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Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus

Sabang, Danao City
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Improvised Pneumatic Operated Plastic Bottle Crusher for Enhancing Recycling

Practices in Cebu Technological University - Danao Campus

A Dissertation Submitted to
Engr. Maria Mayet D. Rivera
Of Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

IE-TECH 111 Pneumatics & Programmable Logic Controller

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering

Alivio, Bruce Cj A.
Arecayos, Jasline Keith R.
Booc, Davin Jude B.
Carreon, Nicole R.
Comendador, Ricka Laze A.
Duaman, Maryfel O.
Megabon, Marvin
Olaguir, Dianne Erica M.
Pepito, Andrea A.
Ruizo, Mark Louie G.
Surtidoz, Eline
Talisic, Gwenneth A.

ENGR. MARIA MAYET D. RIVERA

Research Adviser

December 2023
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As for the unwavering support from the people who helped us to

become successful with this study, we would like to extend our appreciation to
all of them.

Above all, we would like to sincerely thank the Almighty Father for his
guidance, provision of knowledge, courage, wisdom, and effort during this
study. Moreover, we will always be appreciative to our parents for their
emotional and financial assistance.

Furthermore, for those people who helped us indirectly, your

contribution is also well appreciated and recognized. Lastly, we want to thank
ourselves for our immense effort and hard work to finish this study
successfully despite the challenges we had faced all throughout this journey.

Upon finishing this study, we have realized that we cannot successfully

finish this without the help of people mentioned above. We offer our deepest
gratitude to all of you. May the God bless us all.

DEDICATION
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This research report is dedicated to Cebu Technological University –

Danao Campus, as the main purpose of this study is to improve the recycling
process within the campus premises.

This study is also dedicated to the community as it might bring great

results in which will help in improving recycling practices, thus, will also bring
a lot of benefits on time, money and effort.

And above all, we looked up and dedicated this entire study to our
Almighty God, who provided us with the power, knowledge, wisdom, protection,
and will to persevere and remain optimistic in order to complete this research.

ABSTRACT
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The focus of the study is to create an improvised pneumatic operated

plastic bottle crusher using alternative materials that are easily accessible.
This machine is powered by air using the pneumatic system. It will cost no
electricity which implies that it uses renewable energy and is sustainable for
the environment.

This study is an experimental quantitative research design. This aims to

know how successful is the improvised pneumatic operated plastic bottle
crusher for enhancing recycling practices in CTU – Danao Campus. Voluntary
Response Sampling was utilized to collect datas from the respondents through
a survey questionnaire. These questions will provide answers that are
beneficial to the study. The datas gathered were also examined using the Likert
Scale interpretation.

To conclude it all, the purpose of this innovation is to enhance recycling

practices in Cebu Technological University - Danao Campus when it comes to
plastic bottles. The researchers proposed this machine to crush these bottles to
save storage space on garbage bins, and in return, more garbage to store. In
this way, it can help the university in reducing expenses in moving waste to
recovery facilities, and it will save more time for the maintenance to collect
garbages and transferring it to dump site.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page
Title Page ........................................ 1
Acknowledgement ........................................ 2
Dedication ........................................ 3
Abstract ........................................ 4
Table of Contents ........................................ 5
Chapter I. The Problem and Its Scope
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................ 6
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................ 7
1.3 Significance of the Study ........................................ 8
1.4 Hypothesis, Scope and Delimitations………........................... 9
1.5 Conceptual Framework ........................................ 10
1.6 Definition of terms ........................................ 11
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature
2.1 Related Literature .....................................12-17
2.2 Related Studies .....................................18-19
Chapter III. Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design ....................................... 20
3.2 Research Sample ....................................... 20
3.3 Research Locale .......................................20-21
3.4 Research Material ....................................... 21
3.5 Ethical Consideration, Data Gathering Procedure.................21-22
Chapter IV. Results and Discussions………………………………………….23-24
Bibliography ....................................... 25
Tables and Figures ........................................26-28
Curriculum Vitae ....................................... 29 -40

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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Background of the Study

It has been observed that between 60 and 90 percent of waste produced

comes from plastic waste. Since plastic is the most widely used and versatile
material in the world's industries for product manufacturing and packaging, its
use has increased dramatically (Kumar et al., 2021). As a result, several
inventions were developed to manage plastic waste, including plastic bottles.

According to Williams et al. (2019), in a survey conducted by Tearfund

and WasteAid on the impacts of plastic pollution, plastic bottles were the
second most frequently identified item in mismanaged solid waste. These waste
bottles can accumulate large space which is a problem when storage space is
only limited. In accordance with this, an innovated bottle crusher is developed
to enhance recycling practices within Cebu Technological University - Danao
Campus.

This research study focuses on creating an improvised pneumatic

operated plastic bottle crusher using materials that can be found at home. This
machine is powered by air using the pneumatic system. It will cost no
electricity which implies that it uses renewable energy and is sustainable for
the environment. The purpose of this innovation is to enhance recycling
practices in Cebu Technological University - Danao Campus when it comes to
plastic bottles. The researchers proposed this machine to crush these bottles to
save storage space on garbage bins, and in return, more garbage to store. In
this way, it can help the university in reducing expenses in moving waste to
recovery facilities, and it will save more time for the maintenance to collect
garbages and transferring it to dump site.

Statement of the Problem

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This experimental study aims to create a pneumatically operated plastic

bottle crusher, with the purpose of improving recycling procedures at Cebu
Technological University - Danao Campus. The study aims to establish
answers to the following research questions:

1. On a scale of 1-5 (5 as highest and 1 as lowest), how effective is the

Pneumatic Operated Can Crusher in terms of:

1.1 Durability
1.2 Safety
1.3 Quality

What conclusions or recommendations can be derived from the results of the

study?

Significance of the Study

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This study is expected to benefit various stakeholders both directly and

indirectly connected to the campus and its surrounding areas. It will provide a
significant impact on the following beneficiaries:

CTU Danao Campus Students. This initiative brings benefits, for the students.
The crusher serves as a reminder and an easy-to-use tool for students to
engage in eco practices fostering a culture of sustainability within the campus.

Maintenance Staff. For the maintenance team, the crusher presents a

solution to a challenge. It reduces physical strain and improves the efficiency of
the maintenance staff enabling them to allocate their time and resources to
other important tasks.

Local Government Unit (LGU). By demonstrating waste management at

campus level, it establishes an example for other institutions and communities
to follow. It could also impact policy choices and encourage more people in the
community to participate in recycling initiatives.

Campus Administration. The CTU Danao administration will directly benefit

from this project through cost savings, in waste transportation and
management which is an advantage.

Suppliers of Recycled Materials. The outcome of this study offers suppliers of

recycled materials a manageable form of plastic waste. This streamlined
approach can potentially lead to business opportunities and contribute to the
overall growth of the recycled materials industry.

Future Researchers. Researchers with interests in sustainability, waste

management and innovative recycling technologies will find the results of this
study especially valuable. Additionally, this project has the potential to inspire
research in these areas ultimately contributing to the development of efficient
and sustainable waste management solutions.

Hypothesis
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Ho1: The improvised machine is not an effective crusher in terms of different

aspects.
Ha1: The improvised machine is an effective crusher in terms of different
aspects.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The research study aims to create an improvised pneumatic operated

plastic bottle crusher using materials that are easily accessible. The product is
an innovation from can crusher which is a tool to increase the efficiency of
recycling practices. The innovated machine is composed of alternative
materials that are easily accessible.

The research environment of this study is Cebu Technological University

– Danao Campus. Data collection is through a survey questionnaire. The
sampling method in selecting respondents is only “Voluntary Response
Sampling” with 30 respondents in which are industrial engineering students
that have proper knowledge about pneumatic system. The survey will answer
the questions based on the different aspects of the machine such as durability,
safety, and quality.

Conceptual Framework
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Alternative
Resources

Improvised
Pneumatic Plastic Recycling Practices
Bottle Crusher

Quality Materials
Cost of Materials
and Equipments

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Operational Definition of Terms

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Improvise – to make something from whatever is available.

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) – a solid-waste management plant that

processes recyclable materials to sell to manufacturers as raw materials for
new products.

Plastic Bottle Crusher – is used to crush recycled waste plastic PET bottles,
such as mineral water bottles, juice drink bottles, cola bottles, oil bottles,
shampoo bottles, milk bottles, detergent bottles, etc.

Pneumatic Operated – it means that a pneumatic system is used to function a

machine.

Pneumatic System – use pressurized gas to power a variety of tools and

equipment.

Recycling Practices – refer to the various methods and actions taken to

collect, process, and transform used materials or waste into new products or
materials.

Renewable Energy – refers to energy derived from naturally occurring sources

that are replenished on a human timescale such as air, water, soil, etc.

Sustainable – means capable of being continued with minimal long-term effect

on the environment.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature

In their study, Naveen et al. (2023) discusses a wide variety of plastic

bottles being used were thrown into the environment, resulting in pollution.
They collect the bottles and store them for these bottles are reusable and
recyclable. Their project, Plastic Bottle Accumulation and Management System
(PBAMS) is primarily concerned with the storage of such bottles in public
places, such as schools and events. It is about a machine that crushes, and
stores used bottles. They install a crusher into their machine to crush the
bottle after it is inserted. This helps to free up space so that more bottles can
be stored. The results confirm the effectiveness of the PBAMS in promoting an
eco-friendly environment.

The study underscores the alarming environmental consequences of

indiscriminate disposal of plastic bottles, emphasizing the urgent need for
efficient recycling mechanisms. The Plastic Bottle Accumulation and
Management System (PBAMS) introduced by Naveen et al. presents a
commendable initiative that aligns with the objectives of the research. The
incorporation of a crusher within their system demonstrates a strategic
approach to address the challenges associated with plastic bottle storage. In
pursuit of enhancing recycling practices, the insights derived from Naveen et
al.'s work serve as a valuable foundation. The utilization of a crusher in their
system not only facilitates space optimization but also aligns with the
overarching goal of fostering a sustainable and environmentally conscious
approach to plastic bottle management.

According to Nishioka et al. (2016), a pneumatic system has several

advantages, including low cost, light weight, and reliability to humans and the
environment. These benefits have been applied to a variety of research areas,
including industrial lines, medical and nursing care, and rehabilitation tools.
However, the pneumatic system requires several devices, including a
compressor, an air tube, and a control valve. A new method of multiplex
pneumatic transmission for multi-pneumatic servo systems is proposed in this
paper. Their project’s goal is to reduce the size of a pneumatic system and
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based on the simulation, a prototype device confirming the principle was

designed and developed.

In their study, Nishioka et al. underscored the significance of pneumatic

systems in waste management, particularly in environments where traditional
methods may prove impractical. Their findings support the notion that
pneumatic technologies can play a pivotal role in optimizing recycling
practices. By incorporating these advancements into the design of a plastic
bottle crusher, the researchers aim to enhance recycling practices by providing
a cost-effective, lightweight, and environmentally reliable solution for plastic
waste management. The utilization of an improvised pneumatic system in the
device aligns with the ongoing efforts to streamline and improve pneumatic
technologies, contributing to the development of sustainable recycling
practices.

According to the study of Hundertmark et al. (2019), recycling is the

major lever for addressing the plastic waste challenge. While “reducing” and
“reusing” can have some impact, in most realistic scenarios there are large
volumes of plastic waste that only increased recycling can handle. Although
plastic waste recycling is already in use, the problem of plastic waste is
widespread today. To promote sustainability in plastic waste recycling, waste
quality should be well maintained as a result of good recycling practices
(Cheung et al., 2018). Over the next decade, waste management could be a
defining issue for the plastics industry. As a result of this, the plastics industry
is at a crossroads in the road, and now is the time to act (Hundertmark et al.,
2019).

Their findings align with the notion that the quality of recycling practices
directly influences the overall effectiveness of plastic waste management. In
light of these considerations, the "Improvised Pneumatic Operated Plastic
Bottle Crusher" presents itself as a pragmatic solution designed to enhance
recycling practices. By facilitating the processing of plastic bottles, this
innovation aligns with the imperative to act decisively in improving waste
management processes and underscores the pivotal role that recycling
practices play in the broader context of environmental sustainability. The
proposed crusher, as an embodiment of enhanced recycling practices, positions
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itself as a tangible contribution to the collective efforts aimed at mitigating the

environmental impact of plastic waste.

KhanapureL.R., et.al. (2014) have presented a paper which provide

crushing action in both the strokes thus making it a dual stroke Can Crusher
and provide automatic falling of crushed cans and automatic feed of new cans
to be crushed so as to keep the crushing area free from human intervention
thus providing safety to the operator. Kumar.N,et.al. (2016) have presented a
paper about fabrication of mechanical crusher which would help to crush the
used juice cans, paint cans and punched sheet metal waste. The crusher is
designed to operate on a crank and slotted lever mechanism and the power for
the electrical operation of the crusher is taken from an electrical motor. This
Crusher crush the cans effectively and the manufacturing as well as the
maintenance cost is very less which is suitable for small recycling plants.

Sonkhaskar, et al. (2014) states that a crusher is a machine designed to

reduce large solid material objects into a smaller volume, or smaller pieces.
Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of materials so
they can be more easily and efficiently used in the purpose intended to. The
paper is about design of a Plastic Bottle Crusher which would help to crush the
used Plastic bottles and would thereby help in waste management and
disposal. The crusher thus would help in recycling plastic waste. It would also
help in reducing the volume of waste generated and will thus help in effective
waste management. The crushing of used water bottles will also ensure that
the bottles are no used beyond the shelf life of its plastic.

Elfasakhan et.al. (2012) presented a new design. This Can Crusher

which can crush a single can at a time consists of a hardware and software.
The hardware includes mechanical structure, servomotor, light sensor,
microcontroller and pneumatic system. The pneumatic system has been used
instead of an electrical motor since electrical motor with the needed
specification (torque and horsepower) is very expensive. The software is the
maestro for operating and controlling different system components.

Anugrah, et al. (2020) added that in order to be easily stored, plastic

needs to be reduced in size, the smaller the size of the plastic, the easier to
compact its volume. Thus, a tool is needed to reduce the size of the plastic first.
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A plastic crushing machine can be one solution to this problem. Kshirsagar, et

al., (2014) also added that crushers are major size reduction equipment used
in mechanical and allied industries which crushes different types of soft and
hard materials. It can be defined as “A device used for crushing aluminum
cans or plastic bottle for easier storage in recycling bins thereby giving you
extra space by flattening of cans”. The can or bottle crusher machine is widely
used in beverage industries or in scrap dealers shop to reduce the volume of
the cans/bottles.

According to Ikechukwu et.al (2017), in attempt to prevent sharing of

drinking cups and maintain hygiene, PET bottles became widely acceptable
because they are disposable, cheap, lightweight and made of durable materials
which can readily be molded into different shapes and sizes relevant to a wide
range of applications. As a result of the world’s increasing population which is
about 7 billion people, there has been a high tendency for empty PET bottles to
increase.

Recycling is an aspect of environmental engineering that deals with the

development of technically reasonable solutions to environmental problems
which may involve designing a sustainable approach that can convert waste
materials to useful items. PET bottles crushing machine is that which performs
the function of crushing PET bottles or plastic materials into granules or
shreds for recycling and production of new products rather than using virgin
raw materials for production [13]. This study is focused on the design of a
crushing machine for handling of used PET bottles. From the aforementioned
points of view, crushing of PET bottles for recycling is cheaper than
manufacturing the bottles from virgin raw material, and can also help in
controlling the waste disposal problems ravaging the environment particularly
in developing countries. For this reason, there is a need for expansion of plastic
recycling programs as well as cheaper machines to handle the problems
associated with plastic waste management particularly PET bottles which has a
wide range of application worldwide.

According to Darshan et al. (2017), plastic recycling is the process of

recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful
products. Since plastic is non-biodegradable, recycling is a part of global efforts
to reduce plastic in the waste stream, especially the approximately eight million
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metric tons of waste plastic that enter the Earth’s Ocean every year. This helps
to reduce the high rates of plastic pollution. Plastic recycling includes taking
any type of plastic sorting it into different polymers and then chipping it and
then melting it down into pellets after this stage it can then be used to make
items of any kind such as plastic chairs and tables. Soft Plastics are also
recycled such as polyethylene film and bags.

The project is about design of a Plastic Bottle Crusher which would help
to crush the used Plastic bottles and would thereby help in waste management
and disposal. A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid material
objects into a smaller volume, or smaller pieces. Crushers may be used to
reduce the size, or change the form, of materials so they can be more easily
and efficiently used in the purpose intended to. Crushing is the process of
transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material
made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation
more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold
material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient
force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the
material being crushed so that its molecules separate or change alignment in
relation to each other. The equipment mainly includes the cutting machine and
the crushing machine, whose basic principle is to destroy the material’s
integrity depend on the shear strength and the impact strength.

According to Teshome at al. (2011) today most of the world’s plastic

waste still goes to landfill. Plastic waste disposal is one of the cumbersome
processes which is very less efficient. In most of the functions, parties, events
etc, water has been served in bottles of different sizes. These used bottles
occupy very large disposal space which usually overflows the dustbins provided
at these places and are mostly goes to landfill. Used plastic bags, pieces of
plastic sheets and bottles of diverse sizes, colors and textures are found flying
around freely, scattered in the streets, swimming in the gutters, posing a
serious environmental threat. These keep the environment dirty and cause
blockages to our sewer system. Several attempts were made to discourage
plastic bags and other plastic products but yield no result due to its versatility
in daily use. Nowadays the trucks are overloaded with plastic wastes especially
bottles which leads to accidents causing severe casualties.
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The plastic bottle crusher which would help to crush the used plastic
bottles and would thereby help in waste management and disposal. This
project aims to design a portable Plastic Bottle crusher that could be installed
anywhere and would aid crush of used bottles. This project involves the
process of designing the crusher considering forces required for crushing and
ergonomic factor that an operator needs. The design of this machine is such
that it would require optimum load to crush bottles and will thus not strain the
user or operator. After the completion of design process, it could be
manufactured and transformed into a Recycle aid able machine. The crusher
thus would help in recycling plastic waste. It would also help in reducing the
volume of waste generated and will thus help in effective waste management.
The crushing of used water bottles will also ensure that the bottles are no used
beyond the shelf life of its plastic. Therefore, this project will prove to be a
useful asset in many ways.

The pneumatic system has gained a large amount of importance in last

few decades. Due to ease of operation, handiness, and expediency in operating
the pneumatic system has made us to design and fabricate this unit as our
project (Bhimroa et al., 2017). To control plastic pollution, it is necessary to
develop a sustainable mechanism of press machine for flatting the waste
plastic bottle into sheet plastic before being crushed and recycled into other
products (Siahaan et al., 2007). This machine not only crushes cans but also
bottles, and there is a bottle opener as an advantage of this machine. In
conclusion, this aluminium can and plastic bottle crusher machine will make
life easier and the recycling haul much more convenient (Heryman et al.,
2022).

The process of recycling of plastics is quite complex when compared to

recycling of other materials like paper, glass and metals. This is due to the
presence of dyes and other additives to virgin plastic. Thus, initially, sorting
has to be done based on the plastic resin it is made of. After the process of
separation has been carried out, compressing or crushing of the plastic bottles
is done. This reduces the volume occupied by the bottles and also aids in the
conversion to pellets (Kumar et al., 2020).
Review of Related Studies
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The effectiveness of the improvised plastic bottle crusher is supported by

several studies. Muller (2002) found that recycled plastic bottles can be used in
roadside crash barriers, with an impact severity index of around 10% of the
severe-injury threshold. Anugrah (2020) demonstrated the superior efficiency
of a plastic bottle crushing machine with an electric motor drive, compared to a
gasoline engine drive. Ambak (2018) investigated the potential of plastic bottles
filled with sand as a crash cushion, finding that they can absorb up to 50% of
impact energy. Kshirsagar (2014) reviewed the design and analysis of a can or
plastic bottle crusher machine, highlighting the practical usage of the new
model. These studies collectively suggest that the improvised plastic bottle
crusher can be effective in various applications, including roadside safety
devices and waste management.

The creation of the plastic bottle crusher could have a big influence on
recycling and waste management initiatives. Important factors to take into
account are the crusher's efficiency and design, as well as its advantages for
the economy and ecology. Sonkhaskar (2014) and Okusanya (2020) both stress
the significance of the crusher's design and its capacity to lower the amount of
plastic waste produced. The effectiveness of the crusher's electric motor drive is
further highlighted by Anugrah (2020), and Kshirsagar (2014) emphasises the
necessity of ongoing advancements in the design and analysis of the crusher's
component parts. All of these results point to the need for the homemade
plastic bottle crusher to have a robust and effective design that reduces waste
volume and enhances recycling procedures.

A range of studies have explored the use of pneumatic systems in various

applications. Yue (2010) developed a plastic bottle and bag gripper and
stacking robot, which could potentially be adapted for use in a plastic bottle
crusher. Similarly, Yao (2023) designed a pneumatic control system for an
automatic bottle capping device, which could provide insights into the
automation of a plastic bottle crusher. Bello (2020) designed a pneumatic can
crushing machine, which could serve as a model for the development of a
plastic bottle crusher. Finally, Liang (2021) introduced a cylindrical crash
absorber with discontinuous protrusions, which could be incorporated into the
design of a plastic bottle crusher to improve its impact energy-absorption
characteristics.
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A range of studies have explored the use of pneumatic technology in

various applications. Bello (2020) designed a pneumatic can crusher to reduce
the volume of aluminum cans, while Muller (2002) and Ambak
(2018) investigated the potential of recycled plastic bottles in roadside safety
devices and crash cushions, respectively. These studies highlight the versatility
of pneumatic systems in waste management and safety applications. Henning
(2020) further underscores the importance of pneumatic technologies in the
packaging industry, particularly in the production of PET bottles.

Many studies emphasize the value and advantages of a pneumatic-

operated plastic bottle crusher. Sonkhaskar (2014) highlights the importance
of these kinds of crushers in waste management and disposal because they can
drastically lower the amount of waste produced. Kshirsagar (2014) emphasizes
even more how crucial this equipment is to cutting down on transportation
expenses. A performance investigation by Anugrah (2020) shows that a plastic
bottle crusher with an electric motor drive is better than one with a petrol
engine drive. The creation of a machine to shred plastic bottles is covered by
Jadhav (2018). This machine has the potential to lower waste processing costs.
Together, these studies highlight the value and advantages of a homemade
plastic bottle crusher for recycling, cost-cutting, and trash management.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research methodology. In more detail, this

chapter discussed the research design, research environment/locale, research
materials, and data gathering procedure.

Research Design

This study is an experimental quantitative research design. This aims to

know how successful is the improvised pneumatic operated plastic bottle
crusher for enhancing recycling practices in CTU – Danao Campus. The
traditional methods of recycling results in significantly different recycling rates
would be the dependent variable and the use of the improvised plastic bottle
crusher that is powered by a pneumatic system would be the independent
variable.

Research Sample

The study was conducted among industrial engineering students in Cebu

Technological University – Danao Campus, who has enough knowledge about
pneumatic system. Collection of data was done through a survey questionnaire
and the selection of participants was done using the “Voluntary Response
Sampling”. A total of 30 respondents was accumulated through voluntary
participation.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Cebu Technological University – Danao

Campus located in Sabang, Danao City, Cebu. It is 3 km away — a four hour
and a half-minute trip from Cebu North Road. The campus serves as an ideal
 21

research environment due to its strong commitment to sustainability and

environmental awareness. The experimental process will be held inside the
institution to maintain safety measures to facilitate the design and testing of
the innovated machine.

Figure 2. Research Environment/Locale

Research Material

The following are the materials used by the researchers in developing of

the improvised machine. These alternative materials are either bought or from
scrap.

Table 1: Research Materials, Amount, and Price

Materials Quantity Price
air pump 1 P 269.00
angle bar 1 P 100.00
brass ball valve 1 P 200.00
hose 1 P10.00
Balloon pump 1 P 45.00
epoxy 1 P 155.00

Ethical Consideration

It is the duty and responsibility of the researchers to ensure the

participants' safety, to safeguard and conceal their personal information, and
 22

to ensure that it is kept confidential and only accessible by the researchers. To

protect the identity of the participants, personal information such as names,
ages, and places of residence will not be disclosed to the public in compliance
with Republic Act No. 10173, sometimes referred to as the Data Privacy Act of
2012. (2) The researchers will make sure that there is no harmful or improper
content included in the stated questions. (3) The study participants possess the
autonomy to choose whether or not to engage in the research, and the
researchers are not endowed with any authority in this regard.

Data Gathering Procedures

Survey is the primary method in data collection of the study. This

research study supports the survey analysis approach since the study needs to
conduct surveys on the respondents regarding to the components,
functionality, and effectivity of the machine.

To finish the data collection process, the researchers used a closed-

ended survey questionnaire type to help with the research data gathering
procedure and collect data to address the researchers' problem statement.
Second, the Rating Scale Method was used for probability sampling to select
respondents for a quantitative research survey. Researchers employed this
approach to ascertain the level of efficacy of the three primary assessments:
quality, safety, and durability of the plastic bottle crusher. Third, the
researchers used appropriate and correct questions that had been validated by
the professor. After that, the participants receive the surveys. The researchers
devoted time and collaboration to creating the data and questionnaires
required for the survey to ensure its clarity and comprehensibility. Fourth, a
letter was made for the consent of the respondents. Finally, the results of every
questionnaire that was carefully interpreted and delivered to the chosen
respondents would be used by the researchers as support for the study. The
data that was gathered would be the support in the study.
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Discussion of Results, Analysis, Interpretation, and Implications

Table 2: Survey Responses

Excellent Good Neutral Not Terrible Total

(5) (4) (3) Good (1) Responses
(2)

Durabilit 28 1 1 0 0 30
y

Safety 25 4 1 0 0 30

Quality 23 6 1 0 0 30

In the sample summary table above, the summary of survey respondents

is shown. This connection between product durability, safety, and quality was
examined in this study and looked into how are scale. The investigation was
conducted at Cebu Technology University's Danao campus. The study's sample
consisted of 30 students from the College of Engineering department.

Table 3: Statistical Analysis of Data for 5-Point Likert Scale Interpretation

Likert- Scale Likert- Scale Likert- Scale
Description Interval
Terrible 1 1.00 - 1.79
Not Good 2 1.80 - 2.59
Neutral 3 2.60 - 3.39
Good 4 3.40 - 4.19
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Excellent 5 4.20 – 5.00

This Likert scale is used to analyze data and determine how effective an
improvised plastic bottle crusher is in terms of quality, safety, and durability.
These means were evaluated as follows: (Terrible between 1.00 and 1.79, Not
Good between 1.80 and 2.59, Neutral between 2.60 and 3.39, Good between
3.40 and 4.19, and Excellent between 4.20 and 5.00).

Table 4: Data Analysis Using Statistics

Durability Safety Quality

Likert Scale 4.90 4.78 4.73

Interval

Likert Scale 5 5 5

Likert Scale Excellent Excellent Excellent

Description

Our calculated values are 4.90 for quality, 4.78 for safety, and 4.73 for
durability; all three are higher than the maximum rating of 4.20 to 5.00. To
obtain the AVERAGE of the point, the method involves adding up all 30
respondents' scales (5, 4, 3, 2, and 1) and dividing by 30.

Outcome Findings
In table 4, the table shows the results of the data. In this graph, the
4.90-point durability range on this graph is inside the Likert Scale's 5-point
range. Accordingly, the improvised plastic bottle crusher shows excellent
durability. The improvised plastic bottle crusher has an excellent level of
safety, as indicated by its 4.78-point range. The improvised plastic bottle
crusher's quality is excellent good, as indicated by its 4.73 quality point range.
The data results are displayed in the table above (see Table 4).
 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aniekan E., Ikechukwu, O. (2017). Design of Used PET Bottles Crushing

Machine for Small Scale Industrial Applications. INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET.
https://doi.org/10.19072/ijet.327166
Anugrah, R. A., Nurisna, Z., Widiyanto, F., & Latif, A. A. (2020). Performance
analysis of plastic bottle crushing machine with electric motor
drive. Jurnal Engine: Energi, Manufaktur, Dan Material, 4(1), 14-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jeemm.v4i1.716
Bhimrao, K. R., Rajaram, L. A., Dilwar, M. K., Pundalik, P. A., Ballu, P. T.,
Reddy, M. G., & Badkar, D. S. (2017).Design and Development
Pneumatic
Darshan, R., Gururaja, S. (2017). DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CRUSHER
MACHINE FOR PLASTIC WASTES. International Journal of Mechanical
And Production Engineering
Noor Heryman, N. A. J. (2022). Design and fabrication of aluminium can and
plastic bottle crusher. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/71569/
Kshirsagar, V. N., Choudhary, S. K., & Ninawe, A. P. (2014). AN AUTOMATIC
APPROACH FOR CAN/PLASTIC BOTTLE CRUSHER MACHINE.
Kumar, M. P. M., Sailaja, M. K. I., Lydia, M. J., & Suganya, M. D. (2020).
Automated plastic bottle recycling machine. Test Eng. Manage., USA,
Tech. Rep, 5402-5408. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P-Kumar-
25/publication/350088992_Automated_Plastic_Bottle_Recycling_Machin
e/links/605048db458515e8344a7532/Automated-Plastic-Bottle-
Recycling-Machine.pdf
Siahaan, I. H., & Soegihardjo, O. (2021, February). Sustainability design of
press machine for waste plastic bottle with electric motor. In IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1034, No. 1, p.
012007). IOP Publishing.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1034/1/012007
/meta
 26

Sonkhaskar, Y. M., Choubey, A., Bhamra, A., Singhal, R., & Sahu, A. (2014).
New Design Of A Plastic Bottle Crusher. International journal of Scientific
and Technoogy research, 3(7), 61-63.
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?
repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a951239ab60779879644f982e944920131e93
b44

TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: Research Materials, Amount, and Price

Materials Quantity Price
air pump 1 P 269.00
angle bar 1 P 100.00
brass ball valve 1 P 200.00
hose 1 P10.00
Balloon pump 1 P 45.00
epoxy 1 P 155.00

Table 2: Survey Responses

Excellent Good Neutral Not Terrible Total

(5) (4) (3) Good (1) Responses
(2)

Durabilit 28 1 1 0 0 30
y

Safety 25 4 1 0 0 30

Quality 23 6 1 0 0 30
 27

Table 3: Statistical Analysis of Data for 5-Point Likert Scale Interpretation

Likert- Scale Likert- Scale Likert- Scale
Description Interval
Terrible 1 1.00 - 1.79
Not Good 2 1.80 - 2.59
Neutral 3 2.60 - 3.39
Good 4 3.40 - 4.19
Excellent 5 4.20 – 5.00

Table 4: Data Analysis Using Statistics

Durability Safety Quality

Likert Scale 4.90 4.78 4.73

Interval

Likert Scale 5 5 5

Likert Scale Excellent Excellent Excellent

Description

Table 5: Survey Handouts

5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

Durability Durability

Safety Safety

Quality Quality
 28

Alternative
Resources

Improvised
Pneumatic Plastic Recycling Practices
Bottle Crusher

Quality Materials
Cost of Materials
and Equipments

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

 29

Figure 2. Research Environment/Locale

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information
Name : Bruce Cj A. Alivio
Sex : Male
Birth Date : May 06, 2005
Mobile Number : 09674404459
Address : Pulpogan, Consolacion, Cebu
Email Address : aliviobrucecj@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Consolacion National High School Day Class
Laray, Consolacion, Cebu
Elementary : Bagong Lipunan Elementary School
Pulpogan, Consolacion, Cebu
 30

Personal Information

Name : Jasline Keith R. Arecayos

Sex : Female
Birth Date : August 10, 2005
Mobile Number : 09352386408
Address : Purok Tres, Panalipan, Catmon, Cebu
Email Address : arecayosjaslinekieth@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Catmon National High School
Panalipan, Catmon, Cebu
Elementary : Cabungaan Elementary School
Cabungaan, Catmon, Cebu
 31

Personal Information
Name : Davin Jude B. Booc
Sex : Male
Birth Date : October 07, 2004
Mobile Number : 09262347052
Address : Cadaruhan, Borbon, Cebu
Email Address : davinbooc@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Borbon National High School
Poblacion, Borbon, Cebu
Elementary : Cadaruhan Elementary School
Cadaruhan, Borbon, Cebu
 32

Personal Information
Name : Nicole R. Carreon
Sex : Female
Birth Date : August 09, 2005
Mobile Number : 09950988114
Address : Catarman, Liloan, Cebu
Email Address : nicolecarreon00@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Liloan National High School
Poblacion, Liloan, Cebu
Elementary : Suba Elementary School
Poblacion, Liloan, Cebu
 33

Personal Information
Name : Ricka Laze A. Comendador
Sex : Female
Birth Date : December 20, 2002
Mobile Number : 09929217954
Address : Bagatayam, Sogod, Cebu
Email Address : rickalaze.comendador@ctu.edu.ph
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Carmen National High School Day Class
Cogon West, Carmen, Cebu
Elementary : Sogod Central School
Bagatayam, Sogod, Cebu
 34

Personal Information
Name : Maryfel O. Duaman
Sex : Female
Birth Date : October 18, 2003
Mobile Number : 09674179280
Address : Yati, Liloan, Cebu
Email Address : maryfel123duaman@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Liloan National High School
Poblacion, Liloan, Cebu
Elementary : Yati Elementary School
Yati, Liloan, Cebu
 35

Personal Information
Name : Marvin C. Megabon
Sex : Male
Birth Date : January 10, 1999
Mobile Number : 09511198208
Address : Cabungahan, Danao City, Cebu
Email Address : megabon.marvin19@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Estefa O. Monte Memorial National High School
Cabungahan, Danao City, Cebu
Elementary : Cabungahan Elementary School
Cabungahan, Danao City, Cebu
 36

Personal Information
Name : Dianne Erica M. Olaguir
Sex : Female
Birth Date : October 25, 2005
Mobile Number : 09222149045
Address : Sandayong Norte, Danao City, Cebu
Email Address : d.ericaolaguir@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : RMDSF – Science and Technology Education Center
Guinsay, Danao City, Cebu
Elementary : Sandayong Norte Elementary School
Sandayong Norte, Danao City, Cebu
 37

Personal Information
Name : Andrea A. Pepito
Sex : Female
Birth Date : October 2, 2004
Mobile Number : 09661861016
Address : Catarman, Liloan, Cebu
Email Address : abuevapepito4@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Liloan National High School
Poblacion, Liloan, Cebu
Elementary : Catarman Integrated School
Catarman, Liloan, Cebu
 38

Personal Information
Name : Mark Louie G. Ruizo
Sex : Male
Birth Date : September 17, 2002
Mobile Number : 09939084108
Address : Casili, Consolacion, Cebu
Email Address : marklouieruizo@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Consolacion National High School – Day Class
Poblacion Occidental, Consolacion, Cebu
Elementary : Consolacion Central School
Poblacion Occidental, Consolacion, Cebu
 39

Personal Information
Name : Eline Surtidoz
Sex : Female
Birth Date : November 16, 2002
Mobile Number : 09516714970
Address : Tabunok, Sogod, Cebu
Email Address : elinesrtdz16@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : Carmen National High School
Cogon West, Carmen, Cebu
Elementary : Tabunok Elementary School
Tabunok, Sogod, Cebu

Personal Information
 40

Name : Gwenneth A. Talisic

Sex : Female
Birth Date : September 27, 2004
Mobile Number : 09916995458
Address : San Roque, Liloan, Cebu
Email Address : talisicgwen@gmail.com
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

Education
Tertiary : Cebu Technological University – Danao Campus
Sabang, Danao City, Cebu
Secondary : University of Cebu – Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
A.C. Cortes Ave., Mandaue City, Cebu
Elementary : San Roque Elementary School
San Roque, Liloan, Cebu