BAMBOO THERMOS: RICE HUSK AND BAMBOO AS

AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL

________________________

A Research Presented
to the Committee on Research of
Pulot National High School, Sofronio Espaňola, Palawan

_________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

of the Grade 12 STEM of K to 12 Education Curriculum

__________________________

JOHN GLENN G. MEDECILO

JUNE 2018

i
 PULOT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENT RESEARCH
APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis here into attached entitled “BAMBOO THERMOS: RICE HUSK
ASH AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL” prepared and submitted by JOHN
GLENN MEDECILO in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the K to 12 Education
Curriculum is hereby accepted.

MARJORIE LIMSON JUDA C. SEDIACO

English Critic Statistician
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed
FRANK P. CATUBUAN
Adviser
_________________
Date Signed

RESEARCH COMMITTEE
RIO L. CASTRO VANESSA C. JABAGAT
Member Member
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed

SHARA D. MANZUL BIRTHEMINDA P. CAASI

Member Member
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed
FRANK P. CATUBUAN
Chairman
_________________
Date Signed

Accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Science Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics of K + 12 Education Curriculum.

LEAH G. RONDAEL
Asst. Principal II

________________
Date Signed

ii
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

On the 16th day of October the researcher emerged at Pulot Center, Sofronio

Esapňola, Palawan. He is the first born of Glenn A. Medecilo and Geraldine Gabayno

followed by Maui Glean and Jerald Glen.

The researcher graduated his elementary at Sofronio Espaňola Central School. He

completed his Junior High School as a Special Science Class student at Pulot National High

School. He continued as a senior in the same school and now graduated as a Grade 12

Science and Technology Engineering and Mathematics student.

His favourite subjects are both Science and Math. The researcher’s philosophy in

life is “nothing is permanent but change”. He wants to become an Engineer and Accountant

in the near future.

JOHN GLENN GABAYNO MEDECILO

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to express his special appreciation and thanks to all those

who have contributed to the completion of this study.

First of all, to God almighty for giving him wisdom and enough knowledge for

making this study possible;

To his beloved parents, siblings and relatives who were always there to support and

guide him whenever he encounter problems in doing this thesis; who opened their homes

as his research workplace as well as for providing him financial needs and other necessary

things in accomplishing the study;

To the research committee, who provided feedbacks and suggestions from the pre-

hearing up to the defense, you are very great;

To our adviser Sir Frank Catubuan who gave him recommendations and guide the

way to the improvement of their product.

To his English critic Ma’am Rio Castro, we are very thankful for the effort you’ve

made to better understand our study.

To his Statistician Ma’am Juda Sediaco, thank you for all the time that you spend

in helping our study

To all his classmates who give him an open hand and help him to have courage.

Especially to Husain Yahcub, and J-ron Narca for helping the researcher in making rice

husk ash. To Joshua Kerby Ruiz and Jemuel Rodelas that gave power in making some of

the design. Also, to Rosalina Kasim and April Grace Lopot who lend some money.

To our Uncle Ivan and cousin Icon for helping him to find the material needed in

the study.

iv
 To all the person whose names are not mentioned, yet play a role on making their

study successful, the researcher’s gratitude.

J.G.M.

v
 DEDICATION

The researcher would like to dedicate this research to the following:

To Almighty God, whom he sincerely devotes this study, who gave him healthy

physique and mind and constantly answers everything he needs to fulfil this study;

To the researcher’s respective parents who are always there for him, who gave him

guidance, advice and support, who have been their constant source of inspirations.

To his second parents, the faculty and staff of Pulot National High School, who

guided and gave him advice, ideas, guidance, encouragement and time in checking while

he were doing this research;

To his classmates and friends who shared laughter and joy, thanks for sharing their

pearls of wisdom and undying support for the completion of this research.

To those persons who were not mentioned but contributed a lot in making this study

possible.

vi
 Abstract

MEDECILO, JOHN GLENN G. Pulot National High School, Pulot Center,

Sofronio Espaňola, Palawan. “BAMBOO THERMOS: RICE HULL (HUSK) AND
BAMBOO AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL”

Adviser: FRANK P. CATUBUAN

The study entitled “Bamboo Thermos: Rice husk ash as an alternative material”

was conducted on June 2018 to August 2018 at Pulot Center, Sofronio Espaňola, Palawan.

This study seeks to (1) Determine the capacity of Bamboo thermos in holding thermal

energy, (2) find out the significant difference between bamboo thermos and the modern

thermos in terms of holding thermal energy. The researcher conducted this experiment by

building a thermos using a bamboo cut at the approximate height of the recycled glass

bottle and the ash from burning rice husk.

Result of the study reveals that bamboo thermos has a capacity of 8 hours in

keeping the thermal energy in a given time interval base on (1) its average change in

temperature of 4.38˚C which is greater than the modern one of 2.25˚C. Furthermore,

statistical analysis shows that the computed t-value of 2.471 at 0.05 level of significance at

8 degrees of freedom (df) implies that bamboo thermos and modern thermos has no

significant difference.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
DEDICATION vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTERS

I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Objective of the Study 2
Hypothesis of the Study 2
Significance of the Study 2
Scope and Limitation of the Study 3
Conceptual Framework 3
Operational Definition of Terms 4

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

III. METHODOLOGY
Time and Place of the Study 10
Preparation of Materials 10
Procedures for Data Collection 11
Procedures for Data Analysis 11
Design of the Experiment 11

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 12

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 15
Conclusion 15
Recommendations 16

REFERENCES 17
APPENDICES 20

LIST OF TABLES

viii
TABLES TITLE PAGE

1 Difference between Bio Thermos and Modern Thermos 12

in terms of temperature

2 Difference between Bio Thermos and Modern Thermos 13

in terms of change in temperature

3 Cost Analysis 14

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 The Conceptual Framework 3

x
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Whether we drink hot or cold coffee, save our drink for later consume, thermos is

a part of our daily material. It is designed to reduce the heat transfer that makes cold stays

cold and hot stays hot.

Rice growing countries are having environmental problems eliminating large

amounts of rice husks. Rice husks are the by-product of rice paddy. Rice husks are burnt

in the boilers for processing paddy. About 20 million tons of rice husk ash are produced

annually. This is a great environmental threat causing damage to the land and the

surrounding area in which it is dumped (Berkin, G.,2008).

The fact that bamboo grows quickly, is naturally antibacterial, and very renewable

makes it a great choice for conscious consumers looking for good alternatives to plastic.

(Choosing Bamboo Over Plastics, 2010)

According to the first law of thermodynamics (The law of conservation of energy)

stated that energy cannot be created nor destroyed it can only transfer from one place to

another. While the thermal energy can be transfer in three different ways: conduction

through exposure; convection through gas or liquid; and radiation that anything it can pass.

RH is a good thermal insulator as well as the Bamboo. Thus the researchers decided

to make a material made up of rice husk and they come up to a thermos that must be an

environmental friendly with the help of bamboo as an alternative plastic supporter.

xi
Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aimed to create a Bamboo thermos that can be used as

alternative to the modern one. Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the capacity of bamboo thermos in holding thermal energy?

2. Is there a significant difference between the bamboo thermos and the modern

thermos in terms of holding thermal energy?

Objectives of the study

The study aimed to:

1. Determine the capacity of bamboo thermos in holding thermal energy.

2. Find out if there is a significant difference between bamboo thermos and the

modern thermos in terms of holding thermal energy.

Hypothesis of the Study

H1: There is no significant difference between the bamboo thermos and modern thermos in

terms of holding thermal energy?

Significance of the Study

The Bamboo thermos is made up of bamboo and rice husk instead of using plastics

and mirror. By converting agricultural waste into useful product we can be able to reduce

the pollution problems can be reduced. Substituting bamboo from plastics will reduce the
xii
environmental concern. Also, the rice husks produce environmental problems just like the

plastics.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study is only focused on designing an effective Thermos using rice husk and

bamboo.

Moreover, this study is only limited on the capacity of rice husk, bamboo and the

support materials as thermal insulators.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Thermal Energy Capacity of Bamboo

thermos in holding
thermal energy

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework

xiii
Operational Definition of Terms

For better understanding, the following terms are defined as used in this study.

Bamboo- (bambusa-spinosa) cut in an approximate height from a giant woody

grass that grows chiefly in the tropics, where it is widely cultivated.

Rice hulls (or rice husks) - are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. In

addition to protecting rice during the growing season, rice hulls can be put to use

as building material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel.

Rice husk ash – are the product produced by burning rice husk.

Thermal Conductivity - a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct heat,

determined by the rate of heat flow.

Thermal Energy- a term used loosely as a synonym for more rigorously-defined

thermodynamic quantities such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible

heat, which are defined as types of transfer of energy (as is work).

Thermal Insulator- is something that prevents heat from moving from one place

to another.

Thermos- a container that keeps a drink or other fluid hot or cold by means of a

double wall enclosing a vacuum.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Leslie-Smith (n.d.) stated that vacuum flask assembly comprising a vacuum bottle,

a casing housing the said bottle, a pouring lip member surrounding the mouth of the bottle

and locating the bottle in the casing, an upstanding cylindrical portion on said pouring lip

member extending upwardly from the mouth of the bottle, a screw thread on said

cylindrical portion, a pouring lip defined by the open upper end of said cylindrical portion,

a stopper, a depending bung portion on said stopper for sealingly engaging in the mouth of

the bottle, a screw thread on said stopper engageable with the screw thread on the

cylindrical portion of the pouring lip member for releasably securing the stopper with its

bung portion engaged in the mouth of the bottle, and means separate from said screw

threads providing a secondary seal for the contents of the bottle, the said secondary sealing

means comprising a pair of inclined surfaces, each of substantial length on the cylindrical

portion of the pouring lip member and inclined surfaces on the stopper which match the

respective inclined surfaces on the cylindrical portion of the pouring lip member over

substantially the full length thereof, and which Wedgingly engage the respective inclined

surfaces on said cylindrical portion when the stopper is screwed on to the pouring lip

member to cause the secondary seal to have substantial width.

The Chef in me (2009) states that “lukewarm generally means between 98 to 105

degrees Fahrenheit, 36.5 to 40.5 Celsius. When you run the water on your wrist and it feels

warmer than your body temperature, but not hot , that should be just right. If you’ve ever

tested the temperature of warm fourmula or milk in a baby’s bottle, that’s lukewarm”.

xv
 The study of Dewangan K. and Satapathy A. (2012) reveals that the incorporation

of rice husk particles results in reduction of thermal conductivity of polyester resin thereby

increasing its insulation capability. It is found that with incorporation of about 1l% of raw

rice husk in the polyester resin reduces its thermal conductivity by about 15 %.

In range, Malasri1 et. al. (2015) in their study “Insulation Effectiveness of Rice

Hull” concluded the interior temperature rises to exterior temperature in less than 1.5 hours.

Depending on the threshold of the interior temperature, i.e., the temperature limit that will

not affect the content, the time duration is even less. Thus, rice hull insulated containers

are not suitable for a longer distribution route. It is suitable for distribution within a city,

such as a distribution of medical related items.

Talking about its content, Haryati S. et. al. (2017) study results indicated that the

RHG Sample C (88.28 wt % RHA, 9.29 wt % of bentonite and 2.41 wt % exfoliated

graphite) with the maximum amount of silica content (86.74 %) showed the desirable

properties as insulting material, i.e. with the highest onset temperature (414.15 C) by the

TGA and the lowest thermal conductivity (0.0746 W/m.K).

Characteristics of the four bamboo composites investigated by Shah et. al. (2015).

Thermal conductivity was measured using the Hot Disk TPS measurement equipment. This

system performs absolute measurements of thermal conductivity, and is capable of

measuring in a range of 0.005 to 1000 W/mK.

About the bamboo that we used, Bamboo Spinosa (n.d.) belongs to the Poaceae or

Grass family, which includes Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), Corn (Zea mays) and

xvi
Roseau or Wild Cane, (Gynerium sagittatum). The specimens, in what is called the

Bamboo Den, are located on SE side of the old water fountain, but need replanting at center

of clump; these are perennial, clumping trees from thick rhizomes; tall, giant grass, woody,

densely tufted, fast-growing species, up to 40 m high (130 ft) in natural habitat, curving at

top; stem circular, 10-18 cm diameter (4-7 in); stem wall very thick, with stem sometimes

almost solid; internodes prominent, 30–45 cm long (12-18 in), lowest nodes rooting; stem-

sheaths leathery, orange-yellow when young, hairy outside, 30–45 cm long (12-18 in);

branches numerous, lower ones long, wiry, and armed with thorns; leaves linear, 10-20 cm

long (4-8 in), 1-2 cm wide (0.4-0.8 in); flowering rare, but if it does, will occur at nodes in

large panicles.

Its natural habitat: A tropical and subtropical Bamboo, preferring sheltered, moist

locations and deep soils at low and medium altitudes; propagated by suckers and mature

joints with buds, and requiring high humidity and warm soil.

Sapa Profiles UK (2017) mentioned that after iron, Aluminium is now the second

most widely used metal in the world. The properties of aluminium include: low density and

therefore low weight, high strength, superior malleability, easy machining, excellent

corrosion resistance and good thermal and electrical conductivity are amongst aluminium’s

most important properties. Aluminium is also very easy to recycle.

Robert Colles (2014) stated that one of the best methods used in thermoses to

prevent heat transfer is to use a vacuum. Manufacturers of thermoses will incorporate an

evacuated air chamber in their thermoses. Since there is no matter in a vacuum, heat

transfer cannot be conducted by conduction or convection. Radiation heat transfer still

xvii
occurs though, but most vacuum liners are silvered so that radiation can be reflected. So a

vacuum sounds like the perfect material to use, but why does the substance still cool down

or warm up over time? This is because the vacuums are not perfect and the lids on

thermoses aren't vacuum insulated. The lid of a vacuum insulated thermos is the area of

largest heat flow.

On the other hand, How Does Heat Travel (n.d.) explains that the heat can be

transferred from one place to another by three methods: conduction in solids, convection

of fluids (liquids or gases), and radiation through anything that will allow radiation to pass.

The method used to transfer heat is usually the one that is the most efficient. If there is a

temperature difference in a system, heat will always move from higher to lower

temperatures.

The study of G. Berkin (2008) suggests that heat absorbing glass from rice husk

ash helps stabilizing built environment and soil ecology by means of waste utilisation.

Producing glass from this material helps to solve a number of environmental problems.

Moreover, Heat absorbing glass would enable better heat control in buildings and

therefore this ecological synthesis would create a sustainable environment. As rice husk

ash is a very fine silica source, it would satisfy the demands of the glass industry which

currently use sand for glass production. Using rice husk ash would reduce the need for

excavating sand from riverbeds and coasts which undoubtedly causes erosion. Using this

material to produce glass would help protect the environment in a larger scale.

xviii
 Moreover, According to Aldas R. et. al. (2011) study on “Thermal conductivities

of rice hull and ash combinations and its use as insulator for a gasifier reactor” showed that

rice hull ash is a better thermal insulator than rice hull. Furthermore, by compacting hereby

decreasing the percentage of void spaces in the bulk of material, the thermal conductivity

significantly increased for rice hull and the mixtures of hull and ash. The thermal

conductivity of smaller particles rice hull ash was not significantly affected by the

compaction.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

xix
Time and Place of study

The research procedure was conducted at PulotCenter, Sofronio Española, Palawan

from June 2018 to August 2018.

Preparation of Materials

The researchers used the following materials in making BioThermos: bamboo with

a height of 38.5(1) cm and radius of 5.35(1) cm, recycled glass bottle with the radius of

4.0(1) cm and height of 32.0(1) cm, rice husk, aluminum foil, insulation foam, cap, rubber,

yantok, and glue gun with stick. The bamboo served as a frame. Rice husk and insulation

foam are used to reduce transferring thermal heat through convection and conduction. The

aluminum foil prevented the thermal radiation to skip. Cap sealed the water and prevented

evaporation. The rubber also served as the seal, while yantok is used for holding the whole

Bio Thermos. The glass bottle held the water, while the glue stick is used to stick some

materials.

First, the bamboo was cut at the approximate height of the recycled glass bottle.

Next the rice husk was converted into ash by burning. Then, the aluminum foil was rolled

in the bottle twice then then aluminium foam with 7.40(1) cm radius at the top. Then, the

inner circumference of the bamboo was rolled with aluminium foil and foam. Then, the

foam and RH ash was placed inside at the bottom. The researchers decided to create a space

between insulation foam and the bottle. Lastly, he created the seal by usual cap of the bottle

attached with aluminium foam and foil around it.

Procedure for Data Collection

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 The bottle of bamboo thermos and modern thermos was filled with hot water until

it is full. Then the researchers measured the temperature by opening the cap of bottle and

inserting the thermometer. From initial to the given time interval of 1 hour within 8 hours

as long as the water temperature in either thermos has not decreased to 40˚C.

Procedure for Data Analysis

The data use was the change in temperature by subtracting every temperature to the

previous temperature. The study used t-test to analyse the significant difference of

performance in keeping the thermal energy in Bamboo Thermos over Modern Thermos in

terms of temperature in degrees Celsius (˚C). Arithmetic mean and variance were also used

in the study.

Design of the experiment

Two setups were used in the study to identify the difference between Bamboo

thermos and the modern one, and how long can the Bamboo thermos lasts.

Bamboo thermos Modern Thermos

Setup 1 (Experimental) Setup 2 (Control)

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

xxi
 This chapter provides the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data. The

discussion is arranged according to the logical sequence of the problem posted on Chapter

I.

Difference between Bamboo thermos and Modern Thermos in terms of Termperature

Table 1 shows the average temperature of Bamboo thermos and the Modern

Thermos.

The table also shows that the modern thermos has a greater mean of 63.56 ˚ C than

54.44˚C in bamboo thermos. This implies that the modern thermos keep the thermal energy

longer than the bamboo thermos.

Table 1. The distribution of the temperature (in ˚C) at an interval time.

Time Bamboo thermos Modern Thermos

Initial 74 ˚C 74 ˚C
1h 65 ˚C 70 ˚C
2h 59 ˚C 67 ˚C
3h 55 ˚C 65 ˚C
4h 53 ˚C 63 ˚C
5h 50 ˚C 61 ˚C
6h 48 ˚C 59 ˚C
7h 45 ˚C 57 ˚C
8h 41 ˚C 56 ˚C

Mean 54.44 ˚ C 63.56˚ C

Computed t =2.291**

Legend: ** = significant at 0.05 level

Furthermore, the t-value obtained is 2.291 which is significant at 5 percent level of

confidence. To be significant, the tabular value is 2.896 at .05 level of probability with 8

degrees of freedom (df). This means that the mean temperature of the Bamboo thermos and

xxii
Modern Thermos has no significant different with each other in keeping the thermal

energy.

Difference between Bamboo thermos and Modern Thermos in terms of change in

Temperature.

Table 2 shows the average temperature of Bamboo thermos and the Modern

Thermos.

The table also shows that the bamboo thermos has a greater mean of 4.38 than

2.25˚C in modern thermos. This implies that the bamboo thermos has faster change in

temperature than the modern one.

Table 1. The distribution of the temperature (in ˚C) at an interval time.

Time Bamboo thermos Modern Thermos

1h 9 ˚C 4 ˚C
2h 6 ˚C 3 ˚C
3h 5 ˚C 2 ˚C
4h 3 ˚C 2 ˚C
5h 3 ˚C 2 ˚C
6h 2 ˚C 2 ˚C
7h 3 ˚C 2 ˚C
8h 4 ˚C 1 ˚C

Mean 4.38 ˚C 2.25 ˚C

Computed t =2.474**

Legend: ** = significant at 0.05 level

Furthermore, the t-value obtained is 2.474 which is significant at 5 percent level of

confidence. To be significant, the tabular value is 2.998 at .05 level of probability with 8

degrees of freedom (df). This means that the mean temperature of the Bamboo thermos and

Modern Thermos has no significant difference with each other in keeping the thermal

energy.

xxiii
Cost Analysis

Table 3 shows the cost analysis of the materials used in making bamboo thermos.

Materials (3 Bamboo Thermos) Price

Aluminum Foil (8 meters) Php 30

Aluminum Foam (0.5 meters) Php 60

Recycled Glass Bottle Php 0

Bamboo Php 0

Rice Husk Ash Php 0

Total: Php 90

Based on the table 2 the total cost spend in making bamboo thermos is Php 90.
This materials is enough in making three bamboo thermos, therefore a single bamboo
thermos may cost Php 30.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

xxiv
Summary

The study entitled “BAMBOO THERMOS: RICE HUSK ASH AS AN

ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL” was conducted on June 2018 to August 2018 at Pulot

Center, Sofronio Española, Palawan. This study aimed to design an effective bamboo

thermos made with bamboo and rice husk, determine the capacity of bamboo thermos in

holding thermal energy and find out the significant difference between bamboo thermos

and the modern thermos in terms of holding thermal energy. The research was managed by

creating the design of bamboo thermos and compared it with the performance of modern

thermos. The temperature of the setup was gathered from initial to 8 hours in 1 hour interval

for data collection.

Furthermore, the interpretation of the result based on t-test indicates that bamboo

thermos has a significant difference on the modern Thermos in terms of change in

temperature. However, the researchers also concluded that bamboo thermos has no

significant difference on the modern Thermos in terms of record in temperature.

Conclusion

Based on the result of the study, the researchers concluded that the bamboo thermos

was able to keep a usable thermal energy of water under 8 hours. Statistical treatment

revealed that bamboo thermos has no significant difference on the modern Thermos in

terms of change in temperature. The researchers also concluded that bamboo thermos has

no significant difference on the modern Thermos in terms of record in temperature.

Therefore, the bamboo thermos can be used as an alternative to modern one in less

than 8 hours.

xxv
Recommendations

Based on the conclusion made, the researchers recommends the following:

1. The design of the bamboo thermos can be varied to improve the insulation

performance.

2. If there are still space inside the Bamboo thermos increase the thickness of rice

husk ash in order to insulate thermal energy better.

3. Find and use different species of bamboo that has a bigger circular volume.

4. More thermal energy release in the cap of the bottle, so make a better design for

it.

5. Make sure that the assembly is perfect that there are no leakage for thermal

energy.

6. The aluminium foam can be remove and alter it by space between aluminium

foil. This is because the aluminium foam is plastic.

REFERENCES

xxvi
Aldas R. et. al. (n.d.) “Thermal conductivities of rice hull and ash combinations

and its use as insulator for a gasifier reactor”. Retrieved from

infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/35/34171.pdfOn July 4, 2018

Berkin, G. (2008) “Heat absorbing glass from rice husk ash for sustainable

environment” retrieved from

https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=1845641132 on July 5, 2018

Carvalho R. et. al, (2017)“The influence of cork on the thermal insulation

properties of home textiles” retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705817328692 on

July 6, 2018

Colles R. (2014) “The Physics of a Thermos (& All About Heat Transfer)”.

Retrieved from https://futurism.com/physics-thermos-heat-transfer/on July

5, 2018

Dewagan K. and Satapathy A.(2012) “A NUMERICAL STUDY ON

ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL INSULATION CAPABILITY OF

POLYESTER BY REINFORCEMENT OF MICRO-SIZED RICE HUSK

PARTICLES”. Retrieved from

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.855.5486&rep=

rep1&type=pdf on July 4, 2018

Dominican Garden (n.d.) “Bamboo Spinosa”. Retrieved from https://-

www.dominicagardens.com/bambusa-spinosa.html on July 4, 2018

xxvii
Haryati S. et. al.(2017) “Insulation Material from Rice Husk Granule”. Retrieved

from www.aidic.it/cet/17/56/096.pdf on July 4, 2018

Leslie-Smith (n.d.) “Vacuum Flask”. Retrieve from

https://patents.google.com/patent/US3089603A/en on July 4, 2018

Malasri1 et. al. (2015).“Insulation Effectiveness of Rice Hull” retrieved from

technical.cloud-journals.com/index.php/IJAPT/article/download/Tech-

485/pdfon July 5, 2018

Sapa Profiles Uk (2017) “Properties of aluminium” retrieved from

http://www.aluminiumdesign.net/why-aluminium/properties-of-

aluminium/ on July 8, 2017

Shah et. al. (2015). “QUANTIFYING THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF

BAMBOO COMPOSITES WITH THE HOT DISK TPS” Retrieved from

https://thermtest.com/applications/bamboo-thermal-conductivityon July 4,

2018

The Chef in Me (2009) “How hot is lukewarm” Retrieve from

https://thechefinme.com/how-hot-is-lukewarm/ on July 8, 2018

Wang J. et. al. (2018) “Thermal insulation performance of bamboo- and wood-

based shear walls in light-frame buildings” Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323690035_Thermal_insulation

_performance_of_bamboo-_and_wood-based_shear_walls_in_light-

frame_buildings on July 24, 2018

xxviii
(n.d.)“ How Does Heat Travel”retrieved from

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/therm

al/transfer.htmlon July 5, 2018

xxix
 APPENDICES

Inserting the aluminium foil inside the bamboo (left)

Putting an aluminium foam
and covering the bottle by aluminium foil (right) to
at the bottom of the
prevent the transfer of thermal radiation
bamboo.

Assembling the biothermos by putting the bottle at the center followed by the ash rice
husk and putting aluminium foam as the inner cover after.

Burning rice husk to produce ash for the experiment (left) and collecting it after (right).

xxx
xxxi