1

CHARTER l
INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, the

significance of the study, scope and delimitation , and definition of terms

A. Background of the Study

The banana is a fast-growing plant consisting of one or more pseudo stems (upright, trunk-

like structures) formed by tightly packed concentric layers of leaf sheaths. in underground

rhizome, and a fibrous root system. The entire plant is called a mat. The pseudo stem

constitutes the functional trunk which supports the leaves and the flower and fruit bearing stalk.

Bananas are vigorously growing, monocotyledonous herbaceous plants. There are two species

of banana, Lakatan acuminate and M. barbarian, and most banana cultivars are hybrids of these

species. Banana cultivars vary greatly in plant and fruit size, plant morphology, fruit quality, and

disease and insect resistance. Most bananas have a sweet flavor when ripe; exceptions to this

are cooking bananas and plantains. (Crane, J. H., Blared, C. F, & Maguire, L.,2008)

Banana peels are the outer envelopes of banana fruits. They are the by-product of

household consumption and banana processing. Banana peels are available in populated areas

or in the vicinity of banana processing plants. They can be found in all tropical and subtropical
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regions of Asia, America, Africa and Australia where bananas are grown (Archimedes H., 2013).

Plantain peels contain less fiber than Banana peels(HippieMeaganet al, 2011).

Philippines's bananas are actually their 5th largest export product and are very

competitive and are the 3rd biggest exporters of banana in the world. In 2008, the industry has

contributed taxes of almost 400 million pesos (Espinosa, 2007), Philippines are seen as one of

the strongest producers of this food product worldwide because of their low production cost and

quality. The banana production and exporting in our country continues to see tremendous

growth and popularity (Dela Cruz, 2009).

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose

pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is versatile with

many uses. Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as

packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial and construction

processes, and even as a food ingredient-particularly in Asian cultures (Lancelot, 2014).

A single sheet of paper may contain fibers from hundred of trees from around the

world. Fibers can travel thousands of miles from a forest to an office. A sheer has less than a 5

percent chance of containing recycled fibers and only a 5 percent chance of avoiding a landfill or

incinerator. Every year, any average employee generates approximately 9,999 more sheets,

totaling about 27 pounds per person Natural forests are being destroyed at an unsustainable
3

pace with most surviving forests degraded by rounds, agriculture, pollution and invasive species

(Wood Consumption Org. 2006).

The researchers thought of producing recycled paper from almost waste products

which is the Banana peel to contribute in the wellness of the economy as well as conserving our

remaining natural resources; this in no time will reach scarcity.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to produce paper with Banana peel as its main ingredient specifically,

this study aimed to answer the following questions

1. How can the experimental paper be described in terms of:

1.1 Color?

1.2 Texture?

1.3 Durability?

2. Is there a significant difference between experimental paper and commercial paper

in terms of

2.1 Color?

2.2 Texture?

2.3 Durability?
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to further determine the effectiveness of Banana peels as paper and its

contribution to the society as an eco-friendly paper.

This may contribute the future researchers about more information regarding

Banana peel, its benefits and also for the production of papers. Having the knowledge of the

potential of it as a paper, which is useful in this time with the nearing shortage of resources in

fiber to produce paper, there is actually a wide range of giving it a solution and one of them is

this study.
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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study focused on the production of paper from Banana peel. The study was

conducted in Tacurong City.

The researchers observed the similarities and differences between the commercial paper

and the experimental paper.

There were two set-ups. The researchers presented the two set-ups and were rated by

thirty respondents.

This study limited to describe the experimental paper in terms of its color, texture

and odor, but does not cover the evaluation of the thickness, tensile strength and rate of

decomposition of the paper that will be produced.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)

The chapter presented the researchers' readings on literature and studies that have been

conducted in local and abroad which were significantly related to the study that explicated

further understanding.

Related Literature

Bananas are a highly cultivated fruit for thousands of years. Many races eat banana peels

as well as the Asians. They are not sweet as the fruit is but they are also nutritious (Bond. 2011).

Banana peels are as useful as the banana fruit. They contain antifungal, antibiotic and

enzymatic properties that can be put in good use. They are also moist and nutritious. Some uses

banana peel to polish shoes and any other silver wares. Many use it as a good plant fertilizer in

home farms. It can be also use to whiten the teeth and skin. It was also use in treating acne

problems. This is possible due to good enzymes that can help our body. For dry skins, it is a

good source of moisture. Other companies uses banana peel for their anti-repellant products. It

is proven that it can ease the pain on mosquito and ant bites. It can also use to heal skin warts.

In cooking, it is use to tenderize the meat (Bhagwat, 2013).

Banana peels are good source of soluble and insoluble water. It can relieve constipation

because it contains a lot of dietary fibers. It is shown that it can reduce the risk of heart attacks

and diabetes. It can also maintain a low cholesterol level. It is also use to promote good eye
8

sight because of its lutein content. It can also protect the red blood cells in our body

(Healthfulness, 2014).
9

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were defined to help for a better understanding of this study. Banana

Peel. The skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off and discarded). The raw material

was used to produce the experimental paper.

Boiling. The application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas.

The process to which the Banana peel will be softened. Deckle. A frame used in making

paper by hand to form paper pulp into sheets of a desired size.

Fiber. A thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile is formed.

Grinding. To crush or break (something) into very small pieces by rubbing it against a

rough surface or using a special machine. The process to which the Banana peel was mashed.

Mold. A frame covered with metal or nylon.

Paper. A thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp

derived from wood, rugs or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It was used as a point

of comparison to test the effectiveness of experimental paper.

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CHAPTER lll

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research design, different methods and procedures that were

involved used in the study. The materials that were needed to conduct the study were also

included.

[Link] Design

The type of research used in this study to ensure accuracy and efficiency of Banana peel

as paper was experimental and descriptive type. The study determined the effectiveness of the

Banana peel as a decorative paper. This study also aimed to describe the experimental paper in

terms of color, texture and odor. The experimental design was used to test the feasibility of

Banana peels in the production of paper.

The descriptive design was used to describe the color, texture and odor of the paper

made from Banana peels by thirty selected respondents.

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[Link] of the study

This study is limited only to the area of San Pablo National High School, Purok Jose,

Brgy. San Pablo, Tacurong City

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C. DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS

To find out the answer to the study, the researcher uses observation sheet validated

by the teachers.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The data from the questionnaire were tailed, computed and analyzed. The data

was interpreted using a modified like scale.

Approval of the school

head

Conduct experiment

Acquisition of Data

Consolidation of gathered data

for presentation, analysis and
interpretation
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MATERIALS

 banana peels

 Assorted shredded recycled paper

 Sharp knife

 Pot

 Spoon

 Measuring cup

 Papermaking mold and deckle

 Large plastic basin

 Blender or food processor

Procedure

The following procedure is being used to while conducting research.

Preparation of raw materials

Banana peels were used in this study. The peels were collected from the eaten Banana.

Eight peels were collected. The peels were ready to use in recipe as soon as they were

collected. The Banana peels were placed on the chopping board to be chopped.

Production of paper

The production of the experimental paper (Banana peels) comprises these following

steps:
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Prepare all the materials needed. Prepare the banana peels by rough-cutting them into

½-inch bits. Deposit them into a pot with 2 cups of boiling water. Allow the peel to soften for

approximately 15 to 20 minutes. Let the peels cool down then place it in the blender. Add cup of

water and cup of starch in the blender together with the boiled Banana peels. Replace the lid

and process on high until it all comes together in texture and consistency.

After grinding, put the mixture in a plastic container. Place the mold and deckle in the

bottom of the large tray with the glass frame facing up and an enough water to slightly sink the

mold and deckle Slowly pour the banana slurry inside the mold while concurrently raising the

double frame so all the excess water in the paper mixture drains through. Make sure the banana

pulp covers the entire surface area of the mold by hand- pressing it into place; this step will

reduce the moisture content so it is easier to release the homemade banana paper sheet from

its frame.

Cover the table with the large damp cloth, place the mold or deckle on top so the deckle

frame can be immediately removed, followed by the mold itself. What will remain is a somewhat

solid sheet of recycled banana skin-paper pulp that must be cured before use. Allow it to dry

with a paper to cover and a rock above the paper to flatten the mixture for approximately 24

hours or until all water has evaporated.

TREATMENT A TREATMENT B TREATMENT C

250g Banana Peels 750g Banana peels 500g Banana peels

4pcs bond paper 3pcs bond paper 4pcs bond paper
(recycled) (recycled) (recycled)
473ml water 236ml water 354ml water
15

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter present the findings, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data
gathered in answer to the problem of the study

THE TREATMENTS USED IN THE STUDY

TREATMENT A
Banana (peel) Recycle paper Water

250g 4pcs 500ml

We used 250g of banana peels and 4pcs of recycled paper then a 500ml of water for
treatment A

TREATMENT B
Banana (peel) Recycle paper Water
750g 4pcs 500ml
We used 750g of banana peels and a 4pcs of recycled paper the we add a 500ml of water for
treatment B

TREATMENT C
Banana (peel) Recycle paper Water

500g 2pcs 260ml

We used 500g of banana peels and 2pcs of recycled paper then a 260 ml of water for
treatment C
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Table I. To determine the texture of each Experimental Paper and commercial paper.

TEXTURE

TREATMENT TEXTURE

Banana(peels) Paper A Thin,clean,smooth

Banana(peels) Paper B Rough,uncoated,dirty look
Banana(peels) Paper C Smooth,clean, fragrance
Commercial Paper Smooth, embossed

In terms of texture, the treatment A is thin and Treatment B is rough, while the treatment C is a
smooth. The treatment A is thin while the Treatment B is rough then the treatment C is just
smooth. The texture of the commercial paper is smooth and embossed.

Table II. To determine the color of each Experimental Paper to Commercial paper
COLOR

TREATMENT COLOR

Banana(peels) Paper A Wheat

Banana(peels) Paper B Dark khaki
Banana(peels) Paper C Brown, golden
Commercial Paper Plane white, stripe color

In terms of color, the three treatments are wheat, dark khaki , brown. While the commercial
paper is plane white.
Table III. To determine the durability of Experimental Paper to Commercial Paper

TREATMENT DURABILITY

Banana(peels) A Hard to tear

Banana(peels) B Hard to tear
Banana(peels) C Hard to tear
Commercial Paper Hard to tear
In terms of color durability, the treatment A was thin B easily to damage. The durability of
number of days Treatment A,C are not easily to tear and same as durability in commercial
paper.
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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY , CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presented the conclusions and recommendations of the study

Summary

The researchers used experimental research method and descriptive research method to

evaluate the effectiveness of the Banana Peels as Alternative for the Production of Paper

The experiments conducted by the researchers yielded the following result

1. In terms of color, the experimental paper (Banana peel) has a mean which denotes

the description of acceptable for a decorative paper.

When it comes to the texture, the experimental paper has a mean of 1 which denotes the

description of being preferable for decoration In terms of the odor, the experimental paper has

denotes a description of fragrance.

For the cost of production, the researchers spent Php 50 for the experimental paper.

2. In terms of color, the commercial paper has a plane white and the experimental paper

have a light brown. The experimental paper is more acceptable in color for a decorate paper

than that of the commercial paper.

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TREATMENT A TREATMENT B TREATMENT C

250g Banana Peels 750g Banana peels 500g Banana peels

4pcs bond paper 3pcs bond paper 4pcs bond paper

(recycled) (recycled) (recycled)
473ml water 236ml water 354ml water
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Conclusions

After the analysis of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: The experimental

paper (Banana peel) was found to be acceptable in terms of its 1. color. When it comes to

texture, the experimental paper was found to be preferable for decoration. For the odor, the

experimental paper was found to be odor-free.

2. Based on the computations, the computed is greater than the critical value. hence, H,

is rejected. It denotes that there is a significant difference between the two papers in terms of

color paper

Based on the computations, the computed is less than the critical value, hence. do not

reject Ho. It denotes that there is no significant difference between the two papers as to their

texture.

Based on the computations, the computed t is less than the critical value, hence. do not

reject Ho. It denotes that there is no significant difference between the two papers as to their

odor.

The experimental paper (Banana peel) is cheaper than the commercial paper. The

implication of the study to the consumers will learn how to make handmade 3. papers.

Consumers will also learn that the peels of Banana are effective to make handmade papers.

Consumers will gain knowledge about bananas and handmade papers.

Recommendations

1. The researchers highly recommend the use of Banana peels as an ingredient in

making handmade papers.

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2. Follow up studies should be conducted to test the thickness of the experimental

paper (Banana peel).

3. Follow up studies should be conducted to test the tensile strength of the

experimental

paper.

4. Follow up studies should be conducted to test the rate of decomposition of the

5. experimental paper by natural decomposition.

6. Further studies about other binder to make and to produce a stronger experimental

paper.

7. Further studies about using other plants rich in fiber to produce handmade papers

are

recommended by the researchers.

8. Further studies about using paper made from Banana peel to produce paper

products are recommended by the researchers.

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APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION

PREPARING OF MATERIALS

Prepare the banana (peel) cut the banana (peel) into small piece

Also cut the paper into a piece for easy blend Cutting the paper into pieces
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Preparing the materials

Banana(peel) Paper

Preparing the wood Creating the Fire

Preparing to cook
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24

APPENDIX A
Mixing the ingredients

Put the banana(peel) into boiling Put the paper piece into blender and put
water 2cup of water

When the 2 ingredients mixed together blend it

After the blend of paper put the banana(peels) to until it make smoother
blender
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APPENDIX A

MOLD AND CURE

Set the molder with mixture and

Prepare the molder Transfer the mixture
cover into clothes
it with clean large basin
and leave
it for 24hrs for curing

fill the molder with the mixture

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APPENDIX A

TESTING THE DURABILITY OF THE PRODUCT

The Durability Test

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APPENDIX A
The Results

Treatment A Treatment B Treatment C

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Commercial Paper and Experimental paper