”USED PLASTICS AND USED PAPERS WITH SAWDUST AS ALTERNATIVE

MATERIALS FOR PARTICLE BOARD PRODUCTION’’

An Investigatory Project
Submitted to:
Ms. Maita D. Soriano
Leyte Agro Industrial School
Leyte, Leyte

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirments in Science 10
S.Y. 2022- 2023

Submitted By:
Dell Keannu C. Negad
Marie Angelie A. Kilario
Jackielyn T. Relosa

June 2023
ABSTRACT:

This study is entitled “Used Papers and Used Plastics with Sawdust as an Alternative

Material for Particle Board Production.”

Using biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials such as used papers and used

plastics as particle board is a better way of reducing waste in our community. It will not only

lessen the problem in waste management but also provides a good opportunity to turn these

wastes into a more beneficial product.

Generally this study aims to produce a durable particle board with different proportion of

components out of used papers and plastics. Specifically the following questions are to be

answered: Is there a significant difference among of the proportions of components out of used

plastics and used papers in making a particle board? What proportion is durable is the particle

board made out of used plastics and used papers with sawdust as constant component?

The product is formulated through collecting, cutting, measuring, adding, mixing,

moulding, pressing, and drying.

To test the durability, score sheets was distributed to ten respondents. Six were teachers,

one was Student , and three were LGU employees.

The response given prove that different proportions of used papers and plastics does not

affect the durability of the product. The researchers were able to utilize waste materials such as

used papers and plastics instead of being thrown away.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this study would never be possible without the people behind every step

of the way during the process. For this, the researchers would like to convey their sincere

gratitude with all your help, support and encouragement.

To the parents and guardians who helped not just financially but also physically and

emotionally while we experience the downfalls of our investigation and limitations of our

connections we owe you a lifetime of appreciation.

Ms. Maita D. Soriano ,our science teacher and mentor for their support and advices

to how make our study better and pushing us to the edge of our abilities to make us aware

that we can make something if we only persevere we salute you.

Our respondents for giving us your trust, cooperation and honesty in rating our product

without you this study will never put to an end. We are so pleased.

Dear friends, classmates, relatives and loved ones for all those comforting words and

vote of confidence you shown us. We will never disappoint you.

Almighty Father, for the blessing you showered us. We are so humbled.

Thank you so much and God Bless.

The Researchers

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………………….... i

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………….. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………………… iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………. iv

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………… vi

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………. vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………… viii

CHAPTER I – Introduction ……………………………………………………………….. 1

Background of the study.......................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem......................................................................................2

Hypotheses ………………………………………………….……………... 2

Significance of the Study ………………………………………………….. 3

Scope and Limitation…........................................................................................3

Definition of Terms...............................................................................................3

CHAPTER II – Review of Related Literature...............................................................................4

CHAPTER III – Research Methodology

Research Design....................................................................................................6

Research Locale ……………………………………………………………. 6

Research Respondents...........................................................................................6

iv
 Research Instrument ………………………………………………………... 6

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………………. 6

Materials and Ingredients …………………………………………………. 6

Schematic Diagram ……………………………………………………….. 8

Data Scoring ………………………………………………………………. 9

Statistical Treatment of Data ……………………………………………… 9

CHAPTER IV –Results and Discussion ………………………………………………….. 10

CHAPTER V – Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary ………………………………………………………………….. 12

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 13

Recommendation ………………………………………………………….. 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………… 14

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………………. 15

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Rating sheet for the respondents ………………………………………………………….. 10

RESPONDENTS SET – UP A SET – UP B SET – UP C

AVERAGE

DESCRIPTION

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Schematic Diagram ……………………………………………………………………… 8

vii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Documentation during the conduct of the experiment ……………………………………. 15

viii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The 21st century signifies a world full of innovation and development yet people

continue to adapt technology with a balance of nature. Recycling is one of the well-

known techniques used from the past up to the present time to promote proper waste

management. Through modernization, recycling has undergone several transformations

and now has a wide application that serves as a resolution to various environment issues.

One of the issue nowadays is the large collection of waste in dump sites. It was indicated

that the garbage generated daily of paper waste is 19% and the plastic waste is 17% (P.

Parayno and MG. Busmente)

Paper is a thin material that finds its main uses in writing, drawing and

wrapping. It is typically produced by pressing together the moist cellulose fibre that can

be found in a number of organic materials such as inner bark, leaves, and grasses. Used

paper is a common waste problem in every school community.

Plastic wrappers is a thin film typically used for sealing food items in

containers to keep them fresh over a longer period of time. On the other hand, used

plastic wrappers are thrown as a trash in supermarkets or at home if not recycled.

As indicated by the Wood Products Industry, particle board is an engineered

wood product manufactured from wood clips, sawmill, shavings or even sawdust, and

extruded. Particle boards are readily available in the market but mostly cost a lot and are

not so durable.

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 The abundance of used papers Students in Leyte Agro Inustrial School, and

the abundance of used plastic wraps at home has inspired researchers to pursue this study

to develop a particle board out of used papers and used plastic wraps. Furthermore, this

study will be determined the durability of the finished product. The outcome of this study

is to produce a paper and plastic waste-free school at LAIS as they are turned into particle

board which can be utilized by the teachers as display boards in their classroom and it can

be also utilized by the students for their projects.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study generally aims to produce a particle board out of used papers and used

plastics with sawdust as constant component.

Specifically the following questions are to be answered:

a. Is there a significant difference among of the proportions of components out

of used plastics and used papers in making a particle board?

b. What proportion is durable is the particle board made out of used plastics and

used papers with sawdust as constant component?

C. Hypotheses of the Study

𝐻𝑂1: There is no significant difference among of the proportions of used plastics and used

papers as components in making a particle board.

𝐻𝑂2: The product is durable in any proportion as display board is the particle board made

out of used plastics and used papers with sawdust as constant component.

2
 D. Significance of the Study

Using biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials such as used papers and

used plastics as particle board is a better way of reducing waste in our community. It will

not only lessen the problem in waste management but also provides a good opportunity to

turn these wastes into a more beneficial product. Through this study, the pupils will also

be encouraged to enhance their creativity in making quality particle boards. Hence, the

success of this project will as well be favourable to the school, home, church or even

offices since this product requires little or no expenses at all.

E. Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus in using only used papers and used plastics with saw dust as

constant component in particle board production.

Small amount of the ingredients will be used to produce a sample particle board.

F. Definition of Terms

The following terms are being defined based on how it will be used in the context of the

research:

Paper – is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp

derived from wood, rags, or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

Plastic – is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi – synthetic

organic compounds that are malleable and so can be moulded into solid objects.

Saw dust or wood dust - is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations;

thus, compose of fibrous material (cellulose fibre).

3
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp

derived from wood, rags, or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile

material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning and a number of

industrial and construction processes. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),

36% of municipal waste (MSN) is comprised of paper waste. Environmental problems regarding

the pulp and paper industry are not limited to high water consumption. Solid wastes including

sludge generated from waste water treatment plants and air emissions because further problems,

thus an effective disposal treatment and recycling approach is essential.

Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi – synthetic

organic compounds that are malleable and so can be moulded into solid objects. Plastic pollution

involves accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife,

wildlife habit, or even humans. It affects land, waterways and oceans. Living organisms can also

be affected through entanglement, direct ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to

chemicals within plastics that cause interruptions in biological functions, therefore recycling

plastics is a better way of reducing the pollution.

Sawdust is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations; thus, compose of

fibrous material (cellulose fibre).

Particle board - low density fibreboard and chipboard is an engineered wood product

manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings or even sawdust, and is associated with a

synthetic resin or other suitable binders. Thus, this study is made to produce a particle board out

4
of used papers and used plastics with sawdust because these components contain the following in

order to produce a particle board:

 Paper is a moist fibre that can be moulded to a solid sheet.

 Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi – synthetic

organic compounds that are malleable and so can be moulded into solid objects.

 Sawdust is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations; thus, compose of

fibrous material (cellulose fibre).

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 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Since the researchers are testing something, this research is an experimental design.

Research Locale

The researchers conducted the study at Leyte Agro Industrial School, Brgy. Poblacion,

Leyte, Leyte on December 2022 and ended the study last June 2023.

Research Instrument

Researchers utilized ten respondents to rate the finished product. There was no specific

classification from which the respondents were determined. Score sheets were made and used in

tabulating respondent’s evaluation of the products.

Data Gathering Procedure

Survey interview was done using score sheets made by the researcher. A five – point

scale was determined for the respondents to use in rating the durability of the finished product.

Mean is the statistical used in this study.

Materials Ingredients

3 Measuring cup 4 cups of Used papers

3 pair of Scissors 4 cups of Used plastics

3 Moulder 3 200mL Glue

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A. General Procedure

1. Collecting

Collecting used paper, plastic and sawdust

2. Cutting

Cut the used papers and plastics into small pieces

3. Measuring

Measure the used papers and plastics including the sawdust in three sets considering

the different proportions of these materials.

COMPONENT SET – UP A SET – UP B SET – UP C

Used papers 1 cup 2 cups 1 cup

Used plastics 2 cups 1 cup 1 cup

Sawdust ½ cup ½ cup ½ cup

4. Mixing

Combine the three materials in different containers regarding the proportion.

5. Adding

Add 200 mL of glue per set-up

6. Moulding

Put in different containers regarding the proportion

7. Pressing

Press the mixture evenly over top

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 8. Drying

Dry under the heat of the sun.

B. Schematic Diagram

COLLECTING

CUTTING

MEASURING

ADDING

MIXING

MOULDING

PRESSING

DRYING

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Data Scoring

In order to quantify the quality and durability of the finished product, five point scale was

used in the given standard

DESCRIPTION SCALE

Excellent 5

Very Good 4

Good 3

Fair 2

Needs Improvement 1

Statistical Treatment

In treating the data obtain from the ratings given by the respondents of this study, mean or

average must use using this equation, 𝑥 = 𝑛

ΣX

Where:

X = is the main or average

Σx = is the individual scores of the respondents

n = is the number of the respondents

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

The researchers did the testing of homemade particle board using used plastics

and used papers with sawdust and data gathering through an interview with 10

respondents. The actual responses of the respondents were consolidated in the table

below.

RESPONDENTS SET – UP A SET – UP B SET – UP C

A 5 5 5

B 5 4 5

C 5 4 5

D 5 5 5

E 5 5 5

F 5 5 5

G 4 5 5

H 4 4 5

I 5 4 5

J 5 5 4

AVERAGE 4.8 4.6 4.9

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DESCRIPTION Excellent Excellent Excellent

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Legend:

5 - Excellent

4 - Very Good

3 - Good

2 - Acceptable

1 - Needs Improvement

As indicated in Table, homemade particle board made out of used papers and used

plastics with sawdust with different proportions exhibited excellent (Set – up A with average of

4.8), excellent (Set – up B with average of 4.6), and excellent (Set – up C with average of 4.9);

meaning there is no significance difference on the different proportions of used plastics and used

papers in producing a particle board.

Based on the tabulated data, the researchers found out that homemade product can be

really made as particle board in terms of its durability, and it is less expensive and eco-friendly.

The researchers were able to utilize waste materials such as used papers and plastics instead of

being thrown away.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY. CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study is entitled “Used Papers and Used Plastics with Sawdust as an Alternative

Materials for Particle Board Production.”

This study aims to produce a durable particle board with different proportion of

components out of used papers and plastics. Specifically the following questions are to be

answered: Is there a significant difference among of the proportions of components out of used

plastics and used papers in making a particle board? What proportion is durable is the particle

board made out of used plastics and used papers with sawdust as constant component?

The product is formulated through cutting, measuring, and moulding, pressing, and drying.

To test the durability, score sheets was distributed to ten respondents. Six were teachers,

one was Student , and three were LGU employees.

The response given prove that different proportions of used papers and plastics

does not affect the durability of the product. The researchers were able to utilize waste materials

such as used papers and plastics instead of being thrown away.

13
Conclusion

After the experimentation and analysis of the data gathered, the following conclusions were
made by the researchers:
1. There is no significant difference on the proportions of the components in producing
particle board.
2. Different proportions of the components does not affect the durability of the finished

product; and so, we can make a particle board in any proportions of the components.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend for further studies to produce and improve the

quality of the product in terms of appearance and durability through the use of cassava glue to

encourage farmers to plant and produce more cassava knowing that this crop has more benefits

and uses.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.lince,B.K.,cetecioglu,z.,lince,0.(2011).Pollution.PreventioninthePaperIndustry

 www.ea.m.wikipedia.org.

 Naguran, Mallika, “Plastic Problems, Poluution in the

Philippines,” www.gaiadisvovery.com.ph July 3, 2018

 National Solid Waste Management Commission, National Solid Waste

Management Strategy; Updated June 2012-2016…

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.003

 Waste Issues and Measures in the Philippines, Genandrealine L. Peralta and Psyche

M. Fontanos. 25 September, 2005

 A Harshavardhan and L Muruganandam, “Preparation and Characteristic Study

of Particle Board From Solid Waste.” www.iopscience.iop.org

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