ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to acknowledge the contribution of more than a few people who

helped in the completion of this study. A warm thanks to the researcher friend and classmates who

helped her in the survey.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Jasmin Bituin

who gave me the opportunity to do this project entitled “The Potentiality of Wild Sugarcane Grass

Saccharum Spontaneum in Paper Production”. I would like to give my deepest gratitude for her

effort, advice, assistance, encouragement, guidance, suggestions and patience throughout this

study.

My appreciation is also extended to all my subject teachers, as well, for their commitment

in encouraging me to persevere in life and inculcating knowledge for the realization of my goals.

Above all, I am expressing my sincere gratitude to Almighty God for His bountiful grace,

mercy and enlightenment necessary to finish this research study.

To all the people who helped me one way or another, this humble piece of work is whole

heartedly dedicated
 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to know the Potentiality of wild sugarcane grass Saccharum

Spontaneum in paper production, determine the different physical properties of the paper made of

sugarcane grass and to know how to utilize fiber extract from grass. Also, it aimed to determine

the benefit of saccharum spontaneum paper in the community and how it was accepted as a

medium.

The fiber was extracted from the grass by refining and boiling method. The researcher used

a scientific method which involves the principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of

knowledge which involve recognition and formulation of the problem, collection of data through

observation, experimentation and survey form also by formulating and testing the hypothesis.

The researcher used an experimental method of research design that aims to know the

possibility of S. Spontaneum in producing fiber for paper production. The study used a

convenience sampling technique to get 30 study respondents that will answer the researcher

survey. The target population was the locality of the researcher which is Indang Cavite. The

primary data was collected using a questionnaire. The researcher used three sets of questions to

generate data and information from the respondents which specifically measured the final products

physical appearance, paper application and its impact to the society.

The result revealed that wild sugarcane grass has a potentiality to be use as an alternative

material for paper making. The extracted fiber from the grass was examined for its physical

characteristics such as texture, roughness, color and other. The result of the study gathered in

different ways. The researcher conducted a survey to know the odor, color, texture, and flexibility
of the final product. Most of the result gathered by the survey answered by 30 individuals about

the physical appearance of the product is resulted in color of light brown, no odor, rough in back

part and slightly smooth in front part texture and can resist folding and water absorption. The study

determines the possibility of grass as a paper and further recommends a same study that will focus

particularly in the physical characteristics and different grass as a raw material that will provide a

good connection to the environmental problem about trees and the effect of paper production.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval sheet.................................................................................................................................ii

Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iii

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................iv

Table of contents.............................................................................................................................vi

List of tables..................................................................................................................................viii

List of Figures.................................................................................................................................ix

Research Plan..................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study.............................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................................................3

1.3 Objective of the Study................................................................................................................4

1.4 Hypothesis..................................................................................................................................4

1.5 Significance of the Study............................................................................................................5

1.6 Scope and Delimitation..............................................................................................................5

1.7 Definition of Terms....................................................................................................................7

CHAPER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Literature......................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Framework................................................................................................................12

3.2 Research Design.......................................................................................................................12

3.3 Research Method......................................................................................................................13

3.4 Research Instrument.................................................................................................................13

3.5 Locale of the Study...................................................................................................................13

3.6 Research Respondent...............................................................................................................13

3.7 Sampling Procedure.................................................................................................................14

3.8 General Procedures...................................................................................................................14

3.9 Processed Involved...................................................................................................................16

3.9.1 Quantitative analysis.................................................................................................16

3.9.2 Qualitative analysis...................................................................................................17

3.9.3 Graphical Representation..........................................................................................19

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Interpretation of data table........................................................................................................23

4.1.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Testing.........................................................................23

4.2 Data collection and analysis......................................................................................................25

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of the Study..............................................................................................................27

5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................................................28

5.3Recommendation......................................................................................................................29

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................30

APPENDICES
 LIST OF TABLES

3.9 PROCESS INVOLVED

Table 3.1 Physical characteristic of samples...................................................................................16

Table 3.2: Comparison of finished product to commercial product................................................17

Table 3.3: Nutritive value of your Raw Materials...........................................................................17

Table 3.4: total expenses in the finished product............................................................................18

Table 3.5: comparison of amount in finished product to commercial product................................18

3.9.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Table 3.6: The list of physical appearance......................................................................................19

 LIST OF FIGURES

3.91 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Figure 3.1: Data of the physical appearance..................................................................................20

Figure 3.2: Data of the paper application.......................................................................................21

Figure 3.3: Data of the impact in society.......................................................................................22

APPENDICES

PROCEDURE

Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the procedure

EXTRACTING THE FIBER

Figure 2.1: Saccharum Spontaneum (talahib grass)

Figure 2 2: Dried S. Spontaneum grass

Figure 2.3: Boiling Method

Figure 2.4: Refining method

Figure 2.5: mix the additives together and blend

Figure 2.6: Final paper

PAPER MAKING

Figure 3.1: transfer to a container with water

Figure 3.2: used mold and deckle to get the fiber

Figure 3.3: Mold the fiber and strain

Figure 3.4: Remove the water using sponge

Figure 3.5: Dry in sunlight

Figure 3.6: Final paper

 RESEARCH PLAN

A. OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study is to determine the potentiality of wild sugarcane grass

(saccharum spontaneum) in the field of paper production that will be beneficial as an alternative

raw material that can be used for the production of paper or other board papers.

Specifically, this study aims to determine if the wild sugarcane grass (saccharum

spontaneum) can produce a paper fiber material that is comparable to the commercial product in

the market.

B. HYPOTHESIS

1. There is a potential for wild sugarcane grass (saccharum spontaneum) to produce a fiber as

a material for paper production.

C. MATERIALS

The Wild Sugarcane Grass saccharum spontaneum were collected from the neighborhood

of the researcher located in Indang Cavite. The alternative product for paper production was

produced by gathering all the materials needed to create an alternative materials for paper. The

Wild Sugarcane grass undergo a process of boiling, refining and grinding method to achieve a soft

texture of materials before doing a procedure of sun drying. In the process of forming the paper

the researcher used a corn starch to make the fiber hold together while drying.
D. METHODS

The fiber was extracted from the grass by refining and boiling method in a process of using

blender as an equipment. The grass was first boiled in a water and soak it in a plain water overnight

to become fully hydrated. After boiling and soaking, the researcher start the method of refining

using blender and add the corn starch to make the fiber like a uniform pulp. The fiber from

sugarcane grass has been moved into a plain water before making the process of papermaking. The

researcher uses an equipment of strainer in a square shape to mold the fiber into paper like material.

After doing all the method the researcher starts to dry all the mold strain fiber under the sunlight

and wait for about a whole day to achieve the texture of the paper.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Sugarcane is a large perennial tropical grass that belongs in the tribes of

Andropogoneae the family of Gramineae and the genus Saccharum. The Sugarcane Plant are

usually grown in a place that is tropical and subtropical because they can store high concentrations

of sucrose or sugar in their stem. Saccharum Spontaneum is a highly polymorphic, disease resistant

and considered as vigorous species with a high fiber content. This type of sugarcane can be

distinguished from the cultivated saccharum by a thinner cane and a narrow inflorescence

(Purseglove, 1972). The sugarcane is ranks between ten of the most planted crops all over the

world. Almost one billion tons of sugarcane are yearly harvested worldwide (Ahfeld, 1996). The

sugarcane grass is not only possible in the production of sugar but also use in many by-products.

The by-products of the sugarcane and agriculture industry can be used to produce a manufacturing

product that is beneficial in the community’s economy. The sugarcane become a raw material for

the generation of paper pulp, plywood boards, animal feed, wax bio fertilizers, alcohols and many

other useful product (GEPLACEA, 1988).

The structure of a Sugarcane Grass is made up of several segments also known as a joint.

In each joint there is a node where the leaves of the Saccharum Spontaneum are attach. In the

production of paper, the leaves part of the wild Sugarcane grass (Saccharum Spontaneum) will be

used as a material. The leaves of S. Spontaneum are long and thin and the area below the leaves

are fuzzy and smooth on the top. The leaves of the plant grow from the nodes of the stem, that is

arranged in two rows and looks like a blade-like structure. The leaf fiber is commonly used by
papermakers, but also a time-consuming process before creating a product. A plant can be used as

a material and there are also characteristics that makes it possible to be used. A plant that can stand

over 2 feet tall on its own, are more likely to produce cellulose to make paper. These can be enough

reason for a grass material to become an alternative material for paper production

The S. Spontaneum is now widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia

and continue to grow in a limit of 1800 m. This type of sugarcane is usually found in places along

riverbanks, roadsides, waste ground and area near lakes and ponds (Holm et al., 1997). A perennial

tall grass and known as an invader of naturally abandoned and pastoral lands in many tropical

countries. The Wild Sugarcane Grass has a multiple use and multifunctional species in a country.

The S. Spontaneum species of Sugarcane is considered as a weed in its native range and also been

introduced outside the range for use in sugarcane breeding programs. They are considered as a

serious invader of cultivated land that often resulting in abandonment. The species of sugarcane

shown a result of reduce in the productivity of a crop within the agricultural field.

Papermaking is the formation of a felted sheet that are usually came from cellulose fibers.

Paper is considered as the basic material used for written communication and dissemination of

information. In the 14th century the number of paper mills are existed in Europe, particularly in

Spain, Italy, France and Germany. The invention of paper brought a vastly increased in the demand

for paper. Paper are usually formed using a wood pulp or plant fiber. The half of the fiber that used

in paper production today are probably half of the wood that are purposely harvested. Even if the

demand of paper is helpful in the economy of a society it somehow gives environmental concerns

that will greatly affect the life of people in many ways. The important role of raw materials give

way in a production process that limit the use of natural resources to form different commercial

product.
 As the study aims to identify and measure the possibility of a Saccharum Spontaneum a

wild species of sugarcane grass as a possible raw alternative material for paper production. The

researcher become the way to explore and create a product that will be beneficial to the

environment and to prevent the shortage usage of woods as a primary material for paper. The result

of the study will give an idea for the researchers and future researcher to be creative in making and

thinking an alternative material for different commercial product in the market.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aimed to determine the Potentiality of Wild Sugarcane Grass (Saccharum

Spontaneum) as an alternative material for paper production.

Specifically, the researcher aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What are the different physical properties of paper made of Sugarcane grass that need to

observe in the study?

2. How to utilize fiber extract on the production of Saccharum Spontaneum as paper?

3. How does wild Sugarcane grass Saccharum Spontaneum accepted as a medium in paper

production?

4. How does Wild Sugarcane grass Saccharum Spontaneum paper will benefit the

community?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to determine the potentiality of wild sugarcane grass

(saccharum spontaneum) in the field of paper production that will be beneficial as an alternative

raw material that can be used for paper or other board papers.

Specifically, this study aims to determine if the wild sugarcane grass (saccharum

spontaneum) can produce a paper fiber material that is comparable to the commercial product in

the market.

1.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

This study will test the following hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no possibility that the wild sugarcane grass will be effective as a raw material in the

field of paper production.

Ho2: There is no significant difference between the used of wild sugarcane grass as an alternative

medium in paper production.

Alternative Hypothesis

Hi1: There is a possibility that the wild sugarcane grass will be effective as a raw material in the

field of paper production.

Hi2: There is a significant difference between the used of wild sugarcane grass as an alternative

medium in paper production.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of this study may be beneficial to the students, community and to the future

researchers.

Students. This study may give an idea to the students on how to create a paper using an alternative

material which is grass. It can help them to become creative in dealing with the shortage of wood

source which is considered as the primary material in paper and come up with a new idea to help

the environment and become an eco-friendly individual. It could also help them establish sense of

responsibility during the experimentation.

Community. This study may give an information to the community about the importance of

creating an alternative material for paper and the study may be beneficial in terms of environmental

and locality product.

Future Researcher. This study may be used as a basis for the further study by the future

researcher.

1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focus particularly on the effectiveness of wild sugarcane grass as an alternative

materials to produce and extract fiber for paper making. The coverage of this study is the selected

individual in Indang Cavite, the estimated people that participated in the study is 30 individuals,

that will mainly focus on the testing the appearance, water absorption, hardness and many other

physical characteristics of the paper. Also, the researcher will be gathered data about the uses,

benefit and impact of the paper in the community.

 The method that the researchers will use to gather the data is through questionnaire the fact

that it is an advantage to the respondent as they can remain anonymous and may be more likely to

express their controversial opinion. It is also the most efficient way of obtaining large amounts of

information from a high number of people. The researcher started their study on April 2021 and

are expected to finish until May 2021 or until the submission given by the research teacher.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Extract- It is a method of removing or take out something especially by effort or force.

Saccharum spontaneum- S. spontaneum is a perennial, polymorphic grass species that believed

to be originated in India. Its is also called as kans grass in the genus saccharum.

Refining method- It is a method of removing unwanted elements from a substance.

Perennial- It is a plant that lives in more than two years.

Andropogoneae- It is a type of grass plant that also called as sorghum tribe that are mainly

distributed in tropical and subtropical areas.

Gramineae- It is a grasses plant also called as poaceae a large and nearly ubiquitous family of

monocotyledonous flowering plants.

Polymorphic- It is a discontinuous genetic variation that resulting in the occurrence of several

different forms of individuals among the members of a single species.

 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literatures and studies found from local and foreign

sources examined with depth by the researcher. Through this, natures, strategies, and methods used

in different related studies and published articles are presented to help for the full understanding

of the study to be conducted.

The pulp and paper industry was continuing to increase and excess by $200 billion (FAO,

2009). The large estimated amount of sugarcane bagasse was used in 2-5% of global production

and making it one of the highest revenue earners for the global sugarcane industry. Currently, there

are considered around 30 countries that use bagasse as a paper manufacturer. The paper industry

are remaining to be a growth industry in the country and volume forecast will be increased by 50%

in 2035 by the area of growth occurring in the packaging and tissue sectors. As the grow occurring

in emerging economies, which add up entirely to the sector of bagasse-based paper production. It

is reasonable to presume that the use of bagasse in paper sector will grow in importance as a paper

feedstock.

The bagasse sugarcane was usually used in four main paper categories, the packaging and

boxes, printing, writing and photocopier paper, tissues and newsprint. The pulping process of

mechanical and chemical was both used and describe in different sections. The first continuous

paper machine was developed around the year of 1800, that allows a large of quantities of paper

to be produced for the first time. At this time the paper was produced using a retired fabric and its

availability become short as the paper production grew. These are become the reasons for the
change of raw materials and use a modern techniques for pulp plant materials as a product for

making paper. Early investigations in Europe concluded that the woods are the primary source of

local raw material for paper production but the bagasse was brought back for the investigation as

a possible alternative raw material.

Apart from the impracticality of using bagasse to meet the European demand of paper, the

initial attempt was to use bagasse for the paper manufacturer which become unsuccessful because

the presence of pith is extremely detrimental to the papermaking process (Atchison 1962-1992c).

The bagasse pith was severely reduces permeability and reduces the paper productivity around

30% when bagasse based-pulp is used instead of wood-based pulp (Rainey 2009). Using wood for

papermaking become appropriate in area of Europe and North America because of the abundant

forestry resources. However, not all the emerging countries has an abundant forest that they can

use for the source of material for papermaking. Many other country recognized the need of local

paper production and use the sugarcane bagasse in the first half of the 20th century.

The production of papermaking using bagasse from sugarcane was needed the process of

depithing which agreed to remove 30% of the shortest bagasse fibers to become essential in

making pulp of acceptable quality for paper production. Most of the agricultural fibers require

a pre-treatment before pulping. The bagasse was an extremely inhomogeneous material that

contains around 30-20% of pith fiber that came from the core of the plant which is mostly

parenchyma material. These properties particularly become the problem to use sugarcane in paper

manufacturer. These are the reason for those materials to be separated first before doing the

production process. Most of the fibers in the bagasse was sclerenchyma cells that is bound together.

The depithing process is define as a separation of short pith material for the rest of the bagasse.
Without the use of depithing is virtually impossible to create a sheet of paper using a normal

industry pulp washer and paper machine due to hydraulic holdup.

The use of agricultural residue rather that woods will add as an advantage for reducing the

deforestation problem in a country. The sugarcane was become the large grass of the genus

Saccharum. Currently, the sugarcane is widely grown for sugar production in many sub-tropical

and tropical countries. Sugarcane technologist consider as six species to be important as an origin

of modern commercial hybrids of sugarcane. They are usually distinguish on the basis of sugar

content, thickness of stalk, floral characteristics, number of chromosome, and the epidermal hairs.

The four types are in cultivation and the remaining two was a wild species growing in southern

Asia and New Guinea. The sugarcane was cultivated for its high rate of sucrose accumulation. It

is a principal crop in tropical and subtropical regions with over 1.3 million metric tons of sucrose

per annum and provide approximately 70% of the world’s sugar (FAO, 2006).

The Saccharum Spontaneum grows up to three meters in height, with a spreading

rhizomatous root. It is also considered as a self-seeding plant that can resist diseases and pest. They

can also produce yields with low applications of fertilizer and other chemicals. The sugarcane was

also categorized as the most efficient crops in terms of converting the solar energy into biomass

(Alexander, 1973). They are considered as the most effective photosynthesizes in the plant

kingdom that bales to convert 2% of incident solar radiation into a plant biomass.

Paper is invented by the Chinese 2000 years ago and has been used as a medium for

communication. There are lots of materials that can be used to produce paper it can either a cotton,

straw, mulberry bark or papyrus. In the mid of 19th century the use of wood for paper making has

emerged. The trunk part of the wood is the used to produce paper. The trunk with its different cells

which are responsible for the transport of the nutrients and the saps can be used for paper pulp. In
using wood as a medium the paper mill must be first debarked before it can produce one of the

verity of pulps which is the base material for paper. In pulp production there are two ways that

need to be done the mechanical and chemical way. There is also way to achieve the expected color

for paper. There is a process of pulp bleaching to obtain the brightness required for white papers.

Bleaching is a continuation of the chemical cooking process, taking place directly afterward in the

pulp mill as the integrated next step of the over all procedure. Based on the negative impact of

chlorine containing decomposition products and affecting the environment there are objections

against the use of chlorine and any chlorine products.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology utilized in the study. The aim of the study, the

methods, procedure, the sample and the instrument used in the research are described.

3.1 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Wild Sugarcane Grass Boiling

(saccharum
Grinding Paper
spontaneum)
Sun drying
Corn starch

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The experimental method was employed in the study. It aims to know the possibility of Wild

Sugarcane Grass Saccharum Spontaneum to produce a fiber as an alternative medium in paper

production. The research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue

that used the scientific method. Experimental research is undertaken when a researcher wishes to

trace cause-and-effect relationships between defined variables. However, there are major

constraints on casual inference in experimental research, and the type of experimental design

chosen has a significant influence on the inferences that can be validly drawn from experimental

results. Within the information field experimental designs are much more common in information

systems research rather than in library and information management research (Kerry Tenner,

2018).
3.3 RESEARCH METHODS

The study used a scientific method which involves the principles and procedures for the

systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of the problem,

collection of data through observation, experimentation and survey also formulating and testing

hypothesis.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researcher conducted with the use of experimental approach where in data and results

of the study will depend upon observation and documentation of the observed status base on the

research study. As well, in gathering the data the researcher had surveyed group of individuals

using survey questionnaire to know the physical characteristic of the product in the study.

3.5 LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted in the house of the researcher located in Indang Cavite due to the

new learning system cause by the pandemic the researcher can’t conduct the study in the school

which is Saint Jude Parish School.

3.6 RESEARCH RESPONDENT

The target respondents of the study will be individual from the locality of the researcher

which is Indang Cavite. The respondents will be given a questionnaire and a sample product and

allow them to observe the sample and answer the given question based on their observation. The

researcher will follow all the safety protocol in gathering data that is raise within the community.
3.7 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The researcher selected thirty individuals through convenience sampling. The method

involves using respondent who are convenient to the researcher. It requires less time and expenses

than a random sample. The researcher also considers the new normal situation cause by the

pandemic that’s why convenience sampling is chosen as a sampling procedure by the researcher

to ensure the safety of the respondent and also the researcher.

3.8 GENERAL PROCEDURE

The Wild Sugarcane Grass saccharum spontaneum were collected from the neighborhood

of the researcher located in Indang Cavite. The alternative product for paper production was

produced by gathering all the materials needed to create an alternative material for paper. The Wild

Sugarcane grass undergo a process of boiling and grinding method to achieve a soft texture of

materials before doing a procedure of sun drying. In the process of forming the paper the researcher

used a corn starch to make the fiber hold together while drying.

The researcher performed the activity using scientific method.

1. The fiber were extracted from the leave by refining and boiling method. The Wild

Sugarcane Grass saccharum spontaneum were collected and dried first under the sun

before boiling. The researcher also use a method of removing unwanted components that

might contaminate the pulp. When the leaves are ready and already dry the researcher start

to boil the leaves within 15 minutes.

2. After the process of boiling and the color of the grass is already brown the researcher strain

the fibers to remove the water. The researcher ready all the material for grinding method.
3. The corn starch is dissolved in water and will be used as a liquid solution while the fiber

was grinding inside the blender. When the fiber was already smooth and aren’t clumped

together the researcher start to pour the fiber into a bucket with a clean water.

4. The fiber is already done, and the researcher will do the method of isolating the fiber from

the liquid solution using a mold and deckle that will dip under the bucket and strain the

fiber together. After draining the water from the fiber, it is ready to be move in a flat surface

for the last procedure.

5. The last process is to put the fiber under the sun and wait for it to dry. The researcher wait

for about a whole day depending on the weather during the sun drying.
3.9 PROCESS INVOLVED

3.9.1 QUALITATIVE TESTING

DATA TABLE: QUALITATIVE TESTING

A. Physical Characteristics of Raw Materials Used

Raw
Materials Additives Qualities
(grams/ml) Color Odor Texture Hardness
Front Back
100g Corn starch Water Light Brown None Slightly Rough Solid
saccharum (3 tbsp.) (50ml) Smooth
spontaneum
150 g Corn starch Water (100 Light Brown None Slightly Rough Solid
saccharum (5 tbsp.) ml) Smooth
spontaneum
200 g Corn starch Water Light Brown None Slightly Rough Solid
saccharum (7 tbsp.) (150ml) Smooth
spontaneum
Table 3.1: Physical characteristic of samples

The table shows the physical characteristics of the raw materials that is used. The additives

and qualities observe within the experiment.

B. Comparison finished product to commercial product

Physical Characteristics Finished Product Commercial Product

Texture Rough Smooth

Odor None None
Color Light Brown White
Hardness Solid Solid
Table 3.2: Comparison finished product to commercial product

The table shows the comparison between finished and commercial product in terms of the

physical characteristics.

3.9.2 QUANTITATIVE TESTING

DATA TABLE: QUANTITATIVE TESTING (Observation Results)

A. Test for Nutritive value of your Raw Materials

NUTRIENTS AMOUNT IN PERCENT

(Amount used to produce finished product)

iron 3%
magnesium 1%
calories 24.5%
carbohydrate 41.5%
protein 16.5%
phosphorus 2%
zinc 1%
copper 3%
manganese 3%
selenium 5%
Total nutrients 100%
Table 3.3: Nutritive value of your Raw Materials
 The table shows the amount of nutrients used to produce the finished product and represent in

an amount in percent.

B. Cost Analysis

Raw Materials Amount

Wild Sugarcane Grass saccharum spontaneum Harvested (0)

Corn starch P 15.00 (1/4)

Total Expenses P 15.00

Table 3.4: total expenses in the finished product

The table shows the amount of each materials needed to produce the paper. The table shows

the finished product cost a total of Php 15.00. The grass was harvested in the locality of the

researcher and only the corn starch does the researcher invested.

Finished Product Commercial Product

Php. 15.00 Php. 25.00 (intermediate pad)

Table 3.5: comparison of amount in finished product to commercial product

The table shows the comparison of amount in the finished product to commercial product.

The table stated that the researchers finished product has a total expense of 15.00 pesos and the

commercial product cost 25.00 pesos per pad.

 3.9.3 Graphical Representation

The graphical representation presents all the table and figure of the data gathering conducted

by the researcher. The table 3.6 presents the data of the physical appearance answered by 30

individuals. The figure 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 are the graphical representation of the individuals answer

in surveyed conducted by the researcher.

PHSYSICAL APPEARANCE

Questions Answered by 30 individuals

Choice 1 Choice 2 Choice 3

Texture (Front) Rough Slightly smooth Smooth

Texture (Back) Rough Slightly smooth Smooth

Thickness Thin Slightly thin Thick

Color Brown Light brown White

Uses Writing Scrapbook Printing

Table 3.6: The list of physical appearance

The table 3.6 present the list of physical appearance answered by 30 individuals that are

present in the survey form presented by the researcher.

 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
120%

100% 100%
100% 93%
90%

80% 77%

60%

40%

23%
20%
7% 7%
3%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
texture(front) Texture (back) Thickness Color Uses

Choice 1 Choice 2 Choice 3

Figure 3.1: Data of the Physical Appearance

The figure 3.1 present the graphical representation of the data of physical appearance

result coming from the survey conducted by the researcher. The data shows the percentage of

data coming from the total of 30 individuals who examine the physical appearance of the final

product.
 PAPER APPLICATION
120%

100% 97%
94%

83% 84%
80%

60%

43%
40% 33%

23%
20% 13%
7%
3% 3% 3% 3%
0% 0%
0%
Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5
YES NO NOT SURE

Figure 3.2: Data of Paper Application

The Figure 3.2 present the graphical representation of the data of paper application result

coming from the survey conducted by the researcher. The data shows the percentage of data

coming from the total of 30 individuals who answered the paper application questions by the

researcher.
 IMPACT IN SOCIETY
120%

100%
100% 94%
90%

80%

60%
60%
50%

40% 37% 37%

20% 13%
7%
3% 3% 3% 3%
0% 0%
0%
Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5

YES NO NOT SURE

Figure 3.3: Data of Impact in society

The Figure 3.3 present the graphical representation of the data on how the final product

will impact the society. the data shows the percentage of data coming from the total of 30

individuals surveyed by the researcher.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered through the

instrument used in the study.

4.1 INTERPRETATION OF DATA TABLE

4.1.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Testing

Table 3.1: Physical characteristic of samples

The table shows the physical characteristics of the raw materials that is used. The additives

and qualities observe within the experiment. In the first trial the saccharum spontaneum is only

100g and the measurements of additives which are cornstarch and water were 3tbsp. and 50ml of

water. The second trial were 150g of raw materials, 5tbsp. of cornstarch and 100 ml of water. In

the third trial the researcher uses a 200g of saccharum spontaneum 7tbsp. of cornstarch and 150

ml of water. Upon observation and data gathering conduct by the researcher the qualities of all the

three trial are all the same. The color is still in light brown, the odor is not present, texture of the

front part is slightly smooth, and the back is still rough and it solidify.

Table 3.2: Comparison finished product to commercial product

The table shows the comparison between finished and commercial product in terms of the

physical characteristics. The commercial product used by the researcher has a different texture and

color compared to the finished product. There are different textures of paper product in the

commercial market it can either be rough in texture or soft, but the most commonly used paper is

in a felt texture that is smooth that’s why the researcher used a commercial paper that mostly used
by individuals. The table shows that in terms of texture the researcher observes both the front and

back appearance of the finished product. The finished product is slightly smooth in the front and

rough in back while the commercial product is smooth. Also, the finished and commercial product

become different in terms of color. The researcher used a plain white color for commercial product

which is mostly used by individuals but there are also different colors of paper available in the

market. The color of the finished product is light brown and the hardness is both solid.

Table 3.3: Nutritive value of your Raw Materials

The table shows the amount of nutrients used to produce the finished product and represent in

an amount in percent. The raw materials used in the study were Wild Sugarcane Grass Saccharum

Spontaneum and two additives which is water and cornstarch. The nutrients present in the raw

material use to produce the finished product are iron with 3%, magnesium 1%, calories 24.5%,

carbohydrates 41.5%, protein 16.5%, phosphorus 2%, zinc 1%, copper 3%, manganese 3% and

selenium with 5% with the total nutrients of 100 %.

Table 3.4 total expenses in the finished product

The table shows the amount of each raw materials needed to produce the paper. The table

shows that the finished product cost a total of Php 15.00 which the price of additives cornstarch.

The grass was harvested in the locality of the researcher and only the corn starch does the

researcher invested.

Table 3.5: comparison of amount in finished product to commercial product

The table shows the comparison of amount in the finished product to commercial product.

The table stated that the researchers finished product has a total expense of 15.00 pesos and the

commercial product cost 25.00 pesos per pad.

4.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Table 3.6: The list of physical appearance

The table shows the list of physical appearance of the final product that the researcher

surveyed in group of individuals with a total number of 30. The first set of questions are about the

physical characteristics of the final product with 5 questions. The first question is about the texture

of the front part of the final product with a choice of rough, slightly smooth and smooth. Same

choice for the next question of texture of the back part of the product. The third question is the

thickness of the product with choice of thin, slightly thin and thick. The researcher also examined

the color that has choice of brown, light brown, and white. The last question is about the uses of

the final product with a choice of writing, scrapbook and printing.

Figure 3.1: Data of the Physical Appearance

The Figure 3.1 present the graphical representation of the data of physical appearance result

coming from the survey conducted by the researcher. The data shows the percentage of data

coming from the total of 30 individuals who examine the physical appearance of the final product.

The first questions asked by the researcher are about the texture of the front part of the final

product. The researcher received a 93% answer for slightly smooth, 7% for smooth and 0% in

rough texture. The second question about the texture of the back of the product received 100% for

rough and 0% for the slightly smooth and smooth texture. The next question is about the thickness

of the product. The researcher received a 23% in thin, 77% in slightly thin and 0% for thick. The

researcher also examined the color which received a 100% for light brown color and 0% for the

brown and white. The last question is about which among the three choices will the final product
will mostly be use, the researcher received a 7% for writing, 90% for scrapbook and 3% for

printing uses.

Figure 3.2: Data of Paper Application

The Figure 3.2 present the graphical representation of the data of paper application result

coming from the survey conducted by the researcher. The data shows the percentage of data

coming from the total of 30 individuals who answered the paper application questions by the

researcher. The first question about the usefulness of paper received an 83% of Yes, 0% No and

7% for Not sure. The second question about resistant in folding and water absorption received a

43% Yes, 23% No and 33% Not sure. The third question about it sold to commercial market

received a 97% Yes, 0% No and 3% Not sure. The fourth question is about if the paper is readable

received a 94% Yes, 3% No and 3% Not sure. The last question about the brightness of the product

received an 84% Yes, 13%No and 3% Not sure.

Figure 3.3: Data of Impact in society

The Figure 3.3 present the graphical representation of the data on how the final product

will impact the society. The data shows the percentage of data coming from the total of 30

individuals surveyed by the researcher. The first question about the individual usually purchase in

commercial market received a 60% Yes, 37% No and 3% Not sure. The second question is about

the paper production affect the environment negatively received a 50% Yes,37% No and 13% Not

sure. The third question is about the benefit of raw material grass the researcher receive a 94%

Yes, 3% No, 35 Not sure. The fourth question is about the benefit of raw material for different

commercial product which received a 90% Yes, 7% No and 3% Not sure. The last question is

about the importance of paper that received a 100% Yes and 0% for No and Not sure.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter contains the findings, the conclusion and recommendation based on the results

of the research.

5.1 Summary

This study titled “The Potentiality of Wild Sugarcane Grass Saccharum Spontaneum in

Paper Production” was conducted among the individuals in the locality of the researcher which is

Indang Cavite.

The study aimed to determine the potentiality of sugarcane grass saccharum spontaneum

as an alternative medium for paper production. The fiber was extracted from the plant by a refining

and boiling method. The fiber that collect in the two process were used to form a paper, which also

used an additional additive of water and cornstarch.

Moreover, the study made use of the convenience sampling in selecting participants in the

study.

The fiber of the plant is examined by its physical properties and characteristics such as

color, odor, texture, hardness, water absorption and flexibility. The study gathered information by

having a different trial and conducting a survey. The survey conducted by the researcher aimed to

determine the physical appearance of the sample product compare to the commercial product in

the market. The instrument used by the researcher is a single choice questionnaire form with three

sets consisting of 5 question each. The questionnaire was used to examine the physical
characteristics of the final product, different uses of the paper and the impact to the society with a

total number of 30 individuals.

5.2 Conclusion

The objective of the study is to determine the potentiality of wild sugarcane grass

(saccharum spontaneum) in the field of paper production that will be beneficial as an alternative

raw material that can be used to produce paper or other board papers. The study aims to determine

if the wild sugarcane grass can produce a fiber material that is comparable to the commercial

product in the market. After analysis of the study findings, the study concludes that there is a

possibility that the wild sugarcane grass will an effective raw material to produce paper. The paper

production is continuing to bring problem in the environment especially in trees which are the

primary medium in making paper. Using an alternative raw material will be beneficial and will

decrease the deforestation problem within a country. The study about the potentiality of wild

sugarcane grass saccharum spontaneum in paper production will be an effective way for the people

to become creative and to reduce the pollution caused by the different wood pulp factories.

The study also concludes that the use of paper is very important especially in education.

However, some of the individuals are continuing to purchase in the commercial market. The paper

production using grass material will be a helpful tool for the people to save money and to help the

environment. The study further concludes that a raw material for different commercial product

will be beneficial to our community and can lessen the adverse effect of different factories

concerning our environment.

In general, the researcher had concluded that there is a potentiality for wild sugarcane grass

to produce a fiber for paper making.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the results of this study, the researchers recommend the following:

It is recommended for the future researchers to conduct a similar study that will mainly

focus on the strength, texture, colors and water absorption of the paper made of Saccharum

Spontaneum and to have more respondents to evaluate the product of the study. The researcher

also recommends using a process of bleaching to achieve a color same for the paper in commercial

market. They may also check different types of grass that can be used as a raw material in paper

production, it is highly recommended to conduct more trials in doing this kind of research study.
 REFERENCES

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https://www.britannica.com/plant/sugarcane

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https://www.britannica.com/plant/Poaceae

Da Silva, J.A (2008). Sugarcane. (Publication No. 237073944) Blackwell Publishing

Ltd.www.researchgate.net

OECD (2016), “Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)”, in Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in

the Environment, Volume 6: OECD Consensus Documents, OECD Publishing, Paris.

ingh, R. Paul and Clarke. Margaret A. (2021, May 11). Sugar. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/sugar-chemical-compound

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of three varieties of wheat. Science and Culture, 44:28-30.

Britt, K. W. (2020, January 10). Papermaking. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking

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of Saccharum spontaneum, USDA Technical Bulletin 811. USA, USDA

Bajpai, Omes. (2014). Saccharum spontaneum: an underutilized tall grass for revegetation and
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Manalad, Jaena. The Effectiveness of Saccharum spontaneum (Kans Grass) for the Production of
Paper " (Chapter I The Problem and it's Setting). www.academia.edu

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 APPENDICES
FLOW CHART

Harvest the raw material

“Wild Sugarcane Grass (Saccharum
Spontaneum)”

Extract the fiber using refining and

boiling method.

Collect the fiber and put it in a blender

together with corn starch and water

Smooth texture will achieve and start

straining method of filtration

Dry in sunlight

Evaluating the sample

Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the procedure

 EXTRACTING THE FIBER

Figure 2.1: Saccharum Spontaneum (talahib grass) Figure 2.2: Dried S. Spontaneum grass

Figure 2.3: Boiling Method Figure 2.4: Refining method

Figure 2.5: mix the additives together and blend Figure 2.6: achieve the expected texture
 PAPER MAKING

Figure 3.1: transfer to a container with water Figure 3.2: used mold and deckle to get the fiber

Figure 3.3: Mold the fiber and strain Figure 3.4: Remove the water using sponge

Figure 3.5: Dry in sunlight Figure 3.6: Final paper

 RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE STUDYOF THE POTENTIALITYOF
WILD SUGARCANEGRASS SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM
IN PAPER PRODUCTION

Good day! I, Mary Grace J. Aguilar, Senior High School student from Saint Jude Parish
School are conducting a research entitled “The Potentiality of Wild Sugarcane Grass saccharum
spontaneum in Paper Production”
In line with this, I would like to inform you that you are chosen as one of the
participants in my study. I assure you that all my responses will be kept confidential and will be
used only for the research study. Your cooperation in answering the questions will be highly
appreciated. Thank you very much.

Name: ______________________________ Gender: Male Female

Age: __________
Direction: This single choice questionnaire form has 3 sets that consisting of 5 question each and
total number of 15 questions. Read each item carefully and check the box which describes the best.

I. Physical Appearance
1. What is the texture of the front part of the final product?

Rough slightly smooth Smooth

2. What is the texture of the back part of the final product?

Rough slightly smooth Smooth

3. What is the thickness of the product?

Thin Slightly thin Thick

4. What is the color of the product?
Brown Light brown White
5. What do you think the final product will mostly be used?
Writing Scrapbook Printing
 II. Paper Application

1. Does the final product of paper appear useful as a paper material for writing?
Yes No Not sure
2. Do you think the final product has a strength to resist folding and water absorption?
Yes No Not sure
3. Do you think the final product can be sold in commercial market?
Yes No Not sure
4. Do you think the writing can be readable in the paper made of grass?
Yes No Not sure
5. Do you think the brightness of the final product is enough to be use as a writing paper?
Yes No Not sure
III. Impact in Society

1. Do you usually purchase paper in commercial market?

Yes No Not sure
2. Do you think the paper production affect the environment negatively?
Yes No Not sure
3. Do you think using raw materials like grass for paper is helpful to the environment?

Yes No Not sure

4. Do you think using raw materials for different commercial product is beneficial in our
society?

Yes No Not sure

5. Do you think paper is important in our society especially in education?

Yes No Not sure