Durability of Cow Feces As Paper

CHAPTER I
Background of the Study and Its Setting
Introduction
Before the invention of paper, people wrote on clay tablets, papyrus, parchment
and vellum. In ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran, cuneiform characters were placed
on wet clay tablets with a stylus made from a reed. Parchment is made from the untanned
skins of sheep, calves or goats, and it has been a writing medium for over two millennia.
Vellum is a finer quality of parchment that is made from the skins of very young animals,
such as lambs and calves. Vellum was used to create scrolls, codices, and books.
Produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, papyrus was used in ancient Egypt
and other areas around the Mediterranean. The earliest evidence of papyrus was
unearthed in 2012 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea
coast. Dating from 2,560 – 2,550 B.C., the papyrus rolls describe the last years of the
building the Great Pyramid of Giza. Before the invention of paper, the Chinese wrote on
pieces of bamboo or on silk, but silk was expensive, and bamboo was heavy. Officially,
paper was invented in 105 A.D. by a Chinese court official named Ts'ai Lun, but in 2006,
a fragment of a paper map bearing Chinese characters and dating from 200 B.C. was
found at Fangmatan in northeast Gansu Province. What Lun had done was mix together
the bark of a mulberry tree, hemp, and shredded cloth rags with water, mash the mixture
into a pulp, press out the liquid, and hang the resulting sheets out to dry in the sun. The
word "paper" was derived from the word "papyrus", Ancient Greek for the Cyperus
papyrus plant, and paper was quickly adopted by the Chinese. It then spread via the Silk
Road to other parts of the world (Marcia Wendorf, 2019).
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Paper alone accounts for 40% of all waste in the United States. That adds up to
about 71.6 million tons per year. What many hope to reduce, reuse, and recycle,
unfortunately and overwhelming ends up being dumped into a landfill. Waste from paper
is a big issue. It’s easy to forget that production of paper also has a devastating impact on
the world we live in. Deforestation has increased at an alarming rate. Paper
manufacturing used up to 40% of all global wood. The process of manufacturing paper
releases nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide into the air, contributing to
pollution such as acid rain and greenhouse gases. Furthermore, the US consumes more
than 30% of all paper products globally, despite being only 5% of the world’s population
(Dennis Kempner, 2016). Deforestation represents one of the largest issues in global land
use and is estimated to be responsible for about 12% of greenhouse gas emissions.
Forests house carbon in wood, leaves, and soil. When loggers and developers cut down
forests, CO2 escapes into the atmosphere. A deforested area cannot absorb and store any
more CO2. Furthermore, animals and indigenous people who once depended on forests
for life can do so no longer, also removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its
canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and retains heat at night. That
disruption leads to more extreme temperature swings which can be harmful to plants and
animals (Christina Nunez, 2009). Though all of these seems alarming, a new possible
material in creating paper had been discovered by the researchers.
Cow dung, manure, or feces is indigestible plant material released on to the
ground from the intestine of a cow. Feces is generally not a favorite topic of
conversation, whether it comes from an animal or a human, though Cow dung is worth
discussing. It is a useful material and helps us in a variety of ways, it will be such a
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shame to waste a plentiful renewable resource. This material turns out to be an excellent
source of cellulose for paper manufacturing in countries where trees are scarce, and in
regions with plenty of farm animals, upcycling manure into paper products could be a
cheap and environmentally sound method to get rid of this pervasive agricultural waste.
The manure is used as a rich fertilizer, an efficient fuel and biogas producer, a useful
building material, an insect repellent, a cleansing agent, and lastly, the possibility of cow
feces as an alternative of tree in the animal already chewed the plant and attacked it with
acid and enzymes. They inexpensively produce a nanocellulose that has the same or even
greater properties than nanocellulose from wood, with lower energy and chemical
composition.
Cow feces paper will be generated from the disposed digested plant matter. As
people used cows for draught work, milk and beef production, their poops are just lying
around and are being wasted, but little they did know that these manures can be as the
source of fiber in making paper. Therefore, efforts have been made to use cow feces for
various nonfood applications including fiber production. These papers are created from
the fiber found in poop, but the paper we use has probably been made from wood fiber
that comes from trees. Trees make good paper, but as the situation people are today, the
researchers think that they should not be chopped down if people are only going to use
paper to scribble on and throw it away. Precious trees should not be wasted, especially
when it can be made from poop, a waste material that is going spare.
The researchers studied cow feces as a waste material that has a lot of uses and
found out that its fiber and cellulose can also be an ingredient in creating industrialized
papers. This study was conducted to create paper that is not just eco-friendly but also
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durable enough to replace paper made out of wood. As the researchers stumble the
thought that cow manures, a waste material that can be used in many ways is laying
wasted in the ground, they have concluded to use such material in order to lessen and
make use of what is readily available rather down cutting down trees causing many
environmental problems and a lot of work to do just to make a paper, to save cow feces
and to use it for other productive means. That is why the researchers conducted a study
using cow feces, which is a waste material and is said to produce papers from its fiber
and cellulose. The researchers also used cornstarch and flour, and wood ash as the active
materials for the paper’s binding process. Prior to these, the will of the researchers to at
least help in reducing the cases of this issues and help re-using tons of this cow feces
motivated them to undergo in this study.
Conceptual Framework
There are many theories as to who and when paper was invented, but the general
concensus is that a Chinese gentleman named T'sai Lun was responsible, sometime
around 105 AD. He was rumored to have been inspired by bees weaving fibers together,
which caused him to experiment on his own. Although he was not the first to create a
fiberous substrate, he is credited with creating a documented method to the art of
papermaking. At its most basic level, paper consists of small fibers that are bound
together by getting them wet and then drying them again. At the time, these fibers were
hard to come by. This meant paper was made entirely from recycled fibers like rags and
cotton. As time went on, the early innovators figured out how to shred plants like hemp
and bamboo into fibers that could be made into paper (Casey, 2017). As mentioned
above, this theory further added success to the study for the same action was applied in
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making paper, and that is bounding the small fibers together by getting them wet and
drying them together except the researchers used binding materials to bind the paper.
The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows
abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. In ancient times, the fibrous layers within the
stem of this plant were removed, placed side by side, and crossed at right angles with
another set of layers similarly arranged. The sheet so formed was dampened and pressed.
Upon drying, the gluelike sap of the plant, acting as an adhesive, cemented the layers
together. Complete defibring, an indispensable element in modern papermaking, did not
occur in the preparation of papyrus sheets. Papyrus was the most widely used writing
material in ancient times, and many papyrus records still survive (Britt, 1999). As
mentioned above, the gluelike sap of the plant acted as the adhesive of the paper to bind
it, this further added success in using cornstarch and wood ashes as the paper’s binding
material for when these are wet and dried it can also act as an adhesive.
There is also a similar concept in making paper, and that is making paper out of
elephant dung. It began its journey to a new destination in Sri-Lanka around 1997 and has
gone viral for adopting a genius idea of generating handmade papers out of animal waste.
It is not only helping the environment to sustain longer but also has opened up a very new
employment chain for the people living in Sri Lanka (Nishat, 2019). As mentioned above,
the same concept was made that furthers strengthened the liability of the creation of the
cow feces paper which therefore help the researchers conclude that this material turns out
to be an excellent source of cellulose for paper manufacturing in countries where trees are
scarce.
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Experimental Research Paradigm
Hypothesis
Examination of the durability of the

Procedures of production of the cow feces paper with mixed
cow feces paper cornstarch and flour, and wood ash
Cow Feces Paper
Durability of the Cow Feces

Paper based on the Assessed
Data
Statement of the Research Problem
This research, entitled “The Durability of Cow Feces as Paper”, aims to save cow
feces and make use of it for other productive means. As such, the following questions and
sub-questions help them arrive in their conclusion.
1. How durable is cow feces paper in terms of:
a. texture
b. color
c. absorbance
d. ability as a paper
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2. What is the texture of cow feces as paper when combined with:
a. mixed cornstarch and flour;
b. mixed cornstarch and flour, and the wood ashes?
3. What is the difference when a certain motion is applied in forming the cow feces
paper in the silk screen, such motions are:
a. circular motion
b. front side to back side motion
c. tilting motion
Hypothesis of the Study
There is a significant relationship between the binding process and the durability
of cow feces paper.
Significance of the Study
The researchers studied feces as a waste material that has lot of uses and found
that its mostly made up of fiber that can be a material in creating industrialized papers.
The researchers came up with this idea to save cow feces and use it to other productive
means. Cow feces is only known for its agricultural purpose(fertilizer) this research study
proves that there are more products that can be produced using cow feces. In addition, the
cost of the product will be cheaper and the production will be easier since cow feces are
readily available anywhere.
Barangay Officials. The barangay officials involved in the study will benefit since
collecting cow feces from their lots and farming lots can help maintain the cleanliness of
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their area, thus, keeping a visitor-friendly barangay. Clean and healthy environment is for
the good of all and should, therefore, be the concern of all.
Farmers. Cow dung contains harmful bacteria that make people and pet sick when
not properly disposed. Helping them collect cow feces could be a very useful and
beneficial for both the farmers and the researchers.
Future researchers. With this study, future researchers can already have a
grounded knowledge in hope that they will refine this study more and/or even much
better, they will find this study and find other ways or materials in producing paper.
Researchers. This study will be beneficial to the researchers for they may improve
the development of producing a paper out of cow feces. It is also beneficial for the
researchers for with this study, they may help reduce the issues that concern the
environment.
Students. Teachers often ask students to do projects using scrap books, portfolios,
envelops, boxes, etc. This research could play a great role in providing paper products to
students. Instead of buying expensive products from commercial stationary stores they
could use the finish products and help researchers promote it. In return this research
could be the biggest breakthrough in which OLPCC will be known if the researchers had
succeeded in creating the said product.
Teachers. Teachers uses a lot of notebooks and scratch books in order for them to
fully learn what they should teach and t is unavoidable that it will cost a lot, therefore,
this research of making paper in your home can be very beneficial to them to as they no
longer need to buy, instead, made it by themselves.
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study was conducted to find out if cow feces with cornstarch and flour, and
wood ash can be an alternative for trees in making paper and focuses on the study of cow
feces as paper, it will test its durability in terms of texture, absorbance and ability as a
paper. The researchers choose cow feces as the main component for the alternative paper
for they have found out the potentiality and its availability. There are some materials that
has been added for some purposes, namely: cornstarch and wood ashes for binding the
paper and bleach to whiten the color of the paper. This study is delimited into collecting
feces in barangay Minante I, Cauayan City, Isabela during the month of January to
March. The product was tested by the researchers themselves of its durability and
capability as a writing material. The durability of cow feces paper was determined based
and compared on the standards of the commercial paper that people are using today.
Definition of Terms
Absorbance, used as one of the factors to assess the durability of the cow feces
paper where it’s the ability of a layer of the paper to absorb the ink.
Color, also used as one of the factors to assess the durability of cow feces paper in
change of color over time.
Cornstarch, a finely ground corn flour used as a material to smoothen the texture
of the cow feces paper.
Cow feces, also known as cow pats, cow pies or cow manure, is the waste product
(feces) of a cow to be used as the main ingredient in making the paper.
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Durable, able to withstand all writing activities done in the cow feces paper the
same with commercial paper.
Flour, a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seed used as a
material to bind the cow feces paper.
Paper, a commercial paper to be used for comparing the cow feces paper to know
whether it is durable enough.
Texture, the feel, appearance, or consistency of the cow feces paper used to assess
whether it is smooth or roughed surfaced.
Wood ashes, the remains of burned wood or plants that will be used as one of the
materials to bind and make the cow feces paper smoother.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related literature and Studies
This chapter presents detailed explanation of literature and studies that has been
conducted relevant to the different variables of the durability of cow feces as paper.
Foreign Literature
In India, cattle’s rearing is a tradition in the country and intimately limited to the
agricultural economy. Different products obtained from cow milk, ghee, curd, urine, and
dung are used widely in a number of ayurvedic formulations. Cow dung is traditionally
used as organic fertilizer in Indian sub-continental farming for centuries. The addition of
cow dung increases the mineral status of soil, enhances the resistance of plant against
pests and diseases; stimulate plant growth and other beneficial activities such as sulpho
oxidation and phosphorus solubilization.
The Hindu Vedas say that the cow is holy and should be worshiped. In India,
cows are very important animal resources and are highly useful in agriculture and dairy
industry. Panchagavya is a term used to describe five major substances, obtained from
cow, which include cow's urine, milk, ghee, curd and dung. All the five products possess
medicinal properties against many disorders. This kind of treatment is called
Panchagavya therapy or cowpaths. Cowpathy is an old system of medicine mentioned in
ancient Indian literature (Ayurveda) as Panchagavya Chikitsa. The ayurvedic medicines
of animal origin are mainly prepared from Panchagavya which boost up the body
immune system and makes the body refractory to various diseases. Although some Indian
literature mentioned the medicinal property of cow excretion, only a few were proved.
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Several useful properties of cow urine got confirmed by researchers’ patent also. But
there is no report available on antimicrobial activity of cow dung.
In India, 69.9 % population resides in rural areas, where cow (Bos indicus) is
major cattle and generates 9–15 kg dung/day (Werner et al. 1989). Waste is generally
meant for discarding because it may act as a source of pollution (Pongrácz & Pohjola,
2004). However, if it is used in some other process such as feedstock it may be
considered as co-product (Brown, 2003). People in Indian villages use cow dung for
cooking purpose by direct burning. It is also used in plastering of walls and floor in rural
houses for providing insulation during winter and summer. Application of smoke
generated from the burnt cow dung as mosquito repellent and subsequent ash as cleaning
agent for kitchen utensils is an old age practice. Accordingly, different usage of cow dung
by village peoples reflect the native knowledge associated with it. It also depicted that
cow plays an important role in village economy and has high socio-economic value
(Dhama et al. 2005).
In some cases, cow feces played an important role in different ways. It can be
called as a organic fertilizer and it can also play an important cultural role. As we found
out that the application of smoke generated from the burnt cow dung can be used as a
mosquito repellent together with subsequent ash as cleaning agent for kitchen utensils
that helps us on our daily needs. We also found out that cow's urine, milk, ghee, curd and
dung possess medicinal properties against many disorders. This kind of treatment is
called Panchagavya therapy or cowpaths. Cowpathy is an old system of medicine
mentioned in ancient Indian literature (Ayurveda) as Panchagavya Chikitsa. The
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ayurvedic medicines of animal origin are mainly prepared from Panchagavya which
boost up the body immune system and makes the body refractory to various diseases.
Generally speaking, the decline in quality of paper can be attributed to the
following factors: (1) increasing use of paper, which has lowered standards; (2) the fact
that the public is not educated to demand better-grade paper; (3) production of paper by
machine; and (4) low prices, which necessitate the use of cheaper materials. Basically,
however, the reasons for this decline are: (1) damage to the fibers in the process of
machine work; (2) use of minerals, especially the filler; (3) excessive bleaching,
particularly by means of calcium hypochlorite; (4) use of alum; and (5) discovery of
mechanical wood pulp by Friedrich Gottlob Keller in 1845. In the period of transition
from handmade to machine-made paper, the problem of upholding the high standards for
papermaking arose. The resultant loss of quality in the properties of paper especially
that used in newspapers called for a united effort on the part of those concerned over this
decline. This effort may be traced from the beginnings made by Ernst Hartig and Fritz
Hoyer in 1881 and the foundation in 1884 of a division for paper-testing in the present-
day Materialprü- fungsamt (Institute for the Testing of Materials), Berlin- Dahlem, to the
year 1886, when Martens succeeded in establishing the first standards for printing-
paper. These standards led to the extended science of paper making as recorded in the
work of Wilhelm Herzberg, Papierprüfung. The question of paper-testing was studied by
Delisle in France, Franz Ehrle in Italy, the Library Association' and H. M. Stationery
Office in England, the Committee on the Deterioration of Paper in the Department of
Agriculture in the United States, and, finally, it * Norman
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In this review, the cited work generally speaking the decline in quality of paper
that can be attributed to the following factors: (1) increasing use of paper, which has
lowered standards; (2) the fact that the public is not educated to demand better-grade
paper; (3) production of paper by machine; and (4) low prices, which necessitate the use
of cheaper materials.
Local Literature
According to De Jesus, Seb. (2018) There are many items which can be recycled
in order to lessen the waste thrown every day, they are stuck to paper because they found
it easier to recycle and decorate for it will eventually become part of the environment.
They are focused on recycling and upcycling paper. They collect used paper --
newspapers, telephone directories, cereal boxes -- and use them to create notebooks and
other stationary products with original artwork covers. The bulk of their raw material are
collected and bought from companies who sell scrap paper for recycling. In this article,
the same theory was applied in creating paper, that is recycling fiber from waste or used
materials.
According to Bianca Fernandez in the article Revista Virtual de Quimica, A
growing demand for renewable energy makes the production of briquettes a good
alternative source of energy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of using commercial
cornstarch as a binder in the production of briquettes from sugarcane bagasse. Analysis of
specific weight, gross calorific value, moisture content, volatile and ash content were
performed for both materials. In this, cornstarch was studied to its potentiality as an
active material for binding process which has proven the viability of using cornstarch as a
binding material in our study.
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According to Algar et al. (2019), starch is considered as one of the most important
plant products for human consumption as it provides a large portion of the daily calorific
intake. The major sources of starch for food use are cereals, but roots and tubers are also
important. Among the main crops that are harvested for starch production are maize, rice,
wheat, and potato which are also considered as staple food crops. Because of the many
uses of starch, its demand also increases. The high amylose content can highly contribute
to good textural properties. It is considered as a versatile and cheap material and has
many uses such as thickener, water binder, emulsion stabilizer, and gelling agent; thus, its
form and functionality are always studied. In this cited work, the starch used in the
cornstarch has its potential to be a good active ingredient because of its uses stated above
that are great for the binding process of the paper. The findings are highly relevant to the
research and help the researchers to find potential active ingredients to successfully create
the cow feces paper.
Foreign Studies
Ofoefule, Akuzuo U. , Nwankwo, Joseph I. et. al. in Advances in Applied Science
Research, 1 (2): 1-8, 2010 that the paper waste which abound everywhere including the
immediate environment is a very good feedstock for biogas production. This waste can be
utilized for energy generation instead of burning them up or having them littered around
and invariably constituting a nuisance to the environment. The study has also shown that
blending the paper waste with cow dung or any other animal waste will give sustained
gas flammability throughout the digestion period of the waste since animal wastes are
good starters for poor producing wastes.
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In the study of Blaise Pascal Bougnom, Onguene Dieudonne ,. et al. It was
conducted to produce high-quality compost using both cow manure and wood ash that
can specifically be used to increase the fertility of soils in tropical regions. Increased
proportions of wood ash were co-composted with cow manure.
According to Russle C. R. (1973) That the consumption of starch products as wet-
end additives, surface sizes, and coating adhesives. The 1972 figures were ohtained by
extrapolating the data reported (3) for 1968. for extrapolation, an average annual growth
rate of 4.6% was assumed. This assumption seems reasonable because the production of
paper and paperboard is reported (21) to have increased at an average annual rate of
4.6g.; since 1968. In 1964 the figure for all types of starches used as wet-end additives
was 186 million pounds (3) Which at that time would correspond to about 156 million
pounds of corn starch products. In a view of the estimated use of 156 million pounds of
corn starches at the wet end in 1964 and the rise in paper production.
According to Brückle (2009). Bleaching in paper production versus conservation.
the bleaching treatment of paper in restoration shows both similarities and differences to
the bleaching of fiber in paper manufacture. These differences are shown in an overview.
Parallels of historical development are sketched using the example of light bleaching. In
this review we cited different articles, in certain cases cow dung contributes a lot in our
environment. It can be blended with paper waste sustained gas flammability throughout
the digestion period and a very good feedstock for Biogas Production. Also, we found out
that wood ash cornstarch and bleaching of paper can be useful and will help in many
aspects specially on creating a paper.
Local Studies
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According to Parayno and Busmente, recycling paper provides several
advantages. Every ton of paper used for recycling saves at least 30,000 liters of water,
3000−4000 kWh of electricity (enough for an average 3bedroom house for one year), and
75% of air pollution. Producing recycled paper involves between 28-70 percent less
energy consumption than virgin paper and uses less water. This is because most of the
energy in papermaking is used in the process of pulping to turn wood into paper.
Parayno and Busmente also said that recycled paper produces less air (95% of air
pollution). Recycled paper is not usually rebleached and if it is, oxygen rather than
chlorine is usually used. This reduces the amount of dioxins, which are released into the
environment as a by-product of the chlorine bleaching processes. For every metric ton of
recycled paper, seventeen trees are saved. Recycled paper reduces water pollution by 35
percent and uses 60 percent less water than the manufacture of virgin paper. Every metric
ton of recycled paper eliminates the need for 3 cubic meters of landfills given that paper
comprises 55 percent of today’s landfills, plastic about 14 percent.
In the study of William Henry Brown and Arthur Frederick Fischer, they said that
the increasing difficulty of obtaining wood pulp for paper has led to the examination of a
great variety of substances to be used as substitutes. The possibilities for paper pulp in the
Philippines have been investigated by Richmond and reported on in a series of articles in
the Philippine Journal of Science. Since Richmond's articles appeared very little
information has been obtained concerning paper, except in regard to supply and yield of
materials.
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CHAPTER III
Research Methodology and Procedures
In this chapter, the research methodology used in the study was described. The
area where the study was conducted, the data gathering instrument used and in gathering
data, procedures, including methods implemented were described. This chapter discusses
the various tools and techniques used to conduct the research study.
Methods of Research
The experimental method was used in conducting this study. Experimental
research is a scientific approach to research, where it directs the experiment by
orchestrating data collection, defines the statistical analysis of the resultant data, and
guides the interpretation of the results by the researchers since the study is focused on the
durability of the cow feces paper to replace paper made out of wood (Knight, 2010). In
addition, observational method was also used in the study, as the name suggests, it is a
way of collecting relevant information and data by observing in order to get the
information needed pertaining the paper’s difference to a paper made out of wood
(Bhasin, 2020).
Respondents of the Study
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The study was limited to gather data with the researchers, four Grade 10 Science
Class Curriculum of the Junior Highschool Department, themselves as respondents in
conducting the durability of the cow feces paper. Therefore, convenience sampling has
been used as the sampling procedure in the study. Convenience sampling is a type of
nonprobability sampling in which people are sampled simply because they are convenient
sources of data for researchers or readily available.
Experimental Treatments
Table 1.
Different Amount of Mixed Cornstarch and Flour
Treatment Amount of Cow Feces Amount of mixed
Cornstarch and Flour
1 450 g 275 g
2 450 g 375 g
3 450 g 575 g
For Table 1, the researchers used 450 grams of cow feces and different amount of
mixed cornstarch and flour. In this table, the researchers start off with the ratio of 18:11
as the base for the paper and a sequence of increasing amount of cornstarch to see
whether it is a changing factor for the paper.
Table 2.
Different Amount of Mixed Cornstarch and Flour, and Wood Ash
Treatment Amount of Cow Feces Amount of mixed
Cornstarch and flour, and
Wood Ash
1 450 g 275 g
2 450 g 375 g
3 450 g 575 g
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For Table 2, the researchers used 450 grams of cow feces and different amount of
mixed cornstarch and flour, and wood ash. In this table, the researchers start off with the
ratio of 18:11 as the base for the paper and a sequence of increasing amount of mixed
cornstarch and wood ash to see whether both of it is a changing factor for the paper.
Data Gathering Instruments to be Used
1. Experimental Method
Blender, is a machine that mixes things together, used to chop/mix/crash
everything into little pieces.
Flat sheet of sack, is a bag made out of bounded strips of plastics, used to
lay flat the feces for drying.
Huge pot, a container, typically rounded or cylindrical and of ceramic
ware or metal, used for boiling the poop.
Ladle, a large long-handled spoon with a cup-shaped bowl, used to
mix/stir the poop from the huge pan.
Large flat container, used as a container to put the pulp in with the water.
Measuring spoons, spoons with definite measurements usually made of
plastic, used to measure the amount of the materials needed.
Bucket/jar, a roughly cylindrical open container, typically made of metal
or plastic, with a handle, filled with water used to wash the feces.
Silk screen, a screen of fine mesh, used in forming the paper.
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Sponge, a tool or cleaning aid made of soft, porous material, used to
absorb the excess water from the paper.
2. Observational Method
Questionnaires has been used to collect data from the respondents.
Attention was given to the paper based on the 21 items questionnaire that
determined the durability of cow feces paper in terms of texture, color,
absorbance, and ability as a paper.
Data Gathering Procedures
1. Experimental Method
In using mixed cornstarch and flour for the binding process.
Step 1. Soak the dried feces in a pot filled with water to clean it for atleast a day
Step 2. Sink the cleaned feces in a clean fresh water for 3-5 times
Step 3. Put it to a pot and wait for it to boil, leave it for about an hour or more
while boiling and let it rest for four(4) hours
Step 4. Soak the boiled feces in a pot filled with bleach and water
Step 5. Blend the feces and the certain amount of cornstarch and flour for 2-4
minutes
Step 6. Prepare the silk screen, and a large flat container filled with water
Step 7. Put the silk screen in the container and pour the blended pulp
Step 8. Move the silk screen with a certain motion
Step 9. Pull it up and let the water drains
Step 10. Gently dab a sponge to the pulp in the silk screen
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Step 11. Place the silk screen in an area where the sun is exposed and wait for the
paper to dry for about 2-4 hours
Step 12. When dried, carefully detach the paper in the silk screen
Step 13. Cut the paper
In using mixed cornstarch and flour, and wood ash for the binding process.
Step 3. Put it to a pot and wait for it to boil, leave it for about an hour or more
while boiling and let it rest for four(4) hours
Step 5. Blend the feces and the certain amount of cornstarch and flour, and wood
ash for 2-4 minutes
Step 11. Place the silk screen in an area where the sun is exposed and wait for the
paper to dry for about 2-4 hours
Statistical Tools Used
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Weighted mean. This is to determine the rate of the most favorable treatment for
the products. Its formula is x=

∑x
N
The gathered data were tabulated and computed using MS excel with formula of
getting of mean average during the month of March and April. In finding the weighted
mean, the researchers used this formula:
( 5 ) n+ ( 4 ) n+ ( 3 ) n+ ( 2 ) n+ ( 1 ) n
WM=
N
Where:
WM=Weighted Mean
N= Number of Respondents
n= Number of Responses
Interpretation Used in the Study
The Researchers used Likert scale to determine the Durability of Cow Feces
Paper. Developed in 1932 by Rensis Likert1 to measure attitudes, the typical Likert scale
is a 5- or 7-point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree to which they agree
or disagree with a statement (Sullivan & Artino, 2013).
Table 3.
Weighted Mean and Interpretation on Durability and Texture of Paper
Weighted Scale Range Interpretation
5 4.20-5.00 Strongly agree
4 3.40-4.19 Agree
3 2.60-3.39 Neutral
2 1.80-2.59 Disagree
23
1 1.00-1.79 Strongly disagree
The range shall be applied to interpret the agreement of the respondents to the
durability of the cow feces paper, both the combination of mixed amount of cornstarch
and flour, and cornstarch and four, and wood ash, compared to a commercial paper in
terms of texture, color, absorbance and ability as a paper.
CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of the statistical analysis done,
and interpretation of findings presented in tables following the sequence of the specific
research problems regarding the Durability of Cow Feces Paper with Cornstarch and
Flour, and Wood Ash. The researchers analyzed characteristics of the products and
answered the questionnaire themselves. The findings are discussed according to the six(6)
variants in the questionnaire.
These are the information that has been gathered to determine the durability of
cow feces paper. These show the outcome of the conducted evaluation of the product.
Meanwhile, the analysis of the data given will be elaborated for further understanding.
Table 4.
Weighted Mean of the Cow Feces Paper with mixed
Cornstarch and Flour in Terms of Texture.
24
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
Statement Weighted Interpretation Weighted Interpretation Weighted Interpretation

Mean Mean Mean
1 4 Agree 2.75 Neutral 2 Disagree
2 2.5 Disagree 3.25 Neutral 4 Agree
3 Strongly
4.75 Agree 2.75 Neutral 3.25 Neutral
4 Strongly
3.75 Agree 3 Neutral 1.75 Disagree
5 3.75 Agree 2.75 Neutral 3.25 Neutral
General
Durability
Rate 3.75 Agree 2.9 Neutral 2.85 Neutral
Table 4 queries the durability of the cow feces paper with mixed cornstarch and
flour in terms of texture. In treatment 1, the paper’s appeal in terms of texture of being
smooth and rough at the same time was the only statement rated strongly agree by the
respondents and garnered the highest rate in terms of texture. In treatment 2, however, the
papers’ roughness, smoothness, and smoothness at the same time roughness were rated
neutral by the respondents. In treatment 3, the respondents rated its roughness agree and
strongly agree in looking rough but is smooth when touched. Moreover, the most durable
treatment of the cow feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour in terms of texture is
treatment 1.
Table 5.
Cornstarch and Flour, and Wood Ash in Terms of Texture.

Mean Mean Mean
1 Strongly
4 Agree 4 Agree 4.25 Agree
25
2 Strongly
2.75 Neutral 1.75 Disagree 2 Disagree
3 3.75 Agree 3 Neutral 2.25 Disagree
4 3 Neutral 3.75 Agree 3.5 Agree
5 3 Neutral 2.5 Neutral 2.75 Neutral
General
Durability
Rate 3.3 Neutral 3 Neutral 2.95 Neutral
flour, and wood ash in terms of texture. In treatment 1, the paper’s appeal in terms of
texture of being smooth and rough at the same time was the only statement rated agree by
the respondents. In treatment 2, the papers’ smoothness and appeal of being rough but is
smooth when touched were rated agree by the respondents, furthermore, the roughness of
the paper was rated strongly agree which has garnered the highest rate in terms of texture.
In treatment 3, the respondents rated its smoothness strongly agree and agree in looking
rough but is smooth when touched. Moreover, all the treatments of the cow feces paper
with mixed cornstarch and flour, and wood ash were rated neutral of its durability in
terms of texture.
Table 6.
Cornstarch and Flour in Terms of Color.

Mean Mean Mean
1 3.5 Agree 2.5 Neutral 3.25 Neutral
2 3 Neutral 3.5 Agree 3.25 Neutral
3 Strongly
4.5 Agree 3 Neutral 3.5 Neutral
4 Strongly Strongly
1.5 Disagree 2.5 Neutral 1.75 Disagree
26
General
Durability
Rate 3.125 Neutral 2.875 Neutral 2.9375 Neutral
flour in terms of color. In treatment 1, the paper’s lightness in color was rated agree by
the respondents, furthermore, the paper’s appealing color garnered the highest rate. The
paper’s darkness in color was the only rated neutral by the respondents. In treatment 2,
the paper’s lightness in color and appeal were rated neutral by the respondents and agree
in the paper’s darkness in color. In treatment 3, the paper’s lightness and darkness in
color and appeal were rated neutral by the respondents and strongly disagree in not
having an appealing color. Moreover, all the treatments of the cow feces paper with
mixed cornstarch and flour were rated neutral of its durability in terms of color.
Table 7.
Cornstarch and Flour, and Wood Ash in Terms of Color.

Mean Mean Mean
1 2.75 Neutral 2.75 Neutral 3.75 Agree
2 3 Neutral 3.5 Agree 2.5 Disagree
3 Strongly
4.25 Agree 2 Disagree 2.25 Disagree
4 2 Disagree 4 Agree 3.25 Neutral
General
Durability
Rate 3 Neutral 3.0625 Neutral 2.9375 Neutral
flour, and wood ash in terms of color. In treatment 1, the paper’s lightness and darkness
27
in color was rated neutral by the respondents, furthermore, the paper’s appealing color
garnered the highest rate. In treatment 2, the paper’s darkness in color and not having an
appealing color were rated agree by the respondents. In treatment 3, the paper’s lightness
was rated agree by the respondents and disagree to the darkness and in having an
appealing color of the paper. Moreover, all the treatments of the cow feces paper with
mixed cornstarch and flour, and wood ash were rated neutral of its durability in terms of
color.
Table 8.
Cornstarch and Flour in Terms of Absorbance.

Mean Mean Mean
1 Strongly
2.75 Neutral 2 Disagree 4.25 Agree
2 Agree Strongly Strongly
4 4.5 Agree 4.25 Agree
3 Strongly Strongly
4.5 Agree 4 Agree 4.5 Agree
4 Strongly
3 Neutral 1.75 Disagree 3.75 Agree
General
Durability
Rate 3.5625 Agree 3.0625 Neutral 4.1875 Agree
flour in terms of absorbance. In treatment 1, the paper’s natural absorbance of the ink and
28
visibility of writings were rated neutral by the respondents, furthermore, the paper’s
ability in letting the ink dry naturally and does not smudge garnered the highest rate. In
treatment 2, the respondents disagree with the paper’s natural absorbance of the ink,
however, they strongly agree with the paper’s transparency of not letting the ink bleed
which also garnered the highest rate. In treatment 3, the respondents agree with the
paper’s visibility of writings and the paper’s natural absorbance of the ink, transparency
of not letting the ink bleed and ability in letting the ink dry naturally and does not smudge
were rated strongly agree by the respondents. Moreover, two of the treatments of the cow
feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour, namely treatment 1 and 2 with a difference
of 0.625, were rated agree of its durability in terms of absorbance.
Table 9.
Cornstarch and Flour, and Wood Ash in Terms of Absorbance.

Mean Mean Mean
1 Strongly Strongly
1 Disagree 2 Disagree 1 Disagree
2 Strongly Strongly
1 Disagree 4 Agree 1 Disagree
3 Strongly Strongly
4 Strongly Strongly
General
Durability Strongly Strongly
Rate 1 Disagree 3 Neutral 1 Disagree
flour, and wood ash in terms of absorbance. In treatment 1, the respondents strongly
29
disagree with the paper’s natural absorbance of the ink, transparency of not letting the ink
bleed, ability in letting the ink dry naturally and does not smudge and visibility of
writings. In treatment 2, the respondents disagree with the paper’s natural absorbance of
the ink and visibility of writings, however, they agree with the paper’s transparency of
not letting the ink bleed and ability in letting the ink dry naturally and does not smudge.
In treatment 3, , the respondents strongly disagree with the paper’s natural absorbance of
the ink, transparency of not letting the ink bleed, ability in letting the ink dry naturally
and does not smudge and visibility of writings. Moreover, two of the treatments of the
cow feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour, namely treatment 1 and 3, were rated
strongly disagree of its durability in terms of absorbance and neutral in treatment 2.
Table 10.
Cornstarch and Flour in Terms of Ability as a Paper.

Mean Mean Mean
1 2 Disagree 2.25 Disagree 4 Agree
2 Strongly Strongly
4.5 Agree 3.5 Agree 1.75 Disagree
3 Strongly
3.25 Neutral 3.5 Agree 1.75 Disagree
4 2.5 Disagree 2 Disagree 4 Agree
5 Strongly
6 Strongly
5 Agree 2 Disagree 4 Agree
7 Strongly
3 Neutral 3 Neutral 4.25 Agree
8 Strongly Strongly
2.25 Disagree 1.75 Disagree 5 Agree
General
Durability
Rate 2.9375 Neutral 2.75 Neutral 3.34375 Neutral
30
flour in terms of ability as a paper. In treatment 1, the respondents strongly agree that the
cow feces paper is difficult to write on and to fold, furthermore, they also disagree that
the paper can be a writing material. In treatment 2, the respondents agree that the cow
feces paper is difficult to written on and easy to cut and fold. In treatment 3, the
respondents strongly disagree that the cow feces paper is hard to write on and easy to cut,
furthermore, they strongly agree that the paper can be a writing material. Moreover, all
the treatments of the cow feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour were rated neutral
of its durability in terms of ability as a paper.
Table 11.
Cornstarch and Flour, and Wood Ash in Terms of Ability as a Paper.

Mean Mean Mean
1 Strongly Strongly
2 Strongly Strongly
3 Strongly Strongly
1 Disagree 1 Disagree 2.25 Disagree
4 Strongly Strongly
5 Strongly
1 Disagree 2 Disagree 3.5 Agree
6 Strongly
5 Agree 4 Agree 2.5 Disagree
7 Strongly Strongly
1 Disagree 2.25 Disagree 1.5 Disagree
8 Strongly Strongly
1 Disagree 2 Disagree 1.75 Disagree
31
General
Durability
Rate 2.5 Disagree 2.78125 Neutral 2.59375 Disagree
flour, and wood ash in terms of ability as a paper. In treatment 1, the respondents strongly
agree that the cow feces paper is difficult to write on, to cut and to fold, furthermore, they
also strongly disagree that the paper can be a writing material. In treatment 2, the
respondents agree that the cow feces paper is difficult to written on and to fold,
furthermore, they also strongly agree that the cow feces paper is hard to cut which
garnered the highest rate. In treatment 3, the respondents strongly disagree that the cow
feces paper is easy to write on and that the paper can be a writing material, although, they
agree that the cow feces paper is easy to fold. Moreover, two of the treatments of the cow
feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour, and wood ash, namely treatment 1 and 3
with a difference of 0.09375, were rated disagree of its durability in terms of ability as a
paper and neutral in treatment 2.
Table 12.
Average Weighted Mean of the Durability of the Cow Feces Paper
Treatments Average of Weighted Mean Interpretation
Cow Feces Paper with Mixed Cornstarch and Flour
1 3.34375 Neutral
2 2.896875 Neutral
3 3.3296875 Neutral
Cow Feces Paper with Mixed Cornstarch and Flour, and Wood Ash
1 1.96 Disagree
2 2.36875 Disagree
3 2.3703125 Disagree
32
Table 12 shows that the cow feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour treatment 1
is rated the highest by the respondents of its durability in terms of texture, color,
absorbance, and ability as a paper.
CHAPTER V
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary of Findings
The findings that has been gathered are as follows:
1. The durability of cow feces paper in terms of texture, color, absorbance and
ability as a paper is rated as neutral, hence it is not durable enough as the
commercial ones that people are using today
2. The researchers found out that out of all the treatment, the most durable cow feces
paper with mixed cornstarch and flour was treatment 1.
3. The researchers found out that out of all the treatment, the most durable cow feces
paper with mixed cornstarch and flour, and wood ash was treatment 3.
33
4. The researchers found out that out of all the variation of the materials used, the
most durable paper was the cow feces paper with mixed cornstarch and flour
treatment 1.
5. The researchers found out that the use of both circular and tilting motion in
forming the paper in the silk screen has a great impact of the durability of the cow
feces paper since then it will make the formed paper even.
Conclusion
Based on the aforementioned findings, the binding process, both the materials
used and actions applied, has a great role in making the cow feces paper durable. Thus, it
can be concluded that the hypothesis of the study is accepted. Therefore, there is a
significant relationship between the binding process and the durability of cow feces
paper.
Recommendations
Based on the results and conclusion of the study, the researchers recommend the
following:
1. The barangay Officials can implement the program of collection of cow feces and
turning it into paper to promote a Green Environment as well to eliminate waste
materials establishing a practical but efficient Sustainable Solid Waste
Management.
2. The Barangay Officials can implement Sustainable Livelihood Programs by using
the cow feces collected from the surroundings of the barangay to create paper and
encourage the poor and marginalized people in the barangay to participate in this
34
program, giving the profit from selling the paper to them after. In this way, it
reduces poverty and inequality by generating employment among poor
households and by moving highly vulnerable households into sustainable
livelihoods and toward economic stability.
3. The Farmers can store the collected cow feces in their farms sun baking them for
a long period of time to utilize the openness of the field that can result to a better
quality of extracted fiber.
4. The Future Researchers can use a material that can lighten the color of the paper,
a material that can strongly bind the paper, a better machine to blend the pulp, and
lengthen the time of the purification of the waste material from the cow feces.
5. The Researchers can use their knowledge and encourage people to use their
product.
Cited Literature
A. E-book (Online)
Brown, W. H., & Fischer, A. F. (1918). Philippine forest products as sources of paper
pulp, (2nd ed., Vol. 3) [E-book]. Manila, Bureau of printing.
https://www.worldcat.org/title/philippine-forest-products-as-sources-of-paper-
pulp/oclc/5534658
B. Journals (Online)
Algar, A. F., Umali, A., & Tayobong, R. R. (2019). Physicochemical and functional
properties of starch from philippine edible canna (canna indica l.) Rhizomes.
Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 9(1), 34–37.
https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2019.9.1.34-37
35
Bougnom, B. P., Dieudonne, O., & Sontsa-Donhoung, A. M. (2020). Evaluation of Wood
Ash as Additive for Cow Manure Composting. International Annals of Science,
9(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.9.1.100-110
Brückle, I. (2009). Bleaching in Paper Production versus Conservation. Restaurator,
30(4), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1515/rest.016
Fernandez, B., Da Róz, A., Gonçalves, B., Nakashima, G., & Yamaji, F. (2018). The
Quality of Sugarcane Briquettes Produced with Cornstarch Binder. Revista
Virtual de Química, 10(1), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-
6835.20180013
Knight, K. L. (2010). Study/Experimental/Research Design: Much More Than Statistics.
Journal of Athletic Training.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808761/
Ofoefule, A., Nwankwo, & Ibeto, C. (2010). Biogas Production from Paper Waste and its
blend with Cow dung. Advances in Applied Science Research, 1(2), 1–8.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303541582_Biogas_Production_from_P
aper_Waste_and_its_blend_with_Cow_dung
Parayno, P. Ph.D. & Busmente, M. G. (n.d). Paper Recycling Schemes in the Philippines.
Integration of Solid Waste Management Tools in Specific European and Asian
Communities (ISTEAC).
http://www.wadef.com/projects/isteac/StudyReport__Paper_Recycling_Research_
Philippines.Work_Results.pdf
Rajeswari, S., Poongothai, E., & Hemalatha, N. (2016). Antimicrobial activites of cow
dung extracts against human pathogens. International Journal of Current
Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 9–12.
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15268
Reichardt, G. (1938). The Durability of Paper. The Library Quarterly, 8(4), 510–520.
https://doi.org/10.1086/614335
Russell, C. R. (1973, November 4). Industrial Use Of Corn Starch. https://naldc-
legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=30919&content=PDF
Sullivan, G. M. & Artino, A. R. (2013). Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-
Type Scales. Journal of Graduate Medical education.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/Pmc3886444/
C. Websites
Bismarck, A. Ph.D. (2018, March 21). Elephant and cow manure for making paper
sustainably. ScienceDaily.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180321090944.htm
36
Bhasin, H. (2020, March 5). Observation Methods – Definition, Types, Examples,
Advantages. Marketing91. https://www.marketing91.com/observation-method/
Britt, K. W. (1999). papermaking | Process, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking
Casey, R. (2017, July 19). What’s the History of Paper? Casey Printing.
https://www.caseyprinting.com/blog/whats-the-history-of-paper
Crampton, L. (2021, March 17). The Many Uses of Cow Dung: A Natural and Renewable
Resource. Owlcation. https://owlcation.com/agriculture/The-Many-Uses-of-Cow-
Dung
Debczak, M. (2018, March 22). Cow Manure and Elephant Dung Could Be Used to
Make the Paper of the Future. Mental Floss.
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/537113/cow-manure-and-elephant-dung-
could-be-used-make-paper-future
Montemayor, M. T. (2018, June 18). Visual artist saves environment via recycled paper.
Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1038576
Nunez, C. (2019, February 7). Climate 101: Deforestation. National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/deforestation
Kempner, D. (2016, December 6). Impacts of Paper on the Environment. AIIM
Community.
https://community.aiim.org/blogs/dennis-kempner/2016/12/06/impacts-of-paper-
on-the-environment
Nishat, A. T. (2019, February 22). Making Papers out of Elephant Dung: A Green
Solution to Recycling Industry. Change Magazine. http://www.changemag-
diinsider.com/blog/making-papers-out-of-elephant-dung-a-green-solution-to-
recycling-industry
Staedter, T. (2018, March 21). Making Paper From Poop Offers a Solution to the
World’s Manure Problem. Seeker. https://www.seeker.com/animals/making-
paper-from-poop-offers-a-solution-to-the-worlds-manure-problem
Wendorf, M. (2019, April 20). The Long and Complex History of Paper. Interesting
Engineering. https://interestingengineering.com/the-long-and-complex-history-of-
paper
37
APPENDICES
Data Gathering Procedures
In using mixed amount of cornstarch and flour for the binding process.
38
Step 3. Put it to a pot and wait for it to boil, leave it for about an hour or more while
boiling and let it rest for four(4) hours
39
Step 5. Blend the feces and the certain amount of cornstarch and flour for 2-4 minutes
40
41
Step 11. Place the silk screen in an area where the sun is exposed and wait for the paper
to dry for about 2-4 hours
42
In using mixed amount of cornstarch and flour, and wood ash for the binding process.
43
Step 3. Put it to a pot and wait for it to boil, leave it for about an hour or more while
boiling and let it rest for four(4) hours
44
Step 5. Blend the feces and the certain amount of cornstarch and flour, and wood ash for
2-4 minutes
45
46
Step 11. Place the silk screen in an area where the sun is exposed and wait for the paper
to dry for about 2-4 hours
47
48
Our Lady of the Pillar College - Cauayan
Junior High School Department
San Fermin, Cauayan City, Isabela
S.Y. 2020-2021
Questionnaire
To the Respondents:
The researchers are currently conducting a study entitled “Durability of Cow

Feces Paper.” Thus, you are earnestly requested to answer the following questions
honestly and objectively. Rest assured that all personal information gathered will be kept
confidential. Thank you for your cooperation.
I. Personal Profile of the Respondents

Name: Grade/Level:
II. Assessment on the Sensory Evaluation

Direction. Test and analyze the different samples of the cow feces paper given
and rate them based on how much you agreed or disagreed by putting the
corresponding marks under the aligned tables of the samples 1 to 6:
5- Strongly Agree 4- Agree 3- Neither 2- Disagree 1- Strongly
Disagree
Sample
A. Texture 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. The cow feces paper is smooth.
2. The cow feces paper is rough.
3. The cow feces paper has smooth,
but at the same time, rough texture.
4. The cow feces paper looks rough
surfaced but is smooth when
touched.
5. The cow feces paper looks smooth
49
surfaced but is rough when touched.
Sample
B. Color 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. The cow feces paper has a light
color.
2. The cow feces paper has a dark
color.
3. The cow feces paper has an
appealing color.
4. The cow feces paper does not have
an appealing color.
C. Absorbance
1. The cow feces paper absorbs the
ink of a pen naturally.
2. The ink of the pen does not bleed
through cow feces paper.
3. The ink of a pen dries naturally on
the cow feces paper and does not
smudge.
4. The writings in the cow feces
paper appears clearly.
D. Ability as a Paper
1. The cow feces paper is easy to
write with.
2. The cow feces paper is hard to
write with.
3. The cow feces paper is easy to cut.
4. The cow feces paper is hard to cut.
5. The cow feces paper is easy to
fold.
6. The cow feces paper is hard to
fold.
7. The cow feces paper can be a
writing material.
8. The paper/s I like most is…
Comments/Suggestions/Recommendations:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
50
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Researchers’ Profiles
Name: Donna Jane T. Alvaro
Address: Reina Mercedes, Isabela
Cellphone No.: +63 926 9411 7098
Email: donnaalvaro3@gmail.com
Date of Birth: February 14, 2005
Place of Birth: Reina Mercedes, Isabela
Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Parents’ Name: Don-don M. Alvaro & Ely Jane T. Alvaro
Elementary: Nappaccu Grande Sinnippil Elementary School
Highschool: Our Lady of the Pillar College-Cauayan Junior Highschool

Department
51
Name: John Jaztine L. Antonio
Address: Puroc, Luna, Isabela
Cellphone No.: +63 916 216 8857
Email: jaztineantonio321@gmail.com
Date of Birth: August 29, 2005
Place of Birth: Reina Mercedes, Isabela
Gender: Male
Parents’ Name: Grace L. Antonio
Elementary: Metropolitan Bible Baptist Learning Center Inc.

Department
52
Name: Ryalynne Mae A. Perez
Address: Zone 6 Research Minante

I, Cauayan City, Isabela
Cellphone No.: +63 975 013 5510
Email: ryalynnemae96@gmail.com
Date of Birth: September 06, 2005
Place of Birth: Cauayan City, Isabela
Gender: Female
Parents’ Name: Ryan Mar O. Perez & May A. Hopper
Elementary: San Gabriel Elementary School

Department
53
Name: Ashton Jasper S. Valdez
Address: Zone 6 Research Minante I,

Cauayan City, Isabela
Cellphone No.: +63 906 822 3422
Email: ashtonjaspervaldez@gmail.co
Date of Birth: February 14, 2005
Place of Birth: Cauayan City, Isabela
Gender: Male
Parents’ Name: Marcing G. Valdez & Alma S. Valdez
Elementary: Cauayan West Central School

Department
54

Durability of Cow Feces As Paper

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CHAPTER I

Background of the Study and Its Setting

Road to other parts of the world (Marcia Wendorf, 2019).

material in creating paper had been discovered by the researchers.

Cow dung, manure, or feces is indigestible plant material released on to the

discussing. It is a useful material and helps us in a variety of ways, it will be such a

motivated them to undergo in this study.

fiberous substrate, he is credited with creating a documented method to the art of

together. Complete defibring, an indispensable element in modern papermaking, did not

Examination of the durability of the

Cow Feces Paper

Durability of the Cow Feces

Statement of the Research Problem

sub-questions help them arrive in their conclusion.

1. How durable is cow feces paper in terms of:

a. mixed cornstarch and flour;

b. mixed cornstarch and flour, and the wood ashes?

paper in the silk screen, such motions are:

b. front side to back side motion

Hypothesis of the Study

of cow feces paper.

Significance of the Study

readily available anywhere.

the good of all and should, therefore, be the concern of all.

beneficial for both the farmers and the researchers.

succeeded in creating the said product.

longer need to buy, instead, made it by themselves.

change of color over time.

of the cow feces paper.

(feces) of a cow to be used as the main ingredient in making the paper.

same with commercial paper.

material to bind the cow feces paper.

whether it is durable enough.

whether it is smooth or roughed surfaced.

materials to bind and make the cow feces paper smoother.

Review of Related literature and Studies

oxidation and phosphorus solubilization.

medicinal properties against many disorders. This kind of treatment is called

Panchagavya therapy or cowpaths. Cowpathy is an old system of medicine mentioned in

ancient Indian literature (Ayurveda) as Panchagavya Chikitsa. The ayurvedic medicines

there is no report available on antimicrobial activity of cow dung.

2004). However, if it is used in some other process such as feedstock it may be

(Dhama et al. 2005).

called Panchagavya therapy or cowpaths. Cowpathy is an old system of medicine

mentioned in ancient Indian literature (Ayurveda) as Panchagavya Chikitsa. The

Generally speaking, the decline in quality of paper can be attributed to the

work of Wilhelm Herzberg, Papierprüfung. The question of paper-testing was studied by

Office in England, the Committee on the Deterioration of Paper in the Department of

Agriculture in the United States, and, finally, it * Norman

According to Bianca Fernandez in the article Revista Virtual de Quimica, A

cornstarch as a binder in the production of briquettes from sugarcane bagasse. Analysis of

binding material in our study.

the cow feces paper.

Ofoefule, Akuzuo U. , Nwankwo, Joseph I. et. al. in Advances in Applied Science

good starters for poor producing wastes.

proportions of wood ash were co-composted with cow manure.

According to Russle C. R. (1973) That the consumption of starch products as wet-

According to Brückle (2009). Bleaching in paper production versus conservation.

aspects specially on creating a paper.

comprises 55 percent of today’s landfills, plastic about 14 percent.

Philippines have been investigated by Richmond and reported on in a series of articles in

Research Methodology and Procedures