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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V
Division of Camarines Sur
CALABANGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Sta. Cruz, Calabanga, Camarines Sur
S/Y: 2018-2019

Alternative Paper Out Of Dried Mango (Mangifera Indica)

Leaves

And Banana (Musa) Peel Starch

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements

in Capstone Project in the

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Strand

Tabardillo, Janette C.

Tordilla, Ionah Mae E.

Tabardillo, Claire L.

Chavez, Aireen E.
2020

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

This chapter presents the research problem, its background, the scope

and the delimitation, the background of the study and especially its

significance.

INTRODUCTION

The development of the paper industry through the different sectors as

well as the department of science and technology increases its growth of

demand and consumption every year. The papers are used in the different

kind of needs of people for writing, reading and for wrapping foods. Papers

are made of woods. It causes deforestation worldwide. Some chemicals used

in pulping process in making the paper are hard to reduce. The government

is implementing rules for decreasing the rate of damage in the forestry. In

addition, the government is looking for other way to create or produce raw

materials in paper production. Some of the paper company produces paper

through illegal logging that destroys the forests and other living things. The

paper production pollutes air, water, and land.


The higher rate of demand of paper results for needs on finding other

raw materials. The Philippine paper industry seeks to attain the capability to

serve all the major pulp and paper requirements of the country and develop

high-value and quality pulp and paper products in long-term, in a manner

that is internationally competitive and environmentally-sustainable. The raw

material to produce pulp is the cellulose in the form of fiber in which almost

all of the plants contain the cellulose that can be used as the raw material of

pulp production. One of the most cellulose plant is the banana.

Bananas are one of the most important food crops on the planet.

Bananas are a healthy source of fiber, potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and

various antioxidants and phytonutrients. Unripe bananas may contain decent

amounts of resistant starch, which functions like, fiber, aiding your gut and

promoting healthy blood sugar level. The starch is the main component of

green banana and it undergoes several changes during ripening. Banana

starch has unique pasting properties making it behave like a chemically

lightly cross-linked starch. Moreover, to strengthen up the thickness of starch

the researchers added dried mango leaves.

Mango is a quintessential summer fruit that can be also a healthy food.

The mango leaves which often discard can actually work as a great herbal

medicine. The benefits of the mango leaves are so varied and extensive that

they are given immense importance in eastern medicine too. It has fiber that

may also one of the properties that may be help in the making of paper.
When the mango leaves has been dried up, the texture of the mango leaves

fiber will be a good surface when the banana starch has been put together.

The researchers are interested in this study so that the amount of

wastes will be lessen in the country. The alarming increase of waste caused

some illness to people. Aside from that the researchers choose to use starch

made of banana peel in order to be able to use it as an alternatives to the

trees that been cut for the paper production and to prove there are some

ways to find some alternatives in making paper.

For some reasons, the researchers wants to prove if there is a

capability to produce a writing sheet of paper by using the fibers of dried

mango leaves and banana starch for there are some cases of students in an

upland places that has no source of writing paper. Hence, they use an

alternative paper such as leaves that serves as their medium for them to

support and finish their studies.

Also, the researchers aim to introduce new raw material that will highly

contribute to the government with regards to the production of paper that is

100% Eco friendly.


STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study was conducted to know the capability of the dried mango

leaves and banana peel starch in producing paper.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following questions;

1. What are the primary components of creating fabricated paper design?

2. What process does the researchers used to produce fabricated paper

design using dried Mango leaves and the Banana Peel Starch?

3. What are the level of effectiveness of the fabricated paper design in

terms of ;

a. Color e. Flexibility

b. Odor

c. Texture

d. Thickness

HYPOTHESIS
There is a significant difference between the commercial pa;per and

the dried mango leaves when it comes to:

a. Color e. size

b. Texture

c. Odor

d. Thickness

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study assesses the possibility of producing a writing sheet of

paper from the dried mango leaves fiber and banana starch. It explores the

capacity of writing appropriateness of the finish product.

This study focuses on the raw materials that will be used in this

experiment, the dried mango leaves fiber and the banana starch and what is

the difference of it on other commercial paper. The techniques on how this

product of the study will be produced are not need machinery and the

materials that will be used in the study are easily being seen.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study focused on the Paper Production made of Dried Mango

Leaves and Banana Peel Starch.

The findings of the study is significant to the following:


People - This study may inform people that dried mango leaves and banana

starch may also be a raw material in the making of paper aside from the

papers that is made of wood from trees.

Community - This study may give a new perspective about the things

around them.

Future Researchers - This study can help future researchers with the same

interests in line with this topic to serve as background knowledge and make

it as their basis to make a further research in the future.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The researchers have operationally and abstractly defined the

following terms:

Fabricated

Banana is a long curved fruit which grows in clusters and has soft pulpy

flesh and yellow skin when ripe. The researchers used the term banana to

emphasis the primary source of the banana peel that will be used in the

study.

Banana starch is a carb composition of bananas changes drastically during

ripening. It is a main component of unripe bananas. The researchers used

the term banana starch highlight this as the pulp or paste in the making of

the fabricated paper design.


Mango leaves is a reddish or purplish when tender and new, and grow into

a dark green color and have a pale underside. The researchers used the term

mango leaves as main component of the fabricated paper.

Paper is a material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or

other fibrous substances, used in writing, drawing, or as wrapping material.

The researchers used the term in order to show result of the study.

Paper Design is a craft and art comprises work where paper or card is used

as a primary artistic medium. The material can lend itself to a wide range of

artistic techniques, and can be folded, cut, glued, molded, stitched and

layered. The researchers used the term to show the purpose of the study to

create a fabricated paper design made out of dried mango leave and banana

peel starch.
NOTES

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 1827-1832 1831 The relevant

clinical

applications and waste utilization of action is still to be the area of

research. This can have serious consequences. References

Arumugam, R., and Manikandan, M., 2011. Fermentation of

pretreatedhydrolyzates of banana and mango fruit wastes for

ethanol production. Asian Journal of Biological Science 2: 246-256.

Babu, P H., Reddy, C A., Prashanthi, N., and Mahal,e J S., 2015. Banana

Peel as a

Biosorbent in Removal of Nitrate from Water, International Advanced

Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2 (10),

95-98.

Baig, M M V., Mane, V P., More, D R., Shinde, L P., and Baig, M I A.,

2003.

Utilization of banana agricultural waste: Production of cellulases by

soil fungi, Journal of Environmental Biology, 24(2), 173 -176.

Bhowal, et al., 2012. Utilization of fruit wastes in producing single cell

protein,
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 1(5),

430-438.

Bori, M.O., Adebusoye, S. A., Lawal, A. K., and Awotiwon, A., 2007. Production

of

biogas from banana and plantain peels. Advanced Environmental

Biology 1: 33-38.

Chai, M., Ho, Y. W., Liew, K. W. and Asif, J.M., 2004. Biotechnology and in vitro

Mutagenesis for Banana Improvement. In: Banana Improvement:

Cellular, Molecular Biology and Induce Mutations, Jain, S. and R.

Swennen (Eds.). Science Publisher Inc., USA, Pp: 59-77.

Chillet, M., Abadie, C., Hubert O., Chilin-Charles Y., and Bellaire L D.

2009.

Sigatoka Disease Reduces the Greenlife On Bananas. Crop Protection,

28(1), 41-45.

Ehiowemwenguan, G., Emoghene, A O., and Inetianbo, R J E., 2014.

Antibacterial

and phytochemical analysis of Banana fruit peel, Journal of

Pharmacy, 4 (8), 18-25.


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of

cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into

flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing,

printing, packaging, cleaning, decorating, and a number of industrial and

construction processes. Papers are essential in legal or non-legal

documentation.

The pulp papermaking process developed in China during early 2 nd

century CE, possibly as early as the year 105 CE by the Han court eunuch Cai

Lun, and although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from

the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global,

with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Banana

Banana is one of the most important fruit crop plants and belongs to

the genus Musa. After harvesting the fruit, the plant is cut down and thrown

away, mostly as waste. The banana plant is largely divided into three parts-

pseudo stem portion of the plant fiber is suitable for making ropes and

twines.
Pseudostem and peduncle are the major source of fiber for banana.

These fibers can be used as raw material for making paper, cardboards, tea

bags, and etc. The strong property of pseudostem as a fiber is an advantage

for it to be a main product for making a rope since it contains a massive

amount of cellulose. And cellulose contains an indigestible or insoluble

substance, making it hard (Preethl, 2013).

According to Debabandya and Mohapatra (2010), banana is the

second most produced fruit after citrus. It has 16% contribution in the

world’s total fruit production. It has also stated that India is the most or the

largest producer of banana in the world estimating up to 27% of banana’s

production. According to them the banana is useful in every part just like

food, feed, pharmaceutical, packaging, and other industrial applications

including bio-fuel production, bio-sorbents, pulp and paper, csometics,

energy related activities, organic fertilizer, environmental cleanup and

biotechnology related processes.

Banana fibers are completely biodegradable, recyclable and are more

environment friendly than synthetic fibers both in terms of production and

their disposal. Therefore, the banana products have export potential. Unlike

synthetic fibers which are largely produced from non-renewable resources,

banana fibers are made of renewable resources.


In a study titled “Musa Papyrus”, it was said that paper was made from

the cellulose of linen and other cotton rags. Though manufacture of paper

from wooden pulp is easier than from cotton and linen cellulose, the strength

of its polymer chains is less than that in plants. Banana peels contain up to

15% of cellulose. As banana peels are a more common part of any

household’s everyday garbage as compared to cloth fibers, utilizing the

cellulose in banana peels to manufacture paper will considerably reduce

human impact on environment. This is the basic idea behind ‘Musa Papyrus’.

The technique is relatively easy and does not require extensive or expensive

machinery. This makes it available to all people regardless of status. In

addition, as bananas are available throughout the world, geographical bias

does not come into play.

Mango

Mango paper is a slight variant of Chiri Paper and is handmade. Chiri

papers are made with the help of long kozo fibers and mulberry barks. The

same ingredients are used when making mango paper, but instead of

mulberry barks, kozo fibers are included in a portion of 60:40. These papers

are made in abundance in Thailand and India, and are light in weight, semi

transparent in nature and are very delicate. They are also available in a

variety of colors, but are usually made in variations of yellow and green. The

color of the paper depends on the variety of mango used. Usually the mango
leaves are added as fragments and these leaves shine in light all over the

paper. These papers have a level pH 6 which makes them slightly acidic.

In contrast with our study, instead of kozo fibers and mulberry barks

the researchers used dried mango leaves with banana peel starch to

strengthen up the quality of paper.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This section present the theory that support on this study. The research

came up with only one theory but assuring that this is adequate as a basis

and parameter with regards to the needed information or theory to complete

this study.

According to Muraleedharan and Perumal (2010), banana fibre can be

an alternative raw material of paper industries like writing paper, anti-grease

paper, cheque paper as well as hard board industries. At first, raw materials

are collected from banana plants and fibres are collected afterwards. The

collected fibers are soaked in water prior to make pulp. Later, the extracted
fibre is bleached by microbial treatment using Trichoderma and Pythium for

3-5 days. These fungi acts on cellulose and breaks the bonds between lingo

on cellulose complex structures and lignin and hemicellulose are broken

down and leached out. It enhances the brightness of the paper and helps to

soften the fiber as well as do pulping process easier. After the microbial

treatment, banana fiber has to be washed to clean unwanted materials

including microbes and convert to pulp in a process called beating. All the

additives in required amount and actual proportions must add during the

beating process. Usually starch, polysaccharide resins, and natural gums

(glue) are used to modify or enhance the bonding between the fibers in

paper pulp. In the sizing step it is tried to retard the ability of wetting and

petration. Sizing reduces prosity and hence reduces absorption ability. After

several steps to be carried out finished paper is made from pulp. This paper

is used to prepare shopping bags, files, visiting card, greeting card,invitation,

cover, scribing pad, evelops, art paper, printing paper, etc. Besides, writing

paper is also prepared from banana fibrefollowing as usual industrial process

just by replacing banana fibre pulp against bamboo or wooden pulp.

This conclusion made by Muraleedharan and Perumal became the

foundation of this study. The study wants to further analyze and draw

conclusions to whether mango dried leaves with banana pulp is effective in

producing paper.
Conceptual Framework

This section present as a conceptual framework of the study. This study

conducted a survey through questionnaire/evaluation tool to come up with

the results of this research and to understand the effectiveness of paper

made up of dried leaves with banana pulp. The researcher gathered some

data that will help to stronger the study and to have firm foundation of the
Input
theory. Below is the summary figure of the Conceptual Framework.
-Dried leaves
Process
-Banana pulp
-Gathering of
data through - Evaluation
surveying tool/survey
questionnaire
Output
- Understanding
their respected
answers and see
if dried leaves
with banana pulp
is effective in
producing paper

Notes

FAO (2010) FAOSTAT: Banana Production by Countries 2010 http://

faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx.

Gunaseelan, N., 2004. Biochemical methane potential of fruits and

vegetable

solid waste feedstocks. Biomass and Bioenergy 26: 389-399.

Hossain, A B M S., 2015. Nano-Particle Preparation from Ligno-Cellulose

Based
Banana Peel Biomass as a Tool of Nano-Biotechnology, global journal

of biology, Agriculture and Health sciences, 4(3), 19-21.

Iralapati, V., and Kummari, S., 2014. Production of Citric Acid from

Different Fruit

Peels Using Aspergillus niger, International Journal of Scientific

Engineering and Research, 3 (5), 129-130.

Itelima, J., Onwuliri, F., Onwuliri, E., Onyimba, I., and Oforji, S., 2013. Bio-

Ethanol

Production from Banana, Plantain and Pineapple Peels by

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process,

International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 4,

(2),213-216.

Jadhav, S A., et al., 2013. Amylase Production from Potato and Banana

Peel

Waste, Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 2 (11), 410-414.


CHAPTER III

Methodology

Research Method

This study will make use of experimental method. Experimental

method is a procedure carried out to support or to validate a hypothesis.

Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what

outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary

greatly in goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical

analysis of the results. (en.m.wikipedia.org) This may prove how the product

produce will differ in texture, color and size throughout the experiment.

Procedure of investigation

The researchers came up with the idea of formulating dried leaves and

banana starch as an alternative way of producing an eco friendly paper.

The said materials were commonly seen in every places, particularly in

home. The raw were the banana peels and dried mango leaves. The first

thing that the researchers do is to create the starch as the pulp in the

production of paper. The banana peel were gathered and sliced it into small
and thin pieces. The dry flesh and peel of green banana contained 69.5%

and 22.6% starch content, respectively, indicating that they are an important

starch resource. Then put the sliced banana in a bowl and add 5 tbsp. of

sodium metabisulfite, it helps the banana peel to dry faster. After that, the

researchers placed it in an oven toaster with 140 degrees. The next thing the

researchers do is to grind or pulverized the banana peels after an hour of

heating in the oven.

The second thing that the researchers do is the creation of paper itself.

First, get the fibers in the dried leaves because the fibers are needed.

Second is to place the fibers in the mortar and pestle. Third is placed it in the

mold and deckle, and put in 5 mg of fibers. Fourth is to mix the 5 tbsp of

banana peel starch that was made earlier and mix it with water. Lastly, is to

dry it under the heat of the sun until it dries or put it an oven and wait for 10

to 15 mins.

Data Gathering Tools

The data gathering tool used was experiment. The researchers conduct

different set of experiments for the product to be tested. The set of


experiments or trials determine the durability of the paper when it comes to

texture and color.

Respondents

In this experiment that the researchers conduct. The respondents were

the researchers themselves and some chosen people from the areas of the

study or the relative of the researchers themselves.

Statistical Tools

The researchers use the mean method to determine the number of

satisfaction rate of the respondents in the evaluation of the paper. By means

of likerts scale, the researchers let the respondents rate the color, texture,

odor of the paper.

Notes

Kumar, M., and Kumar, D., 2011. Comparative study of pulping of banana

stem,

International Journal of Fibre and Textile Research 2011; 1(1): 1-5.


Morton, J., 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Durian 1: 287-291.

Shindo, S., and Tachibana, T., 2006. Production of bioethanol from spent grain

- a by

product of beer production. Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 43: 189–

193.

Umesh, M., and Preethi, K., 2014. Fermentative Utilization of Fruit Peel Waste

for Lactic

Acid Production by Applied Research, 4(9), 449 – 451.

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