermaking process therefore affecting the opacity and overall strength of the

paper.

Furthermore, a study conducted by Kang et al. (2006) revealed that the

utilization of an ultra-fine friction grinder enabled the strengthening of mostly the

external fibrillation while maintaining the internal fibrillation of the paper

achievable, thus making it possible to investigate the effects of external fibrillation

on the paper strength. The aforementioned study also revealed that the breaking

length of paper relies heavily on the internal fibrillation of the fibers. However, a

significant effect cannot be seen on external fibrillation even though there is an

increase in sheet density. These studies alongside the obtained results stipulated

that a factor that while the corn husk paper bag produced is relatively thicker

compared to the commercial SOS brown paper bag through qualitative

observation, therefore contributing to its higher weight capacity, a weakness of this

study is the unequal distribution of fibers in the corn husk paper bag in which the

fiber distribution in the corn husk paper bag is more unequal than that of the

commercial SOS brown paper bag. In order to effectively measure the weight

capacity, the fiber distribution of the corn husk paper bag should be nearly the

same as the commercial SOS brown paper bag to rule out any additional factors.

37
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the research undertaken, the

obtained conclusion from the gathered data, and the recommendations based on

the results from this research study. The study is on the difference between the

durability of a paper bag made from corn husk and a commercial SOS brown paper

bag in terms of weight capacity.

Summary of Findings

The salient findings of the study that are gathered from the collected data

are as follows:

1. In terms of weight capacity of the corn husk paper bag, the overall mean was 6

kilograms. The least weight capacity measured was 5 kilograms on the first trial.

On the other hand, the greatest weight capacity measured was 7.5 kilograms on

the second trial.

2. In terms of the weight capacity of the commercial SOS brown paper bag, the

overall mean was 3 kilograms. The least weight capacity measured was 3

kilograms on the third trial and the greatest weight capacity measured was 4

kilograms on the first trial.

3. In terms of the difference between the weight capacities of the corn husk paper

bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag, at 0.05 confidence level, the

calculated p-value is 0.038 which is significantly higher than the confidence level.
 The computed t-value which is 3.062 is greater than the tabulated t-value which is

|+/-2.776|.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The durability of the corn husk paper bag in terms of its weight capacity can carry

a minimum weight of 5 kilograms and a maximum weight of 7.5 kilograms.

2. The durability of the commercial SOS brown paper bag in terms of its weight

capacity can carry a minimum weight of 3 kilograms and a maximum weight of 4

kilograms.

3. There is a significant difference between the weight capacity of the corn husk

paper bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag. This means that the corn

husk paper bag has a larger weight capacity than the commercial SOS brown bag.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and the conclusions, the researchers suggest the

following:

1. In terms of thickness and tear strength, it is recommended that the corn

husk paper bag and the commercial SOS brown paper bag should have the

same thickness. On the other hand, tear strength must also be measured

in both variables.

2. It is recommended that the independent variable, which is the corn husk,

should be fresh, not dried.

39
3. For future researchers, it is necessary to maintain consistency during the

methodological process. Consistency can help contribute to the reliability

of the sample.

4. It is recommended to conduct a study similar to making an alternative paper

bag in order to produce more information in this area. Such studies may

change the data collection methods employed in the present study. Also,

further research might compare the outcome of the variable used in making

the same product.

40
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44
 APPENDIX

Consent Form (Letter to ADA)

45
DOCUMENTATION

Pre-experimentation

Figure 1. Acquired corn husks

Figure 2. Sodium bicarbonate

(NaCo2)

46
During Experimentation

Figure 3. Corn husks after thorough rinsing. Figure 4. Boiling of four (4) cups

of water into stainless steel pan.

Figure 5. Addition of one (1) Figure 6. Cutting the corn husk into

tablespoon soda ash. small pieces.

47
 Figure 7. Draining and rinsing of boiled

cornhusk.

Figure 8. Blending of boiled corn boiled

cornhusk.

48
Figure 9. Spreading of blended Figure 10. Corn husk paper in

Corn husk to silk screen drying process.

Figure 10. Cutting of corn husk paper to an

appropriate size.

49
Post-experimentation

Figure 10. Materials needed for weight capacity

test.

Figure 12. Placing of weights into Figure 13. Weight capacity test of

commercialized SOS brown paper bag. commercialized SOS brown paper

bag.

50
Figure 14. Placing weights inside Figure 15. Weight capacity test of

corn paper bag corn paper bag

Figure 16. Tested commercial SOS brown paper bags and

Corn husk paper bags.

51
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name : Johanna Gabrielle Tumbali Afable
Nickname : Hanna
Birthdate : July 10, 2000
Place of Birth : Davao City, Philippines
Address : Blk. 58, Lot 9, Gulfview Homes, Bago Aplaya, Davao City
Religious Affiliation : Roman Catholic
Parents’ Name : Nestor Sangalang Afable
: Marybeth Tumbali Afable

Siblings
Name Occupation: Student
1. John Gabrielle Tumbali Afable

Educational Background
Name of School Year
Graduated
Pre-School: Precious International School of Davao 2007

Grade School: School: Precious International School of Davao 2013

Junior High School: Precious International School of Davao 2017

Senior High School: Ateneo de Davao University

2019

52
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Nina Valerie Lauron Dela Peña

Nickname : Val

Birthdate : April 04, 2000

Place of Birth : Davao City, Philippines

Address : 72 MacArthur Highway GSIS Heights Matina, Davao City

Religious Affiliation : Roman Catholic

Parents’ Name : Alberto Villanueva Dela Peña

: Alexandra Lauron Dela Peña

Siblings

Name Occupation

1. Elizah Simone Lauron Dela Peña Student

2. Hugo Alberto Lauron Dela Peña Student

Educational Background

Name of School Year

Graduated

Pre-School: Precious International School of Davao 2007

Grade School: School: Precious International School of Davao 2013

Junior High School: Precious International School of Davao 2017

Senior High School: Ateneo de Davao University 2019

53
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Sienna Leian Quimno Dubal

Nickname : Siensien

Birthdate : June 16, 2001

Place of Birth : General Santos City, Philippines

Address : Blk. 2 Maranon Village, Koronadal City

Religious Affiliation : Roman Catholic

Parents’ Name : Sotero Fernandez Dubal

: Lilian Quimno Dubal

Siblings

Name Occupation: Student

1. Roy Lester Cerbo Dubal

2. Christina Cerbo Dubal

Educational Background

Name of School Year

Graduated

Pre-School: Marbel Evangelical Learning Center 2007

Grade School: Notre Dame - Siena School of Marbel 2013

Junior High School: Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 2017

Senior High School: Ateneo de Davao University 2019

54
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Isiah John Niegas Palangpang

Nickname : Isiah

Birthdate : June 20, 2000

Place of Birth : Davao City, Philippines

Address :Block 8, Lot 35-36, Vista Verde Village, Panacan, Davao

City

Religious Affiliation : Christian

Parents’ Name : Rogad Bacong Palangpang

: Fatima Glenda Niegas Palangpang

Siblings

Name Occupation: Student

1. Issachar Niegas Palangpang

Educational Background

Name of School Year

Graduated

Pre-School: Southpoint School of Davao 2007

Grade School: School: Southpoint School of Davao 2013

Junior High School: Southpoint School of Davao 2017

Senior High School: Ateneo de Davao University 2019

55
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name : Angellie Mae B. Placido
Nickname : Anj
Birthdate : 11/29/00
Place of Birth : Baguio City
Address : Suraya Homes, Cabantian, Davao City
Religious Affiliation : Roman Catholic
Parents’ Name : Anthony V. Placido
: Elaine B. Placido

Siblings
Name Occupation
1. N/A

Educational Background

Name of School Year Graduated

Pre-School: Prime Movers School 2007

Grade School: San Lorenzo Ruiz Center of Studies and School 2013

Junior High School: Ateneo de Davao University 2017

Senior High School: Ateneo de Davao University 2019

56
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
Name : Cherry Mae L. Sison
Nickname : Cherry
Birthdate : April 21, 2000
Place of Birth : Davao City
Address : 3 Malasugue St., New Salmonan, Agdao, Davao City
Religious Affiliation : Roman Catholic
Parents’ Name : Arcilie L. Sison
: Samuel B. Sison

Siblings
Name Occupation
1. Nicole L. Sison Junior High School Student

Educational Background
Name of School Year Graduated
Elementary : Holy Cross of Davao College 2013
Secondary : Holy Cross of Davao College

57
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Keith Marie Bacsarpa Yee

Nickname : Kit

Birthdate : May 26, 2000

Place of Birth : Tagum City, Philippines

Address : Brg. 4-A, C. Banggoy St., Davao City

Religious Affiliation : Baptist

Parents’ Name : Albert Zozobrado Yee

: Miriam Bacsarpa Yee

Siblings

Name Occupation: Student

1. Fiona Mae Bacsarpa Yee

2. Vanessa Carly Bacsarpa Yee
3. Hendrix Jacob Bacsarpa Yee

Educational Background

Name of School Year Graduated

Pre-School: Merry Go Round Kindergarten School 2007

Grade School: School: Sindangan Pilot Demonstration School 2013

Junior High School: Sindangan National High School 2017

Senior High School: Ateneo de Davao University 2019

58