PRODUCTION OF SUSTAINABLE LINING PAPER

USING Saccharum spontaneum

PULP

(Materials Science)

Presented by:

Althea M. Presa
Researcher
Grade 9-Mangga

Presented to:

Mr. Christopher A. Luna

Research Adviser

School Year 2020 – 2021

Governor Ferrer Memorial National High School –

Main
Pinagtipunan, City of General Trias, Cavite
Division of General Trias City
 ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to create a Usable and sustainable ling

papers that can be used as a cover for small-medium objects in order to prevent

wetness and staining while using. The researcher decided to use Saccharum

spontanium grass because it is a type of grass that is often discarded and thrown

to compose pits but has stout leaves that can grow to many meters high,

furthermore, in terms of availability, it is highly available as long as there is a

semi-wet soil. It also aims to lessen the amount of the trees or papers from trees

that we use everyday by making a substitute that can be stronger and cheaper. In

making trials, the researcher used various techniques in order for the pulp to be

produced and processed into ling paper sheets. After conducting the experiment

and the study itself, the researcher aims to have positive results towards the

prototype and the final product that can be utilized not just by the researcher

herself but also the community.

 RESEARCH PLAN

A. RATIONALE

Paper is one of the most important things in education, with these, you

can do printing and drawing. Paper production uses water and electricity, they also

cut way more than a million metric tons of paper trees around the world. On the

other hand, most grass are considered as pests because they absorb other water

and nutrients that are for the plants and crops, they are trimmed for design or just

disregarded and thrown.

Lining paper are paper used mainly on walls and wall paper. Other than this,

small amount of lining paper can also be used as a convenient coverage in many

things in the house like your cat litter, vases and freezer storages. This sustainable

paper absorbs amount of liquids that may cause foul smell and spoilage in food,

using this will prevent that for happening. It can also be used in plant vases as a

lining and can be utilized as a nutrient sheet when infused with liquid-containing

nutrients before planting. Since it is biodegradable and does not have any chemical

compounds, it will not harm the things it covers and will disintegrate unlike other

market papers.

Talahib is a coarse, erect, perennial grass, usually more or less tufted, with

stout underground rootstock, growing to a height of 1 to 3.5 meters. Leaves are

harsh and linear, 0.5 to 1 meter long; 6 to 15 millimeters wide. Panicles are white

and erect, measuring 15 to 30 centimeters long, with slender and whorled branches,
the joints covered with soft white hair. Spikelet are about 3.5 millimeters long, much

shorter than the copious, long, white hairs at the base. (Stuart G.U.2018)

According to Azeez M.A. (2018), Chemical composition of most plant leaves and

grasses have been investigated. They consist of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose,

some terpenes, resins, inorganic element and fatty acids. Research carried out on

these plant leaves, and grasses indicate their percentage composition of cellulose

ranges from 32.6 to 88% Cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of

several hundred to over ten thousand linked D-glucose units. Cellulose is the main

component of the primary cell wall of green plants.

Papermaking, formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibers,

from water suspension on a wire screen. Paper is the basic material used for written

communication and the dissemination of information. In addition, paper and

paperboard provide materials for hundreds of other uses, such as wrapping,

packaging, toweling, insulating, and photography. (Britt K.W.2020)

Humans may not know the impacts of producing and wasting paper but we will all

feel it soon, researchers are finding ways to lessen the wastes produced from this

and find alternative materials that can be used and paper production. This study will

aim in aiding deforestation and producing more ecofriendly paper using grass pulp

came from talahib.

B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The main goal of the study is to produce lining paper in small to medium

size that can be used as a protective absorbent material for storage areas and

boxes.

Specifically, the researcher will seek to answer the following questions:

1. Does pulp of Saccharum spontaneum capable of forming a shape and

bunding after air and sun drying?

2. Are there any significant difference between the research product and the

commercial or branded ones in terms of;

2.1. Water Absorption Property

2.2. Cost Efficiency
3. Is there any significant difference regarding the usability if you use different

method of beating?
C. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The researcher will be expecting a high quality and sustainable lining paper that is

made out of Saccharium spontaneum leaves and can be used storing, packaging

and protecting different small to medium things of any shapes.

D. RESEARCH METHODS

Before following the procedures of this experiment, the researcher made

sure to follow all the things states in precautions and where protective clothing
needed. The materials and equipment needed was organized and will be used
with parental guidance. Materials include Talahib grass, scissors or cutting
equipment, 3 mold and deckles, neutral/rain/tap water, cheesecloth, mallet and
blender. Sanitation of the place was also done using at least 80% ethanol
alcohol.
For the making of the pulp, the researcher will cut 750 grams of the talahib
grass into 2-5cm length using a scissor or any sharp cutter, it will then be soaked
to a big bucket under rainwater or neutral one for 3-5 days or until the grasses
visibly soften and some pulps can be seen. With the days that grass is soaked,
the researcher will prepare other materials and equipment and make sure that
they are functioning properly or still good to use, mold and deckles (3) will also
be assembled using mesh wire and wooden frame (at least 15 in 2). Note that the
grass and water must be away from hot places or it will ferment and mold, also,
make sure to check it every day.
After several days of softening, the researcher will then decoct 3-4 liters of
water (may use the one grass was soften into) and add wash soda (50grams/6
liters), also note that you should add the soda before the water boils to prevent
chemical effect. Boil it for 30-60 minutes or until your grass looks kind-of pulpy.
After cooling down, get 3 150 grams batches of wet pulp of it and separate using
containers with dotted lead.

RISK & SAFETY:

In carrying out a research, safety should be prioritized at all times. Here

are some guidelines and precautions that the researcher must remember in

doing the research or study:

 1. Wear proper attire in working, it includes rubber gloves, goggles and face

shields and masks.

2. When using sharp and dangerous objects, make sure to handle it properly.

3. After performing an experiment, keep all the materials used in a place not

reachable of children under 10 years old.

4. Only materials you require for your work should be kept in your work area.

Everything else should be stored safely out of the way.

5. If an abnormality in a machine observed, ask for help from a person older than

you that has a background in using that equipment.

6.If wounds of bleeding obtained, treat it right away with first aid to avoid

infections.

7. Clean up your workplace after doing your experiment.

STATISTICAL TOOLS TO BE USED

These are statistical tools that will be used as instruments in the quantitative

analysis in this study:

1. MEAN. It is determined by adding all the data points in a population and then dividing

the total by the number of points. Mean is calculated using the following equation:

Where:
 ∑= represents the summation

X= represents the scores

N= represents the number of scores

2. Standard deviation (SD, also represented by the lower case Greek letter sigma

σ for the population standard deviation or the Latin letter s for the sample standard

deviation) is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

FORMULA:

Where:

Sum ∑= “sum of”

X= Value in the data set

x = Mean of the data set

N= The number of data points in the population

3. F-TEST or ANOVA. The F-statistic is simply a ratio of two variances. Variances are a

measure of dispersion, or how far the data are scattered from the mean. Larger values

represent greater dispersion.

Where: F= F-Value

MST = Mean Square for Treatments

MSE = Mean Square for Errors

REFERENCES

Stuart, G. U.(2018), Talahib Saccharum spontaneum Linn.Wild Cane Tian gen zi

cao Retrieved on December 2020 from:
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Talahib.html

Quillen K.(2017),Make Paper From Plants Retrieved on December 2020 From:

https://www.motherearthnews.com/diy/making-paper-from-plants-
zm0z17jjzqui#:~:text=To%20make%20paper%2C%20you'll,you'd%20like%20to
%20use.

Britt K.W.(2020),Papermaking Process,History,& Facts Retrieved on December

2020 from:

https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking

Santos R.M.A.(2019), Talahib (Saccharum spontaneum Linn.) as Alternative to

Commercial Cotton Yarn Retrieved on December 2020 From:

https: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/888198

Elvidge S.(2019),Testing Paper fo Strength Retrieved on December 2020 From:

http://www.scienceprojectideas.co.uk/testing-paper-for-strength.html

Azeez M.A. (2018). Pulping of Non-Woody Biomass, Pulp and Paper Processing,
Salim Newaz Kazi, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79749. Retrieved on
December 2020 from:

https://www.intechopen.com/books/pulp-and-paper-processing/pulping-of-non-
woody-biomass
 NARRATIVE REPORT FOR TRIAL 1

For the making of trials, the researcher made sure to consider what’s
written in the risk and safety precautions, the researcher also wore protective
clothing including laboratory gown, inside cloth that can cover the bare skin,
surgical class face mask and gloves, lastly, the researcher made sure to cover
the hairs with a net.
For this trial as a controlled, the researcher took 150 grams of pulp then
put it in 500 mL water for 2 hours
After this, add more water to the container and mold it using shifting
method in mold and deckle, have a sponge to help in regulating the water while
molding.
Air dry it until fully dried.
 NARRATIVE REPORT FOR TRIAL 2

For the making of trials, the researcher made sure to consider what’s
written in the risk and safety precautions, the researcher also wore protective
clothing including laboratory gown, inside cloth that can cover the bare skin,
surgical class face mask and gloves, lastly, the researcher made sure to cover
the hairs with a net.
For this trial, with parental guidance, the researcher took 150 grams of
pulp and using mallet, hammer or wood plank, hit the pulp continuously for 5 to
10 minutes while adding 25 mL of water every 2 minutes (4 times) and 1/16
tablespoon of wash soda in 5 minutes stop.
She will then put the beaten pulp to a container with 500 mL of water and
let it rest for 24 hours.
After this, add more water to the container and mold it using shifting
method in mold and deckle, have a sponge to help in regulating the water while
molding.
Air dry it until fully dried.
 NARRATIVE REPORT FOR TRIAL 3

For the making of trials, the researcher made sure to consider what’s
written in the risk and safety precautions, the researcher also wore protective
clothing including laboratory gown, inside cloth that can cover the bare skin,
surgical class face mask and gloves, lastly, the researcher made sure to cover
the hairs with a net.
For this trial, with parental guidance, the researcher took 150 grams of
pulp and using kitchen standard blender, run the pulp continuously for 5 to 10
minutes while adding 25 mL of water every 2 minutes (4 times) and 1/16
tablespoon of wash soda in 5 minutes stop.
She will then put the beaten pulp to a container with 500 mL of water and
let it rest for 24 hours.
After this, add more water to the container and mold it using shifting
method in mold and deckle, have a sponge to help in regulating the water while
molding.
Air dry it until fully dried.
 APPENDIX A:

TABLE OF COMPARISON FOR THE MATERIALS AND INGREDIENTS

USED PER TRIAL

MATERIALS AND TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

INGREDIENTS USED () () ()

Saccharum 150 grams 150 grams 150 grams

spontanium (Talahib)

pulp

Wash soda 1/16 tablespoon 1/16 tablespoon 1/16 tablespoon

Water 500mL 600mL 600 mL

 APPENDIX B:

TABLE OF COMPARISON FOR THE TOTAL COST OF PRODUCT

MADE VS. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

MATERIALS AND Own Product Commercial Product

INGREDIENTS USED

Product A Product A Product B

Saccharum spontanium No Cost

(talahib) Erfurt Lining Kraft Paper Liner Thick

Paper 800
Grade-1
Wash soda No Cost

Water No cost

Total Price: Php 0.00 $81.45 Php 165.00

 APPENDIX C

MATERIALS, INGREDIENTS AND EQUIPMENT USED

 APPENDIX D

PROCEDURES OF TRIAL 1

Collection of Washing of materials Bathing of grass for

Cutting of grass
materials needed 5-7 days

Rinse after bathing Addition of wash soda to Straining after

Decoction for
water cooling down
15-30 mins

Put the 150 grams of pulp

to a tub and mold it
Air and sun dry it
 APPENDIX E

PROCEDURES OF TRIAL 2

Collection of Washing of materials Bathing of grass for

Cutting of grass
materials needed 5-7 days

Rinse after bathing Addition of wash soda to Straining after

Decoction for
water cooling down
15-30 mins

Put the 150 grams of Air and sun dry it

Beat 150 grams of pulp beaten pulp to a tub and
using hard object with flat mold it
surface for 10 mins with 2
mins interval
 APPENDIX F

PROCEDURES OF TRIAL 3

Collection of Washing of materials Bathing of grass for

Cutting of grass
materials needed 5-7 days

Rinse after bathing Addition of wash soda to Straining after

Decoction for
water cooling down
15-30 mins

Put the 150 grams of Air and sun dry it

Beat 150 grams of pulp beaten pulp to a tub and
using standard kitchen mold it
blender for 10 mins with 2
mins interval
 APPENDIX G

DOCUMENTATION OF RESEARCH PRODUCTS (TRIAL 1, 2, 3)

 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The Researcher is a 15 years old student from Governor Ferrer Memorial

National High School-Main and is studying under Special Science Class
Curriculum. She belongs to a family of 4 and is now residing at Pasong Kawayan
2, General Trias City, Cavite.
The Researcher attended Pasong Kawayan 2 Elementary School on her early
school years where she is one of the consistent honor student and representative
in math and English contests outside the school. Furthermore, she moved up to
high school with a bronze medal, multiple awards from different subjects and as
a Gawad Vibora awardee.
When the Researcher is not busy, she spends her time experimenting different
dishes and reading books such as novels. She believes that time is the most
valuable thing that must be treasured and used in a good way.
When the Researcher is not busy, she would often watch anime or play
mobile games like other student, she had also taken a liking towards mystery,
interactive and crime investigative games, books are an option but is rarely
picked. She believes that time is the most valuable thing in the world so it must
be treasured and not wasted in not worth-it things.
The Researcher plans to have a degree in accountancy, engineering,
programing or ethical hacking in the future.