EFFECTIVENESS OF PAPER BRIQUETTES

WITH DIFFERENT BINDERS

An Experimental Research
Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School
DIPLAHAN NATIONAL SCHOOL
Poblacion, Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Grade 12 – Science, Technology, Engineering,

and Mathematics

Laquibla, Claylann Jay P.

Laquibla, Claylann Joy P.
Morales, Shella Mae M.
Oclaret, Farah Sofia D.
Parcon, Andrea Paula M.
Temblor, Jovelle A.

Melchor M. Miro, EdD

Pede I. Casing, PhD
Research Adviser

June 2023
 I

Table of Contents

Chapter 1.................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
Background of the Study..........................................................................................1
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework..................................................................2
Statement of the Problem........................................................................................5
Research Hypothesis(es):........................................................................................5
Significance of the Study......................................................................................... 5
Scope and Delimitation............................................................................................6
Definition of Terms...................................................................................................6
Chapter 2.................................................................................................................... 8
Related Literature.................................................................................................... 8
Related Studies......................................................................................................13
Chapter 3.................................................................................................................. 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................18
Research Design................................................................................................... 18
Research Environmental........................................................................................18
Sampling Technique..............................................................................................19
Research Instrument..............................................................................................20
Data Gathering Technique.....................................................................................22
Statistical Treatment..............................................................................................23
Chapter 5.................................................................................................................. 30
Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations.....................................30
Summary of Findings.............................................................................................30
Conclusion............................................................................................................. 32
Recommendations.................................................................................................33
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................34
Appendix................................................................................................................... 37
 II

Acknowledgement

First of all, the researchers were giving their never-ending gratefulness to the
Almighty God for establishing and protecting the researcher by pieces throughout the
journey made to be complete.

The researcher would like to express his sincere gratitude to their subject adviser,
Sir Pede I. Casing PhD., for the continuous support to their study and research, for
the patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Sir Pede's and Sir
Miro’s guidance helped them in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. The
researcher could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for their
research.

Besides the researcher's advisor, they would like to thank and appreciate the rest of
their 12 (STEM) Family, for being their boost in doing their research. They are giving
thanks for the energy that they shared to them and for the inspiration
 III

Dedication

It is the researchers' genuine gratefulness and warmest regard that they dedicated
this research study.
To their mother, a strong and gentle soul who taught them to trust in God, believe in
hard work and that so much could be done successfully.
To their father, for earning an honest living for them and for supporting and
encouraging them to believe in himself.
To their parents who support the researchers morally who served an inspiration to
finish this paper.
To their classmates, friends, and beloved teacher, Mr. Pede I. Casing PhD., who
guided the researchers in this research for giving valuable critique.

To Sir Pede I. Casing PhD., whose passion for teaching set a new standard for
everyone involved in education and development, or any other endeavor in which
one human being seeks to support the growth and development of another.

And to the Almighty God, for the supremacy and to the redeemer of their soul.
 IV

Abstract

The study dealt with the effectiveness of paper briquettes with different types
of binders. This aimed to determine the effectiveness in terms of time duration and
temperature of paper briquettes with different types of binders (coconut husk and
sawdust).
The collection of data was composed of 50% Coconut Husk and 50% Paper,
75% Coconut Husk and 25% Paper, 25% Coconut Husk and 75% Paper, 50%
Sawdust and 50% Paper, 75% Sawdust Husk and 25% Paper, 25% Sawdust and
75% Paper of which these were measured by time (in seconds) and temperature (in
Celsius).
The experimental method of investigation was used in the study because the
researchers aim to determine the effectiveness of paper briquettes with different
binders. After the congregation of data, the researchers used ANOVA (Analysis of
Variance) to determine the significant difference of two binders (the coconut husk
and sawdust).

Results of the study shows, that from computing the ANOVA in terms of
temperature and time duration on the effectiveness of paper briquettes with different
types of binders, there is no significant difference. Furthermore, the test identified
effective briquettes on other binders that were not originally included in the study.
Recommendations were settled to use other methods of determining the duration
usage of the paper briquettes from the experimental method. A subsequent
investigation is warranted to assess the efficacy of paper briquettes with various
binders by administering treatments once, reducing the observation timeframe, and
implementing specific time intervals.
 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

This study attempts to investigate the use of paper briquettes with different
binders as a renewable resource using fire to significantly lower the amount of paper
waste in Zamboanga Sibugay. Paper briquettes are made by soaking paper
overnight and forming it into fist size balls and adding different binders which are left
to dry in the sun. Paper Briquettes with different binders serves as a good fuel for
cooking. Encouraging the user of paper briquettes with different binders for fuel is a
good practice (Comedis et al., 2017).

Briquettes are employed in number of areas both in domestic and small-scale

industries as a replacement for firewood and other solid fuels like charcoal. Due to
present fuel shortage and increasing prices for fuels people are in search of alternate
fuels and hence briquettes can fill this gap for all domestic and industrial applications
such as water heating, curing of tobacco, tea and fruits drying, fuel for boilers
respectively. There are many advantages of briquettes being used as fuels which
includes mainly improve the efficiency of agricultural residues. Since briquettes are
densified products, they can be easily handled, stored and transported when
compared to raw agriculture wastes. Briquettes also solve the problem of biomass
disposal in a more efficient manner. A few disadvantages are also with briquettes
like they are strictly solid fuels and cannot be used in IC engines, also they absorb
moisture when not stored properly. Maximum temperature which is attainable by
combustion of briquette is 1000 degrees which may not be suitable for high
temperature industrial applications as they have low calorific value ratio due to low
carbon content (Vivek et al., 2019) .

Paper has long been recognized as one of the fundamental societal building
components, yet in today's technologically advanced world, it is taken for granted.
The social fabric of the current generation is introduced by paper and related items
including paperboard, packaging, tissue, and newspaper. In practically every product
we use, including books, tissue and sanitary items, newspapers and magazines,
containers, catalogues, wall paper, food packaging, gift wrap, and many more
 2

necessities of daily life, paper is there. Our computers contain paper fibers, and our
attics, automobile doors, and flooring contain paper insulation (Senas et al, 2014).

We attempted to employ in this as barbeque utilizing charcoal in as much as it

is highly popular in Metro Manila. To produce a deeper knowledge and the facts
behind why household usage research-based theory, despite the fact that paper
briquettes were present. We demonstrate how in our design as a how paper
briquettes are typically made and how long they burn. In the results, we find that
most charcoal consumers are unaware of paper briquettes. Some of the issues are
the characteristics of smoke produced by paper briquettes and their detrimental
effects (Comedis et al., 2017)

The scientists also determine whether charcoal papers are a suitable

replacement for charcoal. This study followed local researchers who studied the
effectiveness of biomass briquette and how it might be used in a Philippine context.
The entire idea of paper Briquettes' characteristic of being a low-cost fuel has the
essence of "killing two birds with one stone. "Cost-effective and wood-saving, it
offers household financial stability and environmental protection efficiency (Senas et
al, 2014).

The most secure method of long-term data storage is still paper. Surgical
gowns, gas mask filters, ice cream, our clothes, and toothpaste are just a few
examples of items that include cellulose-based derivatives from paper. In actuality,
more than 600 billion pounds of paper are consumed worldwide year. This amounts
to an average global consumption level of roughly 100 pounds per person, of which
about a third is used for writing and printing paper, another third for packaging made
of paperboard, and the remaining portion is made up of all other applications
combined (Senas et al, 2014).

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The increasing demand for fuel has led to the depletion of natural resources
such as wood ad charcoal. To mitigate the negative environmental impact of using
wood charcoal as a primary source of fuel, paper briquettes have been proposed as
a sustainable alternative. The production of paper briquettes involves recycling
waste paper materials, thereby reducing the need for harvesting wood and charcoal
 3

production. The effectiveness of paper briquettes as an alternative fuel source can

be assessed based on several factors such as their calorific value, burning
efficiency, and environmental impact (Yusuf Kpalo et al., 2020).
One possible theoretical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of paper
briquettes as an alternative fuel source compared to wood charcoal could be based
on the concept of sustainability. Sustainability refers to the ability of a system or
process to be maintained over time without depleting natural resources, damaging
the environment, or compromising the well-being of future generations. In the context
of fuel sources, sustainability can be assessed based on criteria such as: Resource
availability: How abundant and renewable is the resource? Can it be harvested or
produced in a way that does not deplete natural resources or harm the environment?
Energy efficiency: How much energy is required to produce, transport, and use the
fuel? Is the fuel efficient in terms of the amount of energy it provides per unit of
input? Environmental impact: What are the environmental impacts of harvesting,
producing, transporting, and using the fuel? Does it contribute to deforestation, air
pollution, or greenhouse gas emissions Economic viability: Is the fuel source
economically feasible for production and distribution? Is it affordable and accessible
for users? Using this framework, we can evaluate the effectiveness of paper
briquettes compared to wood charcoal as an alternative fuel source
(Yusuf Kpalo et al., 2020).

Resource availability: Paper is a renewable resource that is widely available

and can be easily sourced from recycling centres or waste paper streams. Wood, on
the other hand, requires the harvesting of trees, which can lead to deforestation and
habitat destruction. Energy efficiency: Paper briquettes can be produced using
simple machinery and can be made from waste materials that would otherwise be
discarded, making them an efficient use of resources. Wood charcoal, on the other
hand, requires a significant amount of energy to produce, transport, and use
(Yusuf Kpalo et al., 2020).

Environmental impact: Paper briquettes produce lower levels of greenhouse

gas emissions than wood charcoal, and their production does not contribute to
deforestation. In addition, paper briquettes can be produced from waste paper,
reducing the amount of waste that goes to landfills. Wood charcoal, on the other
hand, contributes to deforestation and emits large amounts of carbon dioxide and
other pollutants when burned (Yusuf Kpalo et al., 2020).
 4

Economic viability: Paper briquettes are generally less expensive to produce

and transport than wood charcoal, and they can provide a new source of income for
waste paper collectors and small-scale producers. In addition, paper briquettes can
be made locally, reducing the need for expensive imports. Wood charcoal, on the
other hand, requires a significant investment in equipment and infrastructure, and its
production and distribution can be difficult to regulate. Overall, the sustainability
framework suggests that paper briquettes are a more sustainable alternative to wood
charcoal as a fuel source, as they are made from a renewable resource, are more
energy-efficient to produce, and have lower environmental impacts
(Yusuf Kpalo et al., 2020).

Paper Briquettes Binders:

 Sawdust
 Coconut Husk

Calorific Value: Paper briquettes' calorific value is an important factor that

determines their effectiveness as an alternative fuel source. The calorific value is a
measure of the amount of heat energy released when a fuel is burned. A higher
calorific value indicates that the fuel can produce more energy when burned. Thus,
the higher the calorific value of paper briquettes, the more effective they are as a fuel
source. Burning Efficiency: The burning efficiency of paper briquettes is another
important factor that determines their effectiveness as an alternative fuel source.
Efficient burning means that the fuel can burn evenly and for a longer period,
producing maximum heat with minimal emissions. Paper briquettes that burn
efficiently are more effective as a fuel source because they can provide a steady
source of heat for longer periods. Environmental Impact: The environmental impact
of paper briquettes is a crucial factor that determines their effectiveness as an
alternative fuel source. Since paper briquettes are made from recycled materials,
they have a lower carbon footprint compared to wood charcoal. Additionally, they
produce less harmful emissions such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter,
which can cause respiratory problems (Baconguis, 2000).
 5

Statement of the Problem

This study attempts to find out the possible effect of the effectiveness of the
paper briquettes with different types of binders. Specifically, it seeks to answer the
following questions.
1. What is the time duration of the paper briquettes in applying the two (2)
different types of binders?
2. What is the most effective binder for paper briquettes as a fuel source?

3. What are the observations based on the experiment?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of paper briquettes with
different types of binders?
5. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of the paper
briquettes in combining paper with different binders (coconut husk, and
sawdust)?

Research Hypothesis(es):
1. There is a difference of time duration in terms of the quality of the paper
briquettes in using different types of binders.
2. There is a difference of the effectiveness of the paper briquettes with
different types of binders (coconut husk, and sawdust).

Significance of the Study

Charcoal is used as a domestic fuel for cooking and heating in many
developing countries. It is the most popular barbecue fuel throughout the world.
The results of this study will aid people in their search for coal. This study may
help determine the simplest way to produce paper briquettes as alternative fuel with
4 different kinds of binders (coconut husk, and sawdust). Every so often, people start
recycling old newsprint and scratch paper.
The researcher desires to minimize issues that the public is having, such as
the littering of the area. Both money and labor can be saved by it. Furthermore, it
uses biomass that the researchers' find in the said area as an ingredient that could
be effective in making paper briquettes.
 6

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of different binders in
producing paper briquettes. The paper will examine the use of various materials
such as coconut husk, and sawdust, as well as combinations of these materials, as
binders for paper briquettes.
The study will also compare the performance of the paper briquettes
produced with different binders in terms of their calorific value, burning time, and
emissions.
The study will only focus on the production of paper briquettes using only
three types of binders: coconut rice, and sawdust.
The study will be limited to determining the time duration, temperature, and
effectiveness of the paper Briquettes with different binders.
Further or other results or effects observed outside the mentioned scope in
the process of conducting a study were not be considered.

Definition of Terms
For better comprehension of the study, some terms are extensively used in
this investigation and are to be construed according to their definitions in this section.

The following terms of the study:

Binders - hold together pigments and sometimes filling material to form paints,
pastels, and other materials used for artistic and utilitarian painting.
- gives a high strength to the briquettes.
- a matter of reducing the pressure.
Briquettes - a small block of compressed coal dust or charcoal used for fuel,
especially in barbecuing.
Charcoal - a porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon,
obtained as a residue when wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated in the
absence of air.
Coconut husk - the rough outer shells of the coconut.
Fuel - material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or
power.
 7

Paper - material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or

other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping
material.
Paper briquettes - the byproduct of a briquettor, which compresses shredded
paper material into a small cylindrical form.
Pellet fuels (or pellets) - are a type of solid fuel made from compressed
organic material. Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of
biomass: industrial waste and co-products, food waste, agricultural residues, energy
crops, and untreated lumber
Sawdust - tiny particles of wood that are formed from sawing or sanding
wood.
 8

Chapter 2

Related Literature
Given the increased demand for molasses for fuel ethanol production, the
prices of molasses are expected to rise considerably. Wood tars that arise during the
carbonization process could be recovered and used as a binder for briquetting. The
recovery of tars helps to reduce the emissions to the air, but tar recovery
technologies are only applied in stationary kilns and retorts. Briquettes made with
wood tar require a full carbonization step to avoid the emission of heavy smoke.
(Mills et al., 1908).
The briquettes have an unpleasant smell during the initial phases of burning.
To avoid this smell, the briquettes can be thermally treated before use, also called
"curing", which is in fact a light torrefaction step. Molasses can be used as fodder
and for ethanol production as well and needs to be purchased. In some countries
with low alcohol consumption, molasses was a waste product that was being
dumped (van Essen 2012). At least it was possible to buy the molasses at a
relatively low price (Visser et al., 2002).
The choice good fuel should not be expensive, and it should kindle readily
and should have a respectable amount of heat content. There must be little or no
ash, and no waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any fuels meet all
these conditions. Local conditions and personal taste influence the consumer in his
choice of fuel. (Dull, 1958) Using wood and crop residues as an energy source will
reduce consumption of fossil fuels, and in the process, reduces the emission of
greenhouse gases to the environment. In other countries, the interest in pellet
burners is starting to increase. Biomass may be utilized as energy carriers (charcoal,
oil, or gas). Combustion is the most developed and most frequently applied process
used for solid biomass fuels because of its low costs and high reliability (Gravalos,
2010).
Charcoal briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to
expensive cost of kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. The briquettes
are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that are biodegradable,
and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of the briquettes
may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These materials are
 9

compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from charcoal
because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. In
comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas
emissions because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle.
Environmentally, the use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. (Wikipedia,
2011).
A study on the feasibility of biomass fuel briquettes from banana plant waste
examined the issues with making fuel briquettes from banana plant waste. Several
mixture/blend formulations were prepared which included materials such as sawdust,
paper pulp, leaves, banana fronds and plant bark. peanut shells, composted hostas
plants, peanut shells, wood chips. Briquettes were made using the micro compound
lever press with mold diameter of three inches and a center hole of one inch.
Alternative briquettes were made using a caulking gun press or hand-made ball
briquettes. Results showed that any formulation made from the trunk of a wood tree
(paper pulp, wood chips or sawdust) can dry to about six percent moisture in 36
hours in Ohio sun. However, adding leaves to the mixture doubles the drying time to
72 hours. Adding banana fibers to a formulation significantly lengthened the drying
time. At the end of the first 24 hours, the briquettes rapidly absorbed moisture to
above ten percent by weight. Most briquettes released some moisture when it
stopped raining. (Hite, Smith, 2011).
Air-drying a banana biomass briquette was nearly impossible. Unobstructed
by other surrounding material the banana fiber normally releases its moisture
quickly. In the researchers' opinion producing a biomass fuel briquette from the
waste of the banana plant is not worth the effort. It may be more practical to harvest
and use the fibers from the stalk for commercial purposes. If one could find an
adequate process to emulate the wet grinding accomplished by using a food blender,
then a small amount of those fibers (around 10% to 15%) could be effective as a
binder for sawdust (Hite, Smith, 2011).
Briquettes have various uses from household to industrial. With the
increasing prices of fuel, practical consumers are finding cheaper alternative sources
of heat that may be usable for cooking, heating water and productive processes,
firing ceramics, fuel for gasifiers to generated electricity and for powering boilers to
generate steam. Briquettes are most commonly produced using briquette presses,
but when it is not available, briquettes may also be mold by hand. However, using
 10

briquette presses add value to the product and can increase the number of
briquettes produced in a day. (Grover 1996) One of the most important
characteristics of a fuel is its calorific value, that is the amount of energy per kg it
gives off when burnt. The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the
competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. There is a range of
other factors, such as ease of handling, burning characteristics etc., which also
influence the market value, but calorific value is probably the most important factor
and should be recognized when selecting the raw material input. (Lehra Fuel Tech
Pvt. Ltd., 2012).
Worldwide increasing energy demand is today permanently covered by a
majority of non-renewable energy sources, namely by coal, crude oil and natural
gas. This causes the rapid decline of their reserves and the time gets near when
they will be run out. Therefore, in last years the exploitation of renewable energy
sources is permanently preferred. One of alternative fuel forms is the fuel on the
basis of paper waste. In this paper the results of tests are published, which were
carried out using five sorts of paper waste, pressed in form of briquettes. During the
tests following briquettes parameters were watched: moisture content, ash amount,
length and diameter, weight, den- sity, rupture force and mechanical durability. The
results are presented in form of tables and graphs. It was proved that briquettes
made from recovered paper and board are compared with briquettes from wood
waste of high density, high mechanical durability and for their rupture the relatively
high force is necessary. But at the same time, they have high ash amount and low
combustion heat (Brozek, 2013).
Emerhi, E. A. (2011) has conducted a study on mixed sawdust of three
tropical hardwood species (Afzelia africana. Terminalia superba, Melicia elcelsa)
bonded with different binding agents (starch, cow dung and wood ash). All
processing variables assessed in this study were not significantly different except for
percentage fixed carbon at five percent level of probability. Since the aim of
briquetting is to produce briquette that will serve as good source of fuel and support
combustion, the best briquette was produced when sawdust was mixed with starch.
Also, the use of mixed wood residue from the selected species and other hardwood
species for briquette production should be encouraged as this will provide an
alternative to firewood for household cheap energy source (Ogwu et al., 2014).
 11

According to Rizalina K. Araral (June 2015). A survey made by the team of

Dr. Emelyne C. Cortiguerra of the Department of Science and Technology’s Forest
Products Research and Development Institute (DOST-FPRDI) showed that there is a
high demand for charcoal briquettes abroad. According to the country’s top charcoal
briquette makers, foreign buyers often buy in large quantities which most of them
cannot meet (Comedis et al., 2017).
FPRDI Director Dr. Romulo T. Aggangan explains, “A charcoal briquette is a
compacted mass of fuel material made from a mix of charcoal fines and binder, and
molded under pressure. Although charcoal briquettes are not very well known in the
Philippines, the product is already a household fuel in Europe and America. In some
Asian countries, hotels and big restaurants use it for roasting. Studies at the DOST-
FPRDI show that charcoal fines for briquetting can come not only from wood and
coconut shell but also from coconut husk, coffee bean hull and other non-wood
biomass materials. In the Philippines, the first charcoal briquetting machines, studies
on the production process, as well as technology demonstrations were initiated by
the DOST-FPRDI,” adds Dr. Aggangan. (Comedis et al., 2017) .
According to Engr. Belen B. Bisana, head of DOST-FPRDI’s Bio-Energy and
Equipment Development Section (BEEDS), “Compared to plain charcoal, briquettes
are less messy and easier to handle because they are compact and uniform in size.
They are also easy to ignite, burn slowly, give more intense heat per unit volume and
are almost smokeless when burning. Dr. Cortiguerra and her team’s survey of the 16
top charcoal briquette producers in the country identified the strengths and
opportunities of the industry. She reports, “The biggest strength is the huge demand
for briquettes in the US, Europe, Japan, Korea and Malaysia. Likewise, as an
alternative fuel, briquettes in the future can replace much of the country’s expensive
energy sources such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene and electricity
(Comedis et al., 2017).
Other strengths include innovative producers and a wide range of available
raw materials.” Dr. Cortiguerra continues, “The problems of the industry, on the other
hand, include the sustainability of the raw materials, the very stiff price competition in
the global market and high cost of transporting the product abroad. The low-capacity
of most briquetting machines is also a major drawback, plus the fact that they are
often hard to operate. Likewise, charcoal briquettes have suffered from low publicity
which has led to low acceptability in the local market.” To grow the local market, she
 12

suggested that producers link with large scale buyers such as food chains, hotels,
and poultry farms; study ways to use briquettes in other cooking systems, i.e., how
can they be harnessed in lechon shops and bakeries?; demonstrate the advantages
of using the product in supermarkets, malls and trade fairs, making sure that all
claims are supported by facts; and lastly, producers must train people in rural
communities on charcoal production and encourage them to become suppliers of
raw materials for briquetting (Comedis et al., 2017) .
Dr. Cortiguerra concludes, “The problems facing the charcoal briquette
industry may seem big, but they should not overwhelm entrepreneurs who believe in
the promise of a green and efficient fuel substitute.” As said in an article by Rudy A.
Fernandez of The Philippine Star (January 2010) Briquette is a mixture of charcoal
made from various materials molded in various sizes and shapes with the use of a
binder or starch. The new briquette has been named “Don King Uling” by its creator,
Florentino Montemayor Jr., a retired official of a multinational corporation and now
barangay councillor of Batong Malake, Los Baños, Laguna. Don King Uling is a take-
off from a noted donut because the briquette is shaped like the popular baked
product. It is made of old newspapers, craft papers, cartolina and other types of used
paper except the glossy ones. The materials are soaked in water overnight,
shredded and compacted with the use of a pressing machine also devised by
Montemayor (Comedis et al., 2017) .
The product is used as a substitute for wood as charcoal fuel,” he said. “The
project is particularly focused on informal settlers and poor barangay residents who
use charcoal stoves.” Since early last year when Don King Uling was conceived,
more than a hundred families have been using the briquettes as more pressing
machines were fabricated and sold at affordable cost to barangay settlers following
the Los Baños, Bañamos Festival, which commemorated the historic town’s 394th
anniversary last Sept. 17 Batong Malake officials have been helping sell the pressing
machines to further spread its use. They said, as quoted by Kathleen Lungub, a
student at the UP Los Baños College of Development Communication: “With the
growing number of briquette users, we do not only help the people save money; we
also help in the conservation of forests in the long term.” At least once a week, the
Batong Malake committee on livelihood headed by Montemayor, together with
councilor Allan Leron and Janos Lapiz, do house-to-house visits in communities to
 13

demonstrate and promote the use of portable, easyto-operate pressing machine and
scrap paper briquette (Comedis et al., 2017) .

Related Studies
Nigeria has abundant supplies of biomass resources, particularly agro-forestry
residues and municipal solid waste, whose potentials are yet to be fully tapped for
energy generation. The study was undertaken to investigate the properties of fuel
briquettes produced from a mixture of a municipal solid waste and an agricultural
residue, i.e., shredded waste paper and hammermilled coconut husk particles
Results obtained showed that briquettes produced using 100% waste paper and
5:95 waste paper-coconut husk ratios respectively exhibited the largest (though
minimal) linear expansion on drying. A reciprocal relationship was observed between
compressed/relaxed density and relaxation ratio of the briquettes. The mean
durability rating of all the briquettes exceeded 95%. It was concluded that stable
briquettes could be formed from waste paper mixed with coconut husk particles
(Olorunnisola, 2007).

Study results show that the energy output of biobriquettes compressed from
biomass waste is nearly equivalent to that of common fuel sources when burned in
an oxygen-rich environment comparable to unmodified wood and wood pellet stoves,
fireplaces, patio heaters and charcoal grills. There are many clear advantages of
biobriquettes, including the simplicity by which they can be produced and the
availability and affordability of materials used in their production
(McDougal et al., 2010)
.

Converting biomass and urban wastes using a simple briquette molder has
great prospects when utilized as fuel for household use and eventually as substitute
fuel to charcoal. Results of the study revealed that when used and compared to
charcoal as fuel in boiling water and cooking rice, the production of briquettes are
based on practicality and high rate of production and performance. Paper was found
to be an ideal substitute binding material for briquetting. Briquette production can be
a viable business enterprise and source of income.For Uswag Calajunan Livelihood
Association, Inc., the informal waste pickers can be an expert in recycling waste
products like paper and other biomass wastes for profit, thereby providing the
 14

populace with a new and cheap alternative source of cooking energy

(Aries et al., 2011)
.

Widespread use of solid fuels affects indoor/outdoor air quality, human health,
and climate change significantly. Replacing traditional solid fuels with affordable
cleaner fuels is a challenge for most developing countries. In this study, carbon
monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) emissions and financial costs of a
potential cleaner fuel-pelletized biofuels were compared to those of traditional solid
fuels, including coal, crop residue, and wood, and a conventional modern fuel, liquid
petroleum gas (LPG), in terms of fuel-mass-based emission factor (EF), delivered-
energy-based emission factor (EFE), and delivered-energy-based cost (CE). The
combustions of pelletized fuels and LPG had not only relatively higher thermal
efficiencies but also lower EFs, leading to much lower EFE of these cleaner fuels.
The adoption of pelletized fuels burned in a modern pellet burner could reduce
pollutant emissions significantly in comparison to traditional solid fuels
(Shen & Xue, 2014).

When both EFE and CE are taken into consideration, it could be found that
the nearly free ordinary biomass fuels and high-cost coals had much higher pollutant
emissions, while LPG was the most expensive, although it would produce the lowest
emission. Pelletized fuels appear to be a good alternative in rural households
because of not only lower pollutant emissions but also relatively low cost. Future
studies, including but not limited to emission measurements, potential reductions in
air concentrations and health outcome, systematic cost-benefit analysis, and
identification of key enablers and barriers affecting the large-scale uptake, are
strongly recommended. © 2014 American Chemical Society (Shen & Xue, 2014).

A great amount of herbal waste biomass is produced nowadays during

agriculture crop processing; also during ‘post–harvest lines’ operations. Such waste
biomass occurs in the bulk form, thus, is not suitable for direct combustion; it can be
improved by using of briquetting technology. Therefore, present paper provides
chemical, mechanical and microscopic analyses of waste biomass originating from
post–harvest lines and briquettes produced from it. Overall evaluation of all obtained
results proved satisfactory level of chemical quality and high energy potential of all
 15

investigated materials but low level of their mechanical quality

(Brunerová et al., 2017).

Based on the facts and the conclusions in the data gathered, it found out that
individuals are well-aware of the benefit of paper briquettes, even biomass
briquettes, the only problem is that they did not know they had the option of doing so,
in other words; no one suggested it to them that they could make alternatives of
common, hazardous charcoal. That being said, we, as the researchers would
recommend that individuals be properly informed about paper briquettes because
they would obviously like to test it for themselves, what is left is that they do not have
the chance to learn about new and ingenious alternatives such as this. Secondly, it is
to encourage individuals to make their own paper charcoals at home, since
everything needed for its construction is already available in any household. This will
help them reduce daily budget consumption, cook what they need to, and in their
little way; could help reduce pollution in the environment (Comedis et al., 2017) .

Since one of the purposes of the study is to reduce paper waste in the city,
individuals were encouraged to gather and collect scrap paper in large amounts so
they have the supplies when they need it. Also, based on our experience of
constructing paper briquettes it was recommended using thin and non-glossy paper
to form briquettes, since the thicker kind is harder to break down and glossy paper
does not absorb water well. Besides those two types of paper, any kind would be as
effective. It was also recommended that local and government organizations would
conduct seminars and livelihood programs to promote the utilization of paper, as
their energy source for cooking, so people would know how to properly make and
use their paper briquettes. This would also allow the idea to further spread to
different places and we could collectively grow “greener” and make a difference in
the world (Comedis et al., 2017).

Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling option
for small island developing states where there are lacks of resources for energy and
waste treatment. However, there are concerns about the impact of air pollutants
emitted from the burning of the self-made paper briquettes as household air pollution
is recognized as the greatest environmental risk for human. The results showed that
waste paper briquettes burned quickly and generated high temperature but the heat
 16

value is relatively low. Overall, the results suggested that using paper briquettes as
fuel for domestic heating will not likely to generate higher level of three major air
pollutants compared to other traditional fuels (Xiu et al., 2018).

Briquette binder plays a key role in the process of briquette production. The
quality and performance of briquette also depend on the quality of briquette binder.
Different types of briquettes need different briquette binder. Binder used in
briquetting process can be divided into inorganic binder, organic binder and
compound binder. The inorganic binders have many excellent advantages, such as
abundant resource, low cost, excellent thermos-ability and good hydrophilicity.
However, a major problem arising from the usage of inorganic binder is related to the
ash increased in significant amount. The organic binders have many excellent
advantages, such as good bonding, good combustion performance and low ash. But
organic binder is easy to decompose and burn when it was heated, so the
mechanical strength and thermal stability of organic binder briquette are poor, and its
price is high. The composite binders are composed of two binders at least; the
different binder plays the different role. The compound binder can make full use of
the advantages of all kinds of binder, such as it can reduce the supplying amount of
inorganic binder, reduce the cost of organic binder, improve the quality of briquettes,
and get better performance of briquettes (Guojie Zhang et al., 2018).

Biomass fuel properties determine the choice of agricultural waste to be used

in production of briquette for industrial and domestic usage. Compaction of these
agro-wastes would add more values to their bulk handling, conveyance and storage
properties. This work determined the effect of different binders with varying
concentrations and applied die pressures on some physical properties of briquette
from carbonized corncob. The study concluded high quality and storable briquettes
can be produced from the blend of carbonized corncobs and cassava starch, corn
starch and gelatin. This is because the relaxed density and compressive strength of
the briquettes produced are adequate; besides, the length of time or service life of
the stored briquettes proved acceptable stability after some months of storage
(E.F.Arinsiola et al., 2019).h

This study explored the possibility of producing sawdust briquettes that could
be used for energy supply in small factories and for domestic cooking. A briquetting
 17

machine suitable for the production of sawdust briquettes on a small scale was
constructed.It was concluded that the calorific values of briquettes obtained were
sufficient to produce heat required for household cooking. Therefore, sawdust
briquettes can be a very good alternative source of energy for domestic cooking
(Mengist, 2015).
 18

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
The experimental method of investigation was used in the study because the
researchers aim to determine the effectiveness of paper briquettes with different
binders. Clinically, the research should be done in an open area to avoid any
accidents. However, due to the in-availability, it was conducted in Senior High
School Science Laboratory of Diplahan National High School, Poblacion Diplahan
Zamboanga Sibugay.

The experiment was laid out into a Complete Randomized Design (CRD).
There are two (2) treatments including the control treatment, with six (6) replications
for each, yielding a total of five (5) bucket, two (2) buckets are full soaked paper and
the other buckets would be filled with two (2) different binders. There were also
Herring fish and grille.

Research Environmental
This study was conducted at Diplahan National High School during the Third
Grading of school year 2022-2023, Diplahan National High School (DNHS) is a
public secondary school located in Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay (see figure 1).

Figure 1: Map of Diplahan National High School

 19

The school was established in 1967 that aims to provide quality, fair, culture
based, and complete basic education to the students. It started with one section in
the first year and second year. The second-year class was held in a private house
owned by the late Antonio Tan Sr. and his wife while the first-year class was held in
a catholic convent in Barangay Diplahan until finally, it acquired its scholastic through
the negotiation and persuasion of donors. They were late Mr. Jose Doble who
donated one-hectare, late Claudio Ying one-half hectare, Mr. Asterio Abucay
donated one-half hectare and in the late 1980s, late Teofilo Avila donated 1015 sq
meters. It was declared in the name of the Diplahan Barangay High School.

The people who worked hard and responsible for the opening of the Barangay
High School were the late Mr. Sixto Braganza who tapped the influence of the high-
ranking officials like Ex-Governor Vicente Cerilles Sr., Ex-Board Member Samuel
Arcamo, late Board Member Teodoro Olegario, and late Pastor Cabaron, the former
Principal of Molave Provincial High School. These persons facilitated the preparation
of the pertinent papers to have proper representation and follow-up to the Schools
Division Superintendent for immediate approval.

There were more personalities worth to be mentioned due to their cooperation

and enthusiasm for the opening of the Barangay High School. They were the late
Avelino Nadal Sr., late Gregorio Gamace, late Jose Candelario, late Barangay
Captain Federico Cañete, and late Antonio Tan who was the first president of the
High School PTA.

The school Implements a K to 12 basic education program that offers junior

and senior high school. It is under the resolution ordered by the Department of
Education (DepEd). It has General Academic Strand (GAS), Humanities and Social
Sciences (HUMSS) Strand, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) Strand, and Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) Strand under
the Academic Track as well as Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) Track and Arts
and Design Track for its senior high school education.

Sampling Technique
The herring fish that are put on the barbeque grille were treated after five
minutes with the paper briquettes with its different type of binders. The herring fish
 20

were observed in Senior High School Science Laboratory. The procedure was done
on the barbeque grille which was then cooked with the paper briquettes with its
different binders. The treatments used in the study are as follows: T 1= Control (paper
briquettes), T 2= coconut husk (binder), and T 3= sawdust (binder).

Research Instrument
The research instruments were compromise in the following: the materials
were used in the study, preparation of the fish and the grille, preparation of paper
briquettes with different binders

The following were used in conducting this study:

1
kg Herring fish Barbecue grille
2

Lighter Paper

Timer Plate

Thermometer 3 Basin

Coconut husk Record book

Sawdust 1 kg. of cassava starch

More than 10 pails of water

A. Preparations of Paper Briquettes

Paper, water, a pail and water, coconut husk, and sawdust were prepared.
The paper was placed in a pail of water. Placing the water in a pail and soaking it
overnight. The next day, it was torn into pieces until it was small enough to stick it
was formed into fist-size balls and it was left to dry in the sun.
 21

B. Preparation for the Raw Fish

1
The kilogram of fish, salt, plates, and trays were prepared. Remove the
2
insides of the fish and clean it with water and seasoned it with salt. Lastly, put it in
a plate and was to grill.

C. Preparations for barbeque grille, paper briquettes with different binders.

The barbeque grille, and paper briquettes with different binders were
prepared. Below the barbeque grill, the paper briquettes are lit.

Add water to the pail.

The paper is soaked in the pail for 24 hours

Turn paper into briquettes

And mix it with a binder.

Dry it under the sun.

In the barbeque grille, lit the paper briquettes

with coconut husk and sawdust.

 22

Measuring the; Time duration

Temperature

Effectiveness

of the

Paper briquettes with two (2)

different types of binders

Figure 2. A Schematic Diagram on Temperature, Measuring the Time, and

Effectiveness of Paper Briquettes with different binders of cooking Herring fish

Data Gathering Technique

The data gathering technique of this study involved the following activities;
securing a permit from the School Principal of Diplahan National High School,
Poblacion Diplahan Zamboanga Sibugay, to conduct the investigation in the
proposed environment; securing a permit from the school head to use the school
facilities and materials for the investigation of the research.

For the data collection, after twenty (20) minutes of lighting up the paper
briquettes with two (2) different types of binders as well as the preparations, the first
data collection will be done. The first data collected will be the time duration of two
(2) different types of binders combined with paper briquettes measured in terms of
their time until they turn to ashes.

The second set of data collected will be the measurement of temperature of

the two (2) different types of binders for the paper briquettes.

The third and last set of data collected will be the different advantages and
effectiveness of the two (2) different types of binders combined with paper briquettes
in terms of cooking herring fish.

Documentation was done through photographic recordings. The following are

the preparation of materials, after twenty (20) minutes of lighting up the two different
types of charcoals and the laboratory apparatuses used in the conduct of the study;
 23

the paper briquettes with two (2) different types of binders before being lighted up;
the researchers gathered data during the application of cooking Herring fish.

Statistical Treatment
The data gathered were be summarized and analyzed by using the Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) one-way classification, to determine the significant difference
of the paper briquettes with the two (2) different types of binders with regards to the
time duration, temperature, and their effectiveness.

The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to verify which among
the different treatment means significantly differed. This was done in cases where
the analysis of variance showed significant results.

Processing the data was done on the computer using the software Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to ensure that the data would be accurately
and correctly processed and, therefore, reliable.
 24

Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data generated from the
results on the evaluation of the different binders of paper briquettes.

The study on the time duration of the paper Briquettes in using 2 different
types of binders led to the following results:

1. What are the time duration of the paper Briquettes in using 2 different types
of binders?

The table 1 shows the time duration (in minutes) of the which paper Briquettes
affected by the different types of binders classified as the coconut husk (50%-50%,
75%-25%, and 25%-75%) and sawdust (50%-50%, 75%-25%, and 25%-75%).

As reflected in the table, the duration of pure paper briquettes has 42 minutes
and 13 seconds.

In A.) 50%-50%, the coconut husk has the duration of 27 minutes and 01
second and the sawdust has the duration of 50 minutes.

In B.) 75%-25%, the coconut husk has the duration of 27 minutes and 59
seconds and the sawdust has the duration of 29 minutes and 42 seconds.

In C.) 25%-75%, the coconut husk has the duration of 33 minutes and 28
seconds and the sawdust has the duration of 50 minutes and 38 seconds.
 25

Table 1

Different Binders (Coconut Husk and Sawdust) including Control

(Pure Paper) on the Time Duration of Paper Briquettes

Binders/Treatment Average Each Treatment (in

seconds)
Binders’ Percentage for
T1 T2
Time Duration
(Coconut Husk) (Sawdust)

A. 50%-50% a.)163 seconds a.)3,000 seconds

B.75%-25% b.) 1,679 seconds b.)1,782 seconds

C.25%-75% c.) 2,008 seconds c.) 3,038 seconds

Duration Average 3,850 seconds 7,820 seconds

The table further shows that the treatment two ( T 2), the sawdust was
observed to have the greatest duration in different binders. It was an exhibit of the
duration of time which was the highest total average of the time duration, which has
a total average of 43 minutes and 03 seconds among the rest of treatment. It was
then followed by the treatment two( T 2), the coconut husk which has a Total average
of 29 minutes and 03 seconds. Table 1 shows that the treatments ( T 1and T 2), either
increased or reduced the time duration (measured in seconds) of the paper
briquettes (control), all throughout the process of which the researchers recorded
until the formation of ashes.
 26

Table 2

Different Binders (Coconut Husk and Sawdust) including Control

(Pure Paper) in obtaining the level of temperature of the

Paper Briquettes

Binders/Treatment Average Each Treatment

(in Celsius)
Binders’ T1 T2
Percentage for
(Coconut Husk) (Sawdust)
Temperature

A. 50%-50% a.) 282º C a.) 300º C

B.75%-25% b.) 297º C b.) 300º C

C. 25%-75% c.) 300º C c.) 192.9º C

Average 293º C 264.3º C

Temperature

The table 2 shows the Percentage for Temperature (in degree) of which paper
briquettes affected by the different types of binders classified as the coconut husk
(50%-50%, 75%-25%, 25%-75%) and sawdust (50%-50%, 75%-25%, 25%-75%).

As reflected in the table, the percentage for temperature has:

In A.) 50%-50%, the coconut husk has the percentage for temperature of
282% C and the sawdust has the temperature of 300 ºC.

In B.) 75%-25%, the coconut husk has the percentage for temperature of
297% C and the sawdust has the percentage for temperature of 300 ºC.

In C.) 25%-75%, the coconut husk has the percentage for temperature of 300
C and the sawdust has the percentage for temperature of 192.9 º C.
 27

The table further shows that the treatment three ( T 3), the sawdust was
observed to have the greatest temperature in different binders. It was an exhibit of
the duration of time which was the highest total average of level temperature, which
has a total average of 264.3º C among the rest of treatment. It was then followed by
the treatment two (T 2), the coconut husk which has 293º C has total average of the
time duration 42 minutes and 13 seconds and lastly treatment two ( T 2), the coconut
husk which has a Total average of 29 minutes and 03 seconds. Table 1 shows that
the treatments (T 2and T 3), either increased or reduced the time duration (measured
in seconds) of the paper briquettes (T 1), all throughout the process of which the
researchers recorded until the formation of ashes.

Table 3

100% Paper

T3
(Paper)
Time Duration (in seconds) 2,520
Temperature (in Celsius) 267 ºC

Table 3 shows the time duration (in seconds) and temperature (in Celsius)
where the time duration is 2,520 seconds until the formation of ashes and 267 ºC in
the temperature of pure paper briquettes.

Testing the Hypotheses

ANOVA

Table 4 Significant Difference of time duration

Df SS (Sum of Squares) MS (Mean F ( or F

Source Degree of Variation Square) Ratio)
freedom (variance)
Factor 1 -2,312,733.27 -2,312,733.27 -1.71
(Between)
Error 4 7,897,185.27 1,974,296.32
(Within) Insignificant
Total 5 5,584,452
 28

The following hypothesis were tested in this using 0.05 level of significance.

Hypothesis No.!. There is a difference on the time duration of the different types
of binders (coconut husk and sawdust) including control (Paper Briquettes) on the
time duration of paper briquettes with different types of binders.

This hypothesis is tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with

results shown in the table.

As shown in the table, the F-ratio yielded -1.71 at 7.71 degrees of freedom of
which the critical value is at 0.05 level of significance, thus, it rejected the hypothesis
and did not established a significant difference of the time duration in terms of the
quality of the paper briquettes in using different types of binders.

Hypothesis no. 2

Table 5 Significant Difference of Temperature

Df SS (Sum of Squares) MS (Mean F (or F
Source Degree of Variation Square) Ratio)
freedom (variance)
Factor 1 -30,743.26 -30,743.26 -3.09
(Between)
Error 4 39,811. 74 9,952. 94
(Within) Insignificant
Total 5 9,068.48

The following hypothesis were tested in this using 0.05 level of significance.

Hypothesis No. 2: The difference on the temperature of the different types of

binders (coconut husk and sawdust) including control (Paper Briquettes) on the
temperature of paper briquettes with different types of binders.

This hypothesis is tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with

results shown in the table.

As shown in the table, the F-ratio yielded -3.09 at 7.71 degrees of freedom of
which the critical value is at 0.05 level of significance, thus, rejected the hypothesis
and did not establish a significant difference of the temperature in terms of the
quality of the paper briquettes in using different types of binders.
The findings for the above hypotheses indicates that there is no significant
difference on the effects of the paper briquettes with difference binders (Sawdust
 29

and Coconut Husk) on the difference in terms of time duration and difference of
temperature.
 30

Chapter 5

Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter deals with the summary of findings, the conclusions drawn and
recommendations relevant to the subject studied.

Summary of Findings

The study was conducted to determine which of the different types of binders,
the coconut husk and the sawdust binders. It greatly affects the quality in terms of
duration and temperature. This was conducted from June 3, 2023 at the Grade 12
Science Laboratory room.

The method used to measure time was a stopwatch in which the researchers
used the medium until the formation of ashes (in seconds). The second method used
to determine its temperature was the meat thermometer (in Celsius) which only has
the limit of 300°C due to the researchers' equipment availability. The experiment was
laid out in a complete randomized design (CRD), having 2 treatments and 6
replications. The treatments were Treatment one (T 1), with 50% coconut husk and
50% of paper, 75% of coconut husk and 25% of paper, 25% of coconut husk and
75% of paper; the Treatment two (T 2), with 50% sawdust and 50% of paper, 75% of
sawdust and 25% of paper, 25% of sawdust and 75% of paper; and Treatment three
(T 3), with pure 100% paper.

The findings aim to answer the following questions:

1. What is the time duration of the paper briquettes in applying the two different
binders?

The data further showed that the Treatment two ( T 2), the Sawdust was observed
to have the longest time duration. It was manifested by its measurement of time,
which was the highest total average time of 2,606.6 seconds among the rest of the
treatments. It was then followed by Treatment three (T 3), the 100% Paper with the
total average of 2,520 seconds. Lastly, the Treatment one ( T 1), the Coconut Husk
 31

which has the total average of 1,283.3 seconds. This was measured after 5 minutes
of preparing the fire.

2. What is the most effective binder for paper briquettes as a fuel source?

As shown in Table 1, the most effective binder was the Treatment two ( T 2),
50% Sawdust with 50% Paper in terms of cooking the fish, time duration and
temperature.

3. What are the observations based on the experiment?

It was observed that on Treatment one (T 1), the 50% Coconut Husk and 50%
Paper, has thick smoke and the quality of cooked fish was dry. The 75% of
Coconut Husk with 25% of Paper was observed to have better fire although the
cooked fish was still dry. In 25% Coconut Husk with 75% Paper, was observed
to have greater temperature for there was less smoke however, the cooked fish
was drier than the others.

On Treatment two (T 2), the 50% Sawdust with 50% Paper was observed to
have consistent fire and less smoke while the fish tastes better with this binder.
The 75% Sawdust with 25% Paper was observed to have strong fire and less
smoke while the fish was cooked very fast. 25% Sawdust with 75%Paper was
observed to have greater smoke before and during the grilling of the fish.

Lastly, the Paper (control), was observed to have lots of smoke, consistent
heat, but it took too long to cook the fish.

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of paper briquettes with different
types of binders?
As the researchers conducting the experiment, they gathered data that
shows the characteristics of paper briquettes with different types of binders
applied on it. The advantages that the researchers observed so far is that
biomass could be not a hindrance to achieved a healthy and safe
environment, it could be one innovative way to minimize and make biomasses
be relevant to the society. It is also a good fuel source; could equal the wood
charcoal's heat and temperature. Thus, there are some instances and factors
that paper briquettes with different binders will loosen both quantity and
quality. First, it requires time and effort while making these briquettes, to make
 32

it more effective. Second, while burning it as the fuel source the ashes and
smoke are inconvenient during the cooking process. Lastly, the heat and the
fire are not consistent and need attention to make it last up until the cooking
process is finished.
5. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of the paper briquettes in
combining paper with different binders (coconut husk, and sawdust)?
According on testing the hypothesis using the ANOVA Table, shows that
there is no significant difference in Temperature and Time Duration on the
effectiveness of paper briquettes with the different types of binders.

Conclusion

Results of the study shows that from computing the ANOVA in terms of
temperature and time duration of the effectiveness of paper briquettes with different
types of binders, there is no significant difference.
As a result of the experiment, treatment two (T 3) (Sawdust) showed the
greatest, based on the table of observation. This is followed by the treatment three (
T 3), full Paper, and then by the treatment one (T 3) (Coconut Husk), of all the different
types

of binders showed the least effective binders.

The following conclusion were drawn by the researchers based on the strength
of the findings on the study in ANOVA Analysis of the effect of paper briquettes in
different binders.

1. The tested different types of binders used as a treatment did not exhibit the
paper briquettes’ effects, the (T 1) Coconut Husk, (T 2) Sawdust, (T 3) Full
Paper.
2. The paper briquettes with different types of binders can be alternative fuel
source.
3. There is no significant difference on the effect of different binders (sawdust
and coconut husk) including control (paper) on the time duration and
temperature.
 33

4. Based on the results of the Analysis of variance (ANOVA), none of the two
binders is significant in terms of temperature and time duration. This
contradicts to Engr. Belen B. Bisana, head of DUST-FPRD’s (BEEDS)
Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling
option for small island developing states where there are lacks of resources
for energy and waste treatment. However, there are concerns about the
impact of air pollutants emitted from the burning of the self-made paper
briquettes as household air pollution is recognized as the greatest
environmental risk for human. The results showed that waste paper briquettes
burned quickly and generated high temperature but the heat value is relatively
low. Overall, the results suggested that using paper briquettes as fuel for
domestic heating will not likely to generate higher level of three major air
pollutants compared to other traditional fuels (Xiu et al., 2018).

All of the treatment therefore applied exhibited the effectiveness of paper

briquettes with different binders. However, by computing the data by using the
ANOVA, the binders have no significant difference in terms of time duration and
temperature.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are laid relative to the outcome of the study:
1. Investigate the impact of different binders on the combustion efficiency,
calorific value, and emission of levels of paper briquettes to determine their
effectiveness as a sustainable fuel source.
2. Test the identified effective briquettes on other binders that were not
originally included in the study.
3. Use other methods of determining the duration usage of paper briquettes
from the experimental method.
4. A subsequent investigation is warranted to assess the efficacy of paper
briquettes with various binders by administering treatments once, reducing the
observation timeframe, and implementing specific time intervals.
 34

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 35

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 37

Appendix
38
39
 40

Appendix A

Solution of Temperature using ANOVA

(T 1) (T ¿¿ 2)¿
282 300
297 300
300 192.9
Total: 879 792.9

¿ ¿) ² ¿ ¿) ²
79,524 90,000
88,209 90,000
90,000 37,210.41
∑ x ²: 257,733 217,210.41

SS= ∑ x ² -¿ ¿

T1 T2

(879)² (792.9)²
SS= 257,733- = 186 SS= 217,210.41-
3 3
=39,625.74

k= no. of treatment condition SS= Sum of all squares

n= no. of scores in each treatment

N= T number of scores

T= T for each treatment condition

G= Sum of all sources in the study

 41

k= 2

n= 3

N= 6

G= 1,671.9

∑ x ²= 474,943.41

G²
SStotal = ∑ x ² -
N

(1,671.9)²
= 474,943.41 - = 9,068.48
6

SSwithin = 186+ 39,625.74 = 39,811.74

SSbetween = 9,068.48 – 39,743.26 = -30,743.26

df total = N-1 = 6-1 = 5

df within = N-k = 6-3 = 4

df between= 2-1 = 1

SS
MS = = within = 79, 952.94
df

= between= 30, 743.26

MS between
F= = - 0.38
MS within
 42

The Solution of Time Duration using ANOVA

(T 1) (T ¿¿ 2)¿
163 3,000
1,679 1,782
2,008 3,038
Total: 3, 850 7,820

¿ ¿) ² ¿ ¿) ²
26, 569 9,000,000
2,819,041 3,175,524
4,032,064 9,229,444
∑ x ²: 6,877,634 21,404,968

SS= ∑ x ² -¿ ¿

T1 T2

(3 , 850)² (7,820)²
SS=6,877,634 - =6,876.6 SS=21,404,968 -
3 3
=1,020,834.667

k= no. of treatment condition SS= Sum of all squares

n= no. of scores in each treatment

N= T number of scores

T= T for each treatment condition

G= Sum of all sources in the study

 43

k= 2

n= 3

N= 6

G= 11, 670

∑ x ²= 6,876,350.6

G²
SStotal = ∑ x ² -
N

(11,620) ²
= 28,282,602 - = 5,584,452
6

SSwithin = 6,876,350.6 + 1,020,834.6 = 7,897,185.27

SSbetween = 5,584,452– 7,897,185.27 = -7,897,185.27

df total = N-1 = 6-1 = 5

df within = N-k = 6-3 = 4

df between= 2-1 = 1

SS
MS = = within = -2,312,733.27
df

= between= 1,974,296.32

MS between
F= = - 1.71
MS within
 44

CURRICULUM VITAE

I - Personal Background:

Name : Claylann Jay Piguez Laquibla

Nickname : Jay

Date of Birth : September 26, 2004

Place of Birth : Sanito, Ipil Zamboanga Sibugay

Age : 18

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Parents : Mr. Niel Aganap Laquibla Sr.

: Mrs. Gina Piguez Laquibla

Sister : Claylann Joy Piguez Laquibla

Brother : Niel Piguez Laquibla Jr.

Religion : Baptist

Home Address : Purok Magsaysay, Poblacion

Diplahan, Zamboanga
Sibugay

II - Educational Background:

Elementary : Diplahan Central Elementary

School

Poblacion, Diplahan,
 45

Zamboanga Sibugay

20

Secondary : Diplahan National High School

2017–2023
 46

I - Personal Background:

Name : Claylann Joy Piguez Laquibla

Nickname : Joy

Date of Birth : September 26, 2004

Place of Birth : Sanito, Ipil Zamboanga Sibugay

Age : 18

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Parents : Mr. Niel Aganap Laquibla Sr.

: Mrs. Gina Piguez Laquibla

Sisters : Claylann Jay Piguez Laquibla

Brothers : Niel Piguez Laquibla Jr.

Religion : Baptist

Home Address : Purok Magsaysay, Poblacion

Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay

II - Educational Background:

Elementary : Diplahan Central Elementary

School

Poblacion, Diplahan,

Zamboanga Sibugay

20

Secondary : Diplahan National High School

2017–2023
 47

I - Personal Background:

Name : Shella Mae Marchan Morales

Nickname : She

Date of Birth : December 30, 2004

Place of Birth : At home

Age : 18 years old

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Parents : Mr. Teodoro Florentino Morales

Mrs. Mary Jane Marchan Morales

Brother : Jeffry Marchan Morales

Religion : Catholic

HOME ADDRESS : Purok Kahayagan, La

Dicha,Malangas,

Zamboanga Sibugay

II Educational Background

Elementary : La Dicha Elementary School

La Dicha, Malangas, Zamboanga

Sibugay

(2010-2016)

Secondary : Diplahan National High School

 48

Poblacion, Diplahan, Zamboanga

Sibugay
 49

I - Personal Background:

Name : Farah Sofia Demolde

Oclaret

Nickname : Farah

Date of Birth : January 12, 2005

Place of Birth : Natan, Diplahan

Zamboanga Sibugay

Age : 18 years old

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Parents : Mr. Michael Rosal

Oclaret

:Mrs. Norivil Demolde

Oclaret

Brother : Mark Daryl Demolde

Uson

Religion : Roman Catholic

Home Address : Purok Magsaysay,

Poblacion Diplahan

Zamboanga Sibugay

II Educational Background

Elementary : Guinoman Elementary

School Guinoman, Diplahan,

Zamboanga Sibugay
 50

2010-2016

Secondary: : Diplahan Zamboanga

Sibugay

2016-2023
 51

I - Personal Background:

Name: : Andrea Paula Parcon

Nickname: : Paula

Date of Birth : June 07, 2005

Place of Birth : Maliksi Bacoor Cavite

Age : 18 years old

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Parents: : Mr. Adrian L. Parcon

: Mrs. Lorena Masong

Brother: : Liam Xavier Masong

Religion : Catholic

HOME ADDRESS : Purok 2, Mabini, Malangas,

: Zamboanga Sibugay

Sister : Ciara Mae Masong

Religion : Catholic

Home Addres : Purok 2, Mabini, Malangas,

: Zamboanga Sibugay

Sister: : Leah Janine Masong

Religion : Catholic

Home Address : Purok 2 Mabini Malangas

Zamboanga Sibugay

II Educational Background
 52

Elementary : Malangas Central

Elementary

School

2010-2017
 53

I - Personal Background:

Name : Jovelle Anislag Temblor

Nickname : Jovelle

Date of Birth : June 08 2005

Place of Birth : Margos sa tubig Zamboanga

Del Sur

Age : 18 years old

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Parents : Mr. Angelito Ramos Temblor

Mrs. Jeslie Anislag Temblor

Sister : Jay Ann Anislag Temblor

Religion : UPC

HOME ADDRESS : Purok Rizal Poblacion

Diplahan

Zamboanga Sibugay

Brother : Geo Anislag Temblor

Religion : UCCP

Home Address : Purok Rizal, Poblacion

Diplahan, Zamboanga
Sibugay

II Educational Background

Elementary : Diplo Elementary School

 54

: Diplo Kumalarang
Zamboanga

Del Sur

(2010-2013)

Diplahan Central Elementary

School

Poblacion Diplahan

Zamboanga

Sibugay (2013-2016)

Secondary : Diplahan National High

School

Poblacion Diplahan
Zamboanga

Sibugay
55
56
57
58