Agustin Et Al. N Based P Based and K Based Organic Liquid Fertilizer On Improving The Growth of Water Spinach Ipomoea Aquatica

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N-Based, P-Based, and K-Based Organic Liquid Fertilizer on

Improving the Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of FEU Roosevelt Cainta
Secondary Education Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from

Senior High School
Presented by:
Group Number 3 of
Grade 12 – Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

(STEM)
Agustin, Crystal Jean B.
Chua, Roven C.
De Leon, Juan Miguel Nathaniel
Esperida, Rodrigo
Mendoza, Albert F.
Morata, Beyonce Mikaela D.P.
Palijado, John Emmanuel R.
Villanueva, Hael Olynne Chyle I.
June 2021
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FEU ROOSEVELT CAINTA

Secondary Education
Department
Sumulong Highway, Cainta, Rizal
Telephone No.: (02) 681 – 6210 (Local 129)
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis “N-BASED, P-BASED, AND K-BASED ORGANIC LIQUID FERTILIZER ON

IMPROVING THE GROWTH OF WATER SPINACH (IPOMOEA AQUATICA)”, prepared and
submitted by Group 3 of Grade 12 – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from Senior High School has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval.
June 2021 MR. KHISHI I. NISHINO

Research Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
MS. KIMBERLY F. BRENIO

CHAIRPERSON OF THE PANEL
MS. JOANA C. CAPINDIT

RESEARCH PAPER CRITIC
MS. CRISELLE JOY B. UBALDO

FACULTY REPRESENTATIVE
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from Senior High
School on the __th day of _________, 20___.
MR. JOHN CRISTOPHER B. UBALDO

OIC, Basic Education Division
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter I: The Problem and its Background
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Scope and Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . 15
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter III: Research Design and Methodology
Methods of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Respondents / Subject of the Study. . . . . . . . . . 31
Locale of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Research Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Data Gathering Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Statistical Tools / Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . 36

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Chapter IV: Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data
Problem # 1: [What is the average and standard deviation of
each of the four (4) setups in terms of the following:
a)Fresh leaf mass, b) Dry leaf mass, c) number of leaves,
d) final height] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 39
Problem # 2: [Is there a significant difference between the
fresh leaf masses of the four (4) setups?]. . . . . . 42
dry leaf masses of the four (4) setups?]. . . . . . . 44
number of leaves of the four (4) setups?] . . . . . . 46
final heights of the four (4) setups?]. . . . . . . . 47
Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Appendices
Appendix A (Data Sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix B (Solutions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Appendix C (Documentation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Curriculum Vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
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Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to express their gratitude to
these following people:
Mr. Khishi I. Nishino, for wholly giving his valuable
knowledge in teaching the fundamental notions in Inquiries,
Investigation, and Immersion (III); to tend to the student's
needs. He has supervised the students in completing their
corresponding research papers.
Subject teachers of 12-STEM, for being kind, understanding,
and encouraging in providing the researchers' adequate
opportunity to accomplish what is required in completing this
research.
FEU Roosevelt Cainta, for being the foundation of the
researchers in honing and sharpening their skills with quality
that is essential for this research's completion.
Family and friends, for being the leverage in pulling the
researchers above the limits that helped us produce the results
of this research and present people the relevant knowledge about
this research.
God Almighty, for providing wisdom, strength, and guidance
to the researchers for the accomplishment of the study.

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Dedication
This study is dedicated to the farmers affected by various
natural disasters. They can create their organic liquid
fertilizer with the help of the knowledge and information
provided by this study so that they can recover from the damages
dealt by storms and floods. This study is also dedicated to
people interested in growing plants at home, such as plantitos
and plantitas. They can use the information in this research as a
reference in making homemade organic fertilizers that can be
applied to their home-grown plants. Lastly, the researchers
dedicate this study to the environment to lessen the use of
chemical-based fertilizers that harm the environment and to
promote organic farming for better sustainability in agriculture.
Abstract
This research has investigated the utilization of organic
liquid fertilizers concentrated with the essential elements for
plant growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, to
water spinach. The researchers created N-based organic liquid
fertilizer made with pumpkin seeds, P-based organic liquid
fertilizer made with green beans, and K-based organic liquid
fertilizer made with a baked potato. A total of 40 water
spinaches are planted and were subjected to the following
fertilizers. When the plants are harvested, the researchers

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measure the following necessary data: fresh leaf mass, dry leaf
mass, number of leaves, and final height. All data were listed in
a data sheet wherein the researchers used various statistical
tools to interpret the gathered data. The statistical tools that
were applied in this study are based on the findings of this
study; the following conclusions were drawn.
1. The results in calculating the average and standard
deviation of the four setups are the following:
a) The N-based setup has the highest mean in terms of
fresh leaf mass, while the no fertilizer setup has the
lowest mean. Furthermore, the average distance between
the data points and the mean of each component is
small.
b) The N-based setup has the highest average dry leaf
mass, while the no fertilizer setup has the lowest.
Additionally, the data points and the mean of each
component are close to one another.
c) The P-based setup has the highest mean in terms of
number of leaves, while the no fertilizer setup has the
lowest. In addition, the data points have a short
distance between the mean of each setup.
d) The N-based setup has the highest average final height,
while the no fertilizer setup has the lowest. Moreover,

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the data points in each setup are widely scattered.
2. The no fertilizer setup and the concentrated organic liquid
fertilizers have a significant difference in terms of fresh
leaf mass. After comparing each setup, it was proven that
all organic fertilizers are significantly better than the no
fertilizer setup. Among the three organic fertilizers, the
N-based organic fertilizer is the best performing.
fertilizers have a significant difference in dry leaf mass.
When each setup was compared, it was proven that all organic
fertilizers performed better than the result of no
fertilizer setup. At the same time, the performance of each
organic fertilizer is equal.
fertilizers have no significant difference in number of
leaves, and this means all setups performed equally.
fertilizers have a significant difference in terms of final
height. After comparing each setup, it was proven that
organic fertilizers are better than the no fertilizer setup

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except the N-based. Additionally, the P-based and K-based
organic fertilizers have the best performance.

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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
When Super Typhoon Rolly (also known as the world's
strongest typhoon for the year 2020) struck the Philippines, it
brought devastating winds that dealt massive damages to various
infrastructures and, most notably, agriculture. In Bicol province
alone, the Department of Agriculture (DA) stated that Rolly
annihilated ₱ 1.1 billion worth of crops. Also, they estimated
that 17,059 hectares with 65,833 metric tons of agricultural
products were severely affected (The Inquirer Staff, 2020).
While on a national scale, the National Disaster and Risk
Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) said that over ₱11 billion
worth of infrastructure and agricultural products and facilities
were destroyed (Peralta-Malonzo, 2020). Considering the amount of
damage dealt by Super Typhoon Rolly, it is evident that farmers
and farming companies suffer from severe injuries inflicted by
natural disasters that can likely affect the Philippines' state.
As a solution for the problem, the researchers aim to
produce organic liquid fertilizers that are rich in essential
elements for plant growth. Organic liquid fertilizers are
solutions rich in nutrients that are essential for plant growth.
They derived vital nutrients from fermented organic materials and

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natural products. Additionally, due to their precise
composition and easy utilization, organic liquid fertilizers can
penetrate the soil and deliver nutrients to the plant because of
their fluid nature. Moreover, one-liter packing of a
commercialized organic liquid fertilizer contains 12%-18% of
humic acid, 15%-20% of fulvic+ acid, and 15%-30% of seaweed gel
as micronutrients, 20%-30% of amino, 20%-25% of nitrobenzene, and
plant growth regulator (PGR Liquid) a combination of seaweed,
humic, fulvic brassinolide, and chelated elements (Agri Bio
Chemicals, 2014).
Furthermore, organic fertilizer is recognized as organic
when it only contains organic matter such as animal and plant
matter or by-products of a living organism. Some examples are
bone meal, blood meal, feather meal, meat meal, fish meal,
seaweed meal, or any extracts of these meals. In parallel, water-
soluble building blocks of proteins, which are amino acids, can
also be utilized as organic fertilizers (LebanonTurf, 2013).
The organic liquid fertilizers will be administered to water
spinach. Kangkong, regularly known as water spinach, is a yield
that has filled in Asian societies for ages—loaded up with health
benefits, from a critical presence of dietary filaments to
significant measures of fundamental nutrients. It is known for
being an incredible supplier of nutrients and minerals. Water

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spinach is a superb wellspring of nutrient A, which is essential
for skin, hair, and vision. Aside from nutrients, water spinach
is a primary wellspring of fundamental minerals like iron,
magnesium, and calcium. Magnesium and calcium are essential for
the soundness of bone and teeth. Water spinach contains 21% of
your day-by-day calcium and 18% of your everyday magnesium per
100 grams. Also, water spinach is known as an incredible
wellspring of phosphorus. Water spinach is likewise incredibly
wealthy in electrolytes, like sodium and potassium. One hundred
grams of water spinach can represent 7.5% of your daily sodium
admission and 6.6% of your daily potassium consumption (East-west
seed group, 2018).
Furthermore, the researchers wanted to explore if developing
an organic liquid fertilizer rich in potassium, phosphorus, and
nitrogen that can improve plant growth. This innovation might
help farmers and agricultural companies to recover from the
damages dealt by natural disasters. During the water spinach
development stages, the researchers aim to use organic liquid
fertilizers to experiment on water spinach subjects. The
researchers envision that this particular subject can give
valuable data to prove their effectiveness and reliability. Thus,
this study would determine the effectiveness of the utilization
of organic liquid fertilizer. The research can then bring new
knowledge to provide helpful information regarding growing plants

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using organic fertilizers to farmers and agricultural companies
that struggle to bounce back after a calamity.
Background of the Study
In Southeast Asia, the Philippines is among the most brutal
punished by catastrophic events, especially storms, floods, and
dry seasons. These natural calamities ecologically affect the
influenced zones and individuals who live there. Moreover, the
agribusiness and common assets areas are exceptionally powerless
because of the direct exposure to natural catastrophes and
unwanted outcomes (D.C. Israel, R.M. Briones, 2012).
Due to all the damage caused by natural calamities, one of
the possible solutions, especially in the country's agriculture,
is fertilizer use. Fertilizers supply the supplements that yield
eliminate from the soil. It enhances the soil's supplement stocks
with minerals that can be immediately consumed and utilized by
crops. It furnishes plants with a wide range of supplements that
they need to develop further and sound, including nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium.
The fertilizer is a natural or artificial substance
containing chemical elements that improve plants' growth and
productiveness. The utilization of excrement and manures as
composts is presumably nearly as old as agribusiness. Most
nitrogen manures took from manufactured smelling salts. This

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substance compound is utilized either as a gas or in a water
arrangement of regular or counterfeit beginning that is applied
to soil or to plant tissues to supply at least one plant
supplement vital for the development of plants (Stewart, R.
E.,2018).
Organic fertilizers accumulate from the remains or by-
products of organisms. The fertilizer is rich in the three
essential nutrients but unequal proportions. However, organic
fertilizers do not negatively affect the soil as chemical
fertilizers sometimes do. It improves the soil's structure,
movement of water and feeds beneficial microbes. However, it may
cost more materials than chemical fertilizers because they are
less concentrated (Pokorny, 2015).
Organic fertilizers have started to draw in the expanding
consideration of ranchers from young nations. They help to get a
more significant yield level without applying pesticides and
other fake fertilizers that antagonistically influence the nature
of completed items.
Mesopotamia can likewise flaunt the utilization of waterway
mud and peat-sediment as fertilizers for horticultural terrains.
Theophrastus from Eresos, a well-known botanist and biologist on
those far off days, depicts in his works the requirement for
preparing the soil in the development of vegetable harvests and,

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obviously, wheat. It was this item he gave the unique profile in
his book.
During the time of feudalism in Western Europe, in
particular between the eleventh and thirteenth hundreds, once
dispatched the starting to the dynamic extension of planting
acreages, which on occasion were of little reasonableness for
these reasons because of the severe level of peat arrangement.
Natural fertilizers can renew and reestablish the humus
layer and expand the measure of supplements just as the soil
structure. The experience of the created nations shows that the
higher the level of their turn of events, the more consideration
returned to utilizing, specifically, natural fertilizers, to
which the top job in this interaction allotted (Synagra Group,
2017).
An existing study of the Effects of Organic and Inorganic
Fertilizer on Nutritional Composition of Amaranthus spinosus L.
by A.A.J. Mofunanya. J.K. Ebigwai. O.S. Bello, and A.O.
Egbe (2015), as introduced in Table 1.1, the result uncovered
that organic fertilizer delivered fundamentally ( p<0.05 ) higher
impact on crude, fiber, protein, ash, fat, vitamin C and an in
all the plant parts when contrasted and inorganic fertilizer.
Mean values recorded for the above boundaries in the leaf test
were 3. Mean values for ash, fiber, and vitamin C were higher in
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the root and inflorescence. The relative impact of organic and
inorganic fertilizer on the mineral organization of Amaranthus
spinosus is scrutinized in Table 1.2. Results showed that organic
fertilizer created essentially ( p<0.05 ) higher Zn, Cu, Mg, K, Fe,
Ca, Na, and P than inorganic fertilizer in all the plant tests
considered.
Table 1.1. Comparative study of the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer
on proximate composition of Amaranthus spinosus L. (mg/100 g dry matter)
Values are Mean±SD, n=3 replicates, p<0.05 . Percentage was
obtained by expressing the difference between the values for
control and organic/inorganic fertilizer as a percentage of the
control.
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Table 1.2. Comparative study of the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer
on mineral composition of Amaranthus spinosus L. (mg/100 g dry matter)
Values are Mean±SD, n=3 replicates, p<0.05 . Percentage
difference was obtained by expressing the difference between the
value for control and organic/inorganic fertilizer as a
percentage of the control.
The researchers chose this study to make sustainable and
agricultural practices that incorporate a diverse construction of
farming methods from producing organic liquid fertilizer that is
the fundamental nutrient in plants; N, P, and K to upgrade soil
productivity and supplement crop efficiency.

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Theoretical Framework
Theory of Mineral
Nutrition of
Plants
Phosphorus Potassium
Nitrogen Organic
Organic Organic Liquid
Liquid Fertilizer
Liquid Fertilizer Fertilizer
Utilization of Effects of Using

Organic Liquid Organic Liquid
Fertilizers to Fertilizer to
Water Spinach Water Spinach
Improvement in
Excessive quality and
Inadequate Use quantity of
Application
water spinach
Sustainable crop
production and
Law of Minimum Trofobiose Theory
preservation of
agrosystem
Better vegetative
Vulnerable to growth and soil
Slow growth
infection characteristics
Figure 1.2. The Theoretical Framework of the study.
The "Theory of Mineral Nutrients of Plants" produced by Carl
Sprengel but later reformed, and Justus von Liebig stated. It
says that certain minerals are needed to be present in a plant to
ensure its growth and soil fertility. The common minerals are
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)(Böhm, Kirkham, &

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van der Ploeg, 1999). The researchers attempt to create three
organic liquid fertilizers concentrated on these three minerals
that are essential in plant growth.
There is a tendency that the utilization of organic liquid
fertilizer is ineffective due to the inadequacy of the
fertilizer's amount or quality. There is a possibility of things
not yielding the desired result should be acknowledged. According
to Justus von Liebig's "Law of the Minimum," if one of the
essential plant nutrients is insufficient, plant growth will be
poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant. Also,
both slow-release and fast-released fertilizers have advantages
and disadvantages that affect the plant's growth. Unbalanced
rate, combination, and quantity of nutrients to the soil and the
plant would lead to adversity.
The researchers would be utilizing the concentrated organic
liquid fertilizers to the water spinach to make the research
progress. An application would be a significant factor to avoid
over-usage of minerals. As stated in the Trofobiose Theory by
Wagner L. Polito, vegetal organisms or food crops would become
vulnerable to infestation and diseases like insects due to
excessive substance use. By further studying the water spinach
with the experiment, researchers would find not only how organic
liquid fertilizers contributed to the plant's growth.

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As a result of applying the elements of organic liquid
fertilizer such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, there
will be a noticeable difference in crop production in contrast
with non-fertilized soil. The organic liquid fertilizer will
affect the water spinach viability and its reproduction on
fertilized soil(Drãhici, 2015). Due to the concentrated organic
liquid fertilizer, the soil will become enriched with sufficient
plant growth and development nutrients (Bermejo, Legaz, Martínez-
Alcántara, Martínez-Cuenca, & Quiñones, 2016). Since the soil
have the essential elements, the agrosystem within the soil is
preserved, resulting in sustainable crop production (Fiore et
al., 2013). The researchers aim to promote organic farming and
reduce the use of chemical-based fertilizers that tends to harm
the environment by creating an organic fertilizer that utilizes
little to no chemical or acidic components.
Conceptual Framework
Input
Pumpkin seeds, baked Process Output
potato, and green The creation of N-based, Observing, comparing,
beans as the main P-based, and K-based and contrasting on the
ingredients for each organic liquid fertilizer significant differences
creating a specific all the ingredients. occurred on water
concentrated organic Application of organic spinaches that are
liquid fertilizer to each
liquid fertilizer namely: subjected to N-based, P- 13
nitrogen, phosphorus, water spinach with their based, K-based and no
Figure 1.1. The Conceptual Framework of the study.
and potassium. respective component fertilizer setup.
The The independent (Nitrogen, Potassium,
experimentation started by All of theinformation
gathering observation
variables of the study Phosphorus). will revolve on water
regarding the respective elements; Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
are the N-based spinach subjects which
Potassium
fertilizer, P-components
based and choosing pumpkin seeds,arebaked
the potato and
dependent
fertilizer, and K-based variable of the
green beans as the main ingredients that contain a study.
relative
fertilizer.
amount of the element for each concentrated organic liquid
fertilizers. After the deliberation, the researchers began to
gather all the ingredients to create the concentrated organic
liquid fertilizers. Simultaneously, all subjects were planted
ahead of time in the same location to ensure that all the test
subjects will have an equal timeframe, type of environment, soil
type, and temperature to grow and develop.
The creation of concentrated organic liquid fertilizer began
by assembling all the ingredients. By using the methods found in
relevant articles, the product would undergo fermentation to
break down the components for better absorption of nutrients
within each element. When the fermentation period is finished,
the concentrated organic liquid fertilizers is ready to fertilize
the experimental subjects. However, the organic liquid fertilizer
will only be used respectively on the specific water spinach
growth stage that the professionals recommend. The concentrated
organic liquid fertilizers will be applied until the water
spinach experimental subjects reach harvest time. Furthermore,

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the observations will be logged after the plants are harvested.
The gathered data will be then interpreted for the study’s
conclusion.
The researchers are taking the timeframe as an essential
factor in this study, including fermentation and application
days. concentrated organic liquid fertilizers is a fertilizer
that needs a sufficient time to develop and improve the water
spinach growth. After the given timeframe for the test subjects
to grow and develop, all observation will be recorded on data
sheets to compare the results of each setup to one another. This
study will be considered a success if there are significant
differences between the three experimental water spinach subjects
and controlled water spinach subjects.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine the effects of utilizing concentrated
organic liquid fertilizers to water spinach growth. These
research questions below will provide further information that
the researchers would like to find out:
1. What is the average and standard deviation of each of the
four (4) setups in terms of the following?
a) Fresh leaf mass
b) Dry leaf mass

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c) Number of leaves
d) Final heights
2. Is there a significant difference between the fresh leaf
masses of the four (4) setups?
3. Is there a significant difference between the dry leaf
masses of the four (4) setups?
4. Is there a significant difference between the total
number of leaves of the four (4) setups?
5. Is there a significant difference between the final
heights of the four (4) setups?
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference between the no fertilizer
setup and the three concentrated organic liquid fertilizers
in terms of fresh leaf masses.
in terms of dry leaf masses.
in terms of total number of leaves.
4. There is no significant difference between the water-only
in terms of final heights.

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Scope and Delimitations
The study will focus on organic farming, whereas this
research produced organic liquid fertilizer to deliver essential
nutrients for water spinach. Since our organic liquid fertilizers
are concentrated in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium when
growing, water spinach requires specific levels of the said
elements to have a high-quality harvest. There is no ideal season
for water spinach here in the Philippines; thus, the experiment
started in March and ended in May 2021. The researchers will use
only garden soil in all setups to have uniformity among them. All
plants were watered simultaneously during the experimentation.
Additionally, the organic liquid fertilizers were also
administered on experimental setups at the same time. Once the
water spinaches reach the harvest time, the experiment will end.
For the scope of the study, plant growth factors such as
required season, water, sunlight, and nutrients are only
considered in this study. Other variables that can affect the
growth of the water spinaches, such as temperature, weather,
humidity, and soil acidity, are not considered in this study.
These variables are not considered since the plant subjects'
environment is nonmanipulable, meaning the researchers cannot
control the said variables for an experimental setup. Changes in

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temperature, weather, and humidity will occur naturally, while
the researchers do not measure the soil acidity during the
experiment.
Furthermore, the researchers will ferment the ingredients
that will be used on each organic fertilizer. However, this study
will not scientifically determine how the nutrients within the
ingredients were collected. In addition, the researchers will
only focus on the specific nutrient content of the ingredients,
nitrogen for pumpkin seeds, phosphorus for green beans, and
potassium for baked potatoes. Other nutrients and minerals that
are present in each ingredient are disregarded.
Moreover, the gathered data in this research regarding plant
growth only included fresh leaf mass, dry leaf mass, number of
leaves, and final height. Other measurable data that can
determine plant growth aside from the mentioned variables are not
considered in this study.
Significance of the Study
This research will be beneficial to the following:
Agricultural Businesses. Plant-based agricultural
businesses will benefit from this study since the study is all
about organic farming. Any businesses that are interested in
transferring to organic agriculture can gather important

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information about it. Additionally, the knowledge about creating
organic liquid fertilizers would also be helpful to their field.
Gardeners. The study will help them take care of the
plant within their vicinity as the organic liquid fertilizer will
be able to sufficiently give the plant the nutrients it needs. It
will also give the idea towards the gardener that they can
harvest the food out of their very own garden hence easing the
monetary pressure when it comes to buying food at the local
supermarket. Due to the pandemic many people are looking for them
to burn time throughout the pandemic lockdown, and they found
their way in planting. The study will surely give ideas to the
local gardeners on how to effectively plant water spinach.
Farmers. The concentrated organic liquid fertilizers can
help the farmers provide the essential nutrients for the plant
growth of their various crops. In addition, this study provided
information about organic fertilizer creation, which can guide
farmers on making their organic fertilizer so that they will not
buy anymore from the market, resulting in lesser expenses.
Consumers. Fertilizers conclude a substantial part in
furnishing crops with the supplements they need to develop and
collect nutritious food. It helps convey sufficient food to take
care of the whole people. However, excessive use of chemical
fertilizers on plants can affect the health of the consumers. It

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may lead to respiratory problems, cardiac diseases, and various
types of cancers. Chemical fertilizers also contribute to various
diseases such as the West Nile virus, malaria, and cholera
(Kerkar, 2019). In contrast, organic fertilizers ensures that the
produced crops are free from harmful chemicals. Due to this
reason, consumers who eat organic products have lower risk to
diseases like cancer, stroke, and skin disorders (Patil, 2020).
Environment. The use of chemical fertilizers can harm the
environment. It can affect the waterways due to chemical runoffs
which can result to oxygen depletion that can kill fishes.
Additionally, chemical fertilizers also increase the air
pollution. Excess nitrogen from chemical fertilizers contributes
to the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and
nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. This effect is caused by using
massive amounts of chemical fertilizer than the plants can
readily absorb. Lastly, uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers
can cause solid acidification due to decreased organic matter in
the soil (Chandini, Kumar, Kumar, & Prakash, 2019). In
comparison, organic fertilizers are much safer for the
environment since they are made out of organic materials that are
biodegradable and does not affect environmental pollution (Patil,
2020). Hence, the organic liquid fertilizers are more suitable
for the environment compared to chemical fertilizers.

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Students. They can expand their knowledge in the field of
science. This study can also help students to produce their
alternative solution for improving the development of the plant.
Science Teachers. Since young generations have
inquisitive minds, they need suitable mentors that can fulfill
their curiosity. In this study, science teachers can derive
experiments on making organic liquid fertilizers by methods used
in this study. Through experimentation, the knowledge of students
that are eager to learn about science and plants can expand. In a
way that they can produce their study or research about plants or
fertilizer in future. Furthermore, the outcomes of this research
paper can serve as valuable information regarding agricultural
science. Wherein teachers can use them as lessons to teach their
students regarding planting crops and organic fertilizer
creation.
Future Researchers. This research paper can be use as
relevant information to support other research papers from the
near future, it does not only benefit to future researchers it
can also benefit to those people who have their own garden in
their yard they can use this research paper to have an idea on
how to make an Organic Liquid Fertilizer, Future researchers
would also be able to check ideas or claims that proves other
research statements.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms have been used operationally in this
study:
K-based. A potassium rich organic liquid fertilizer.
N-based. An organic liquid fertilizer that is
concentrated with nitrogen.
No Fertilizer Setup. It is a group of water spinach that
were not subjected to any organic fertilizer; hence they only
receive water-only treatment.
Organic Liquid Fertilizer. It is an experiental solution
used in the study to shower plants with essential nutrients to
improve their quality and growth.
P-based. A phosphorus concentrated organic liquid
fertilizer.
Water Spinach. It is the subject plant in the study that
experiences the three concentrated organic liquid fertilizers and
no fertilizer treatment.
22
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter contains the literatures and studies which are
used as the foundation of this research paper.
Related Literature
Water spinach, or kangkong, is an edible plant that is
common in Southeast Asia. It has a nutty flavor that is similar
to spinach. The day before planting, the water spinach seeds
should be soaked in water to start the germination process. The
seeds must be placed in a shallow basin with a thin covering of
water. Then, plant the seeds inside trays after the germination
period. Dig 1 to 2 inches in each hole and cover the seeds with
soil. The try should reach the minimum requirement of depth 2 to
3 inches to allow the plant to develop its roots. Once the
seedling reaches 4 to 6 inches, it should be transferred to a
larger container. The water spinaches should be at least 6 inches
apart when transplanted (Kurtz, 2021). The container must have a
depth of 12 inches to allow the roots to grow.
Furthermore, water spinach can grow well in either full or
partial sun. The plant should have at least 4 hours of sunlight
daily for the development of its leaves. Daily watering is
required to keep the moisture of the soil (Handy, 2020). After
three weeks, the water spinach is ready for harvest since water
23
spinach is one of the high-yielding plants (East-West Seed,
2021). The ideal season for water spinach in the Philippines is
year-round since the plant can grow anytime in a tropical climate
(Balcony Garden Web, n.d.).
The various articles are essential for the researchers
because of numerous valuable information about growing the
subject plant, water spinach. One of the critical pieces of
information in the articles is the container's required size for
growing water spinach. This learning will ensure that the
researchers will use the right amount of soil to grow the roots
of the water spinach. It also indicates the plants' necessary
spacing to provide enough room for the water spinaches to reach
their maximum size and avoid suffocating them from such
nutrients. Additionally, the researchers will follow the harvest
time provided by the articles, which is three weeks or twenty-one
days.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for
healthy plant growth since they are the macronutrients for
plants, and each performs a different role. Nitrogen is
fundamental for plants to create proteins that are significant
for the development of cells inside the plant. As such, nitrogen
is needed for robust plant growth, speedy development of shoots,
healthy flower bud development, and a good quality harvest. It is

24
also a fundamental chemical in the photosynthesis cycle, by which
plants convert sunlight into useable energy. In comparison,
phosphorus plays several critical roles in physical plant
development. Firstly, it is used by the plant to transport
nutrients and energy around itself so that all parts of the plant
will remain healthy. With nitrogen, it helps in the process of
photosynthesis, and it is also a crucial component in the
formation of nucleic acids, which help form the plant’s DNA, and
so helps plants grow strong and develop solid roots. Lastly,
potassium is vital in guaranteeing all the physiological
processes in a plant function normally. It is a component that
assists the plant in activating enzymes, form sugars, and
synthesize proteins. Potassium exists in two forms in the soil,
one soluble and the other not. Plants can only use the soluble
form of potassium, as it functions within the stomata, the cell
system within the plant that uses water to cycle nutrients around
all parts of the plant. Good levels of potassium help the plant
use moisture efficiently, which helps prevent disease and heat
damage and reduce the need for the plant to be irrigated
(Regenerative, 2014).
Considering nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential
elements for the plants' growth and development. The researchers
selected various ingredients of each component to develop an
effective organic liquid fertilizer. Green beans are picked for

25
the phosphorus component as it is a popular source of protein and
it contains at least 250 mg of phosphorus per cup (Julson, 2018).
As for the potassium component, the researchers will use baked
potato as the main ingredient as it contains the highest
potassium content per single potato with 925 mg (Healthwise
Staff, 2020). Furthermore, this study's outcome is highly based
on observation regarding the effects of organic liquid fertilizer
on the lettuce and its growth and development.
Moreover, the researchers used molasses in order to ferment
the ingredients of each component. The amount of molasses should
be equal to the amount of the organic material. Furthermore, the
fermentation process of the plant materials must be at least
seven days to extract the nutrients within the various
ingredients. The containers must be on a shaded area to ensure
the success of the fermentation (Davenport, 2019). Seeing this
information, the researchers will ferment the plant ingredients
within seven days or one week to successfully produce the
concentrated organic liquid fertilizers.
The weather plays an enormous part in the plant's growth.
Most field crops are reliant on the weather to provide life‐
sustaining water and energy. It can result in production
casualty, particularly whenever it is during the ideal season. El
Niño gives rise to water deficiencies, postpones planting

26
seasons, and for the worse part, decreases crop yields. The
organic liquid fertilizer would be helpful especially in farmers
during the drought season. According to an article named "Organic
fertilizer to rehab Iloilo's El Niño-hit farms" by Gail Momblan
(2019), Iloilo Provincial Office (PAO) said it is peering toward
utilizing fluid, natural manures to restore rice ranches hit by
the new delayed drought or El Niño. Fertilizer can help the
plant's growth as well as it can increase the soil water
availability.
The researchers want to produce organic liquid fertilizer
that is manageable to make without consuming money and distribute
healthy agricultural products to the community. Also, our farmers
can produce additional products if they conduct their crops with
organic liquid fertilizer, making their farms more efficient.
Moreover, water spinach requires 15% nitrogen, 15%
phosphorus, and 15% potassium on its fertilizer since it requires
an NPK level of 15-15-15. Additionally, the fertilizer must be
administered on the first and second week of planting, 100 gfor
the first week and 50 g for the second (East-West Seed, 2018).
For these reasons, the researchers will produce the N-based, P-
based, and K-based organic liquid fertilizers with a
concentration of 15%. Hence, the solution will be 85% water, and
the remaining 15% will be the concentrated organic liquid

27
fertilizer. Furthermore, the researchers will rely on the
information provided by the article on when the organic liquid
fertilizers should be administered which is first and second week
of planting.
Related Studies
Previous research has developed significant ways of
determining results on experiments in which water spinach is the
subject. In the study entitled “The Effects of Spent Mushrooms
Compost and Various Composting Starter Combination on the Growth
and Yield of Kangkong” (2019) by researchers Mardiyani, Murwani,
and Lestari from the University of Islam Malang, Indonesia, the
study observed the following data: final height of plants, number
of leaves, fresh leaf mass per plant, and dry leaf mass per
plant. The final heights of the plants are gathered before the
plants are harvested; the measurement is from the ground up to
the highest point of the plant. While number of leaves is
collected by counting the number of leaves of kangkong. The fresh
leaf mass is weighed when the kangkong subjects are harvested. It
implies the weight of the plant right after the harvest or the
amount of plant material with water content. On the other hand,
dry leaf mass is collected by dehydrating the plants and weighing
them after. It implies the amount of plant material of the plant
without water or the constant mass of the plant.

28
Considering the study of Mardiyani, Murwani, and Lestari,
the researchers will follow the necessary data that they applied
to their research which are fresh leaf mass, dry leaf mass, final
height, and the number of leaves. Moreover, the researchers
envision that the following data will provide vital information
to determine the significant differences between the four setups.
Moving on, the researchers select pumpkin seed as the main
ingredient of nitrogen concentrated organic liquid fertilizer.
Considering it possesses a high nitrogen content of 5.53%
(Asaduzzaman et al., 2015).
While the usage of the sunlight in getting the dry weight is
done in the study of the researchers Abas, Ismail, Khatib, and
Sajak entitled Effects of Different Drying Treatments and Solvent
Ratios on Phytochemical Constituents of Ipomoea Aquatica and
Correlation with -Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity (2016). Other
methods are complicated with more usage of chemical composition
and complex mathematical formulas. However, the most traditional
way is by drying in the sun. The samples were arranged in a
drying rank and exposed to the sun for ten days. The researchers
ensured the complete dryness of the subject before further
analysis. The dried water spinaches are then grounded into a fine
powder and then sent to a laboratory to check the total dry
weight.
29
Organic fertilizer gives the plants nutrients in which they
cannot regularly get from plain soil. Plants react to the climate
surrounding them. Some may not fully grow because of the climate,
while others may take advantage of the climate to fully mature.
According to a study conducted in 2017, "Validating the
organic production systems for lettuce in Camarines Sur,
Philippines." Despite the difficulties associated with limited
science-based technology, shortage of organic inputs, high labor
costs, and farmers' reluctance to break the chemical-based
farming habit, organic agriculture can still provide
comprehensive and long-term solutions to food security issues,
health, and environmental protection (Cervantes, Laynesa, &
Pacis, 2017).
The study of Cervantes, Laynesa, and Pacis is closely
related to this research paper because they both have the same
goal. Their research and the researchers' study aim to promote
organic farming to lessen the use of chemical-based products in
agriculture. The said study gives sufficient evidence that
organic agriculture would work in the Philippines due to its
sustainability. Even if organic agriculture still has flaws, it
can still provide a better agricultural system that anyone can
benefit from. Thus, the researchers would use this study as proof
that practicing organic farming in the Philippines is feasible.

30
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods of research employed, the
subjects and locale of the study, the sampling techniques and
statistical tool used, and the data gathering procedure.
Methods of Research
This study is an experimental research. The researchers aim
to conduct an experiment and compare the results. The researchers
found out that pumpkin seeds, beans, and baked potato are good
ingredients in creating organic liquid fertilizers. These
ingredients undergo fermentation to produce concentrated organic
liquid fertilizers. The pumpkin seeds for N-based organic
fertilizer, beans for P-based organic fertilizer, and baked
potato for potassium K-based organic fertilizer. The researchers
applied the methodology used from previous studies to evaluate
the significant differences regarding the plant’s growth, which

31
are measuring the final height of the plant, counting the number
of leaves, and weighing the fresh leaf mass and the dry leaf mass
of the harvested water spinach. By applying the concentrated
organic liquid fertilizers to the water spinaches, the
researchers expect that each plant’s growth will differentiate
from one another.
Subject of the Study
The subjects of the study are the water spinaches that
receive organic liquid fertilizers during their growth, such as
the three setups, namely N-based, P-based, and K-based organic
fertilizers. Additionally, the other water spinaches that
experience the no fertilizer treatment are also subjects of the
study. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), or kangkong, is an
edible plant that is common in the Southeast Asia region. Due to
the tropical climate of the Philippines, the said plant has no
specific ideal season since it can grow all year. And the harvest
time of the plant is three weeks or twenty-one days. The
researchers acquired the water spinach seeds from a supermarket
at Mayamot, Antipolo City. Furthermore, fresh leaf mass, dry
leaf mass, number of leaves, and the final height of the water
spinaches will be assessed through series of measurements when
the experiment concluded.

32
Locale of the Study
The researchers carry out the experimentation in the house
of one of the researchers in St. Oaks Residences, located in
Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal, near La Colina Subdivision
and Xentro Mall Antipolo. The stated house can accommodate all of
the pots and containers used in planting and growing water
spinaches in this study. Moreover, the researchers also conduct
the creation of the three organic liquid fertilizers and the one-
week fermentation process in the same house. However, due to
personal reasons, the water spinaches were transported to the
province of the selected researcher to finish the experimentation
process. The new location of the study is Purok 3, Barangay
Sampaloc, Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija. The nearest landmark on the
said location is the barangay hall of Sampaloc. The house in the
new location also facilitates gathering the needed statistical
data in the study's experiment, such as the fresh leaf mass, dry
leaf mass, number of leaves, and final plant's height.
Research Instruments
For this experimental study, the researchers created a data
sheet to record statistical data after the experimentation.
Additionally, there are several things to be considered as the
study focuses on the organic liquid fertilizers' effects to
improve water spinach growth, such as fresh leaf mass, dry leaf
33
mass, number of leaves, and final plant's height. When the
researchers obtain these various measurements, the researchers
will log them into the said data sheet for documentation. All
data are closely recorded to avoid any error in the study.
Moreover, the data sheet promotes the collocation of
observations, analysis, and measured data, which is highly
important for determining significant differences and
establishing precise results.
Data Gathering Procedure
In order to gather all necessary data for the study, the
researchers were guided by the following steps and procedures:
1. Prior to the day of planting, the water spinach seeds were
soaked in water on a basin to start the germination process.
2. The seeds are then transferred to eggs tray with a depth of
two inches to allow the plant roots to grow. The researcher
dig one inches to place the seeds and after that they were
covered in soil.
3. The water spinaches are watered daily to maintain the
moisture of the soil. And the researchers ensure that the
plant will receive at least 4 hours of sunlight.
4. When the seedlings reach the height of 4 inches, they were
transferred to large containers that have a depth of 12

34
inches. The seedlings are 6 inches apart when they were
planted for them to have sufficient space to grow.
5. The researchers conducted fermentation of the ingredients of
each concentrated organic liquid fertilizer.
a) The first step is adding the main ingredient to the
mixture and molasses with the same masses.
a. The researchers selected pumpkin seeds as the main
ingredient for the N-based fertilizer since it has
a high nitrogen content.
b. For the P-based fertilizer, the researchers picked
green beans as the main ingredient since it is a
popular source of protein and has a high content
of phosphorus.
c. The researchers will use baked potato as the main
ingredient for the K-based fertilizer since it
contains the highest potassium content per single
potato.
b) The three (3) organic liquid fertilizers are assigned
in separate containers and left in a dim room for 7
days. Then, the mixtures are filtered to remove a solid
particle from the liquid fertilizer.
6. There would be four (4) setups of plants: no fertilizer, N-
based organic liquid fertilizer, P-based organic liquid

35
fertilizer, and K-based organic liquid fertilizers. Each of
these setups has ten (10) plants to be monitored.
7. For the no fertilizer setup, the plants are watered daily to
maintain the moisture of the soil that allows the plant to
efficiently collect nutrients.
8. The N-based, P-based, and K-based organic liquid fertilizers
are administered on the first and second week of planting.
Specifically, during 100 g of fertilizer on the seventh day
and 50 g fourteenth day of planting.
9. On the third week, the water spinaches are harvested.
10. When the water spinaches were harvested, the
researchers count the sprouted leaves of each water spinach
to collect the number of leaves.
11. Afterward, the researchers get the water final height
of water spinaches by measuring height of the water spinach
from the ground to leaves in centimeters (cm ) using a
measuring tape.
12. The fresh mass is also determined right after the water
spinaches were harvested. It is measured in grams ( g) using
a electronic weighing balance to ensure accurate
measurements.
13. On the other hand, the dry mass is achieved after the
harvested water spinaches are dehydrated and weighed in

36
grams ( g) using a weighing balance. The researchers used a
dried the water spinach subjects under the sun for 10 days
to ensure that the subjects are completely dehydrated.
14. Once all of the required data are collected, the
researchers will interpret the recorded measurements.
Treatment of Data
The study needed the following statistical tools to treat
the data gathered.
A. Mean
Σ xi
x=
n
Where:
x i = data
n = number of data points
This statistical tool is used to obtain the
computational average of the control and the three
concentrated organic liquid fertilizers.

37
B. Standard Deviation
√
2
Σ( x i−x)
s=
n−1
Where:
x i = data
x = mean
n = number of data points
This statistical tool is applied to know the distance
between the mean and each data points of this study.
C. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
1. Correction Factor
2
(Σ ¿ ¿ i Σ j x ij )
C= ¿
n
2. Total Sum of Squares (TSS)

2
TSS=Σ i Σ j ( xij ) −C
3. Sum of Squares among Groups (SSAG)
SSAG= Σ i
( (Σ j xij )2
ni )
4. Sum of Squares within Groups (SSWG)
SSWG=TSS−SSAG
5. Degree of Freedom
a) df among=i−1
b) df total =n−1
38
c) df within=n−i
6. Mean Square (MS)
SSAG
MS among =
df among
SSWG
MS within=
df within
7. Standard Deviation within Groups
SD within= √ MS within
8. F-Ratio
MS among
F=
MS within
This statistical tool was used in order to know the
significant differences between the control and the three
concentrated organic fertilizers in the study.
D. T-test (One-tailed)
t=¿ x 1−x 2∨ ¿ ¿
√
2 2
s s2
1
+
n1 n 2
Where:
x 1 - mean of the 1st group of data
x 2 - mean of the 2nd group of data
2
s1 – standard deviation of the 1st group of data
s22 - standard deviation of the 2nd group of data
n1 – sample size of the first group of data

39
n2 - sample size of the first group of data
This statistical tool was used in order to know which
setups performed better:
a) N-based organic liquid fertilizer and no fertilizer
b) P-based organic liquid fertilizer and no fertilizer
c) K-based organic liquid fertilizer and no fertilizer
d) N-based and P-based organic liquid fertilizers
e) N-based and K-based organic liquid fertilizers
f) P-based and K-based organic liquid fertilizers
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter shows the gathered data which were tabulated
and interpreted for better understanding.
The researchers measure the necessary data for the study
such as total fresh leaf mass, total dry leaf mass, number of
leaves, and final height when all of the forty (40) water spinach
subjects are harvested.
Problem # 1: What is the average and standard deviation of each
of the four (4) setups in terms of the following:
a) Fresh leaf mass
No fertilizer N-based P-based K-based

x 3.2118 5.6995 5.0446 4.401
s 1.01976 0.88088 1.445 1.04866
Table 4.1. The result of total fresh leaf mass of water spinaches.
40
On the Table 4.1, the fresh leaf mass of water spinach
subjects that were administered with water-only and the three
organic liquid fertilizers has a range of 1 g to 7 g. The
water-only setup has the lowest average fresh leaf mass, while
the N-based setup has the highest. Additionally, the other two
concentrated organic fertilizer setups also exceed the average
fresh leaf mass of the water-only setup. This implies that the
three organic liquid fertilizers increased the fresh leaf mass
of the water spinach subjects.
Moreover, the standard deviation of water-only setup, P-
based, and K-based fertilizer are higher than one (1) which
means the distances of their data points and their mean are
far. On the other hand, the distance between the N-based data
points and its mean is close to each other since its standard
deviation is less than one (1).
b) Dry leaf mass

x 1.9002 3.0423 2.9435 2.6459
s 0.70046 0.82822 0.64254 0.77699
Table 4.2. The result of total dry leaf mass of water spinaches.
As seen in the Table 4.2, the dry leaf mass of water
spinach subjects that were applied with water-only and
concentrated organic liquid fertilizer has a range of 1 g to 4
g. The N-based setup has the highest average fresh leaf mass,
41
while the water-only setup has the lowest. As well as the
other two concentrated organic fertilizer setups also surpass
the average dry leaf mass of the water-only setup. This means
that the three organic liquid fertilizers improved the dry
leaf mass of the water spinach subjects. Furthermore, the
standard deviation of the four (4) setups is lower than one
(1) which means that the data points of each setup are close
to the mean.
c) Number of leaves

x 7.7 8.4 8.6 8.2
s 0.94868 0.69921 0.96609 1.03280
Table 4.3. The result of number of leaves of water spinaches.
In Table 4.3, the number of leaves of water spinaches that
were subjected to water-only treatment and three concentrated
organic liquid fertilizers vary from 6 to 10 leaves. The P-
based setup has the highest average fresh leaf mass, while the
water-only setup has the lowest. The other two concentrated
organic fertilizer setups also excel the average number of
leaves of the water-only setup. Which means that the three
concentrated organic liquid fertilizers can increase the
number of leaves of the water spinach subjects.

42
In addition, the standard deviations of the setups are lower
than one (1) which means that the data points of each setup
are close to the mean, except the K-based setup which has a
greater than one (1) standard deviation.
d) Final Height
(cm) No fertilizer N-based P-based K-based

x 165.1 195.6 228.5 217.1
s 39.61888 40.08103 44.71950 25.82613
Table 4.4. The result of final height of water spinaches.
As can be observed in the Table 4.4, the final heights of
water spinaches that were subjected to water-only treatment
and three concentrated organic liquid fertilizers has a range
of 107 cm to 289 cm . The water-only setup has the lowest
average fresh leaf mass, while P-based setup has the highest.
The other two concentrated organic fertilizer setups also have
a higher average final height than the water-only setup. Which
means that the three concentrated organic liquid fertilizers
can improve the final height of the water spinach subjects.
Moving on, the standard deviations of the four (4) setups are
higher than one (1), this means that the data points on the
four setups are far from their mean.
Problem # 2: Is there a significant difference between the fresh
leaf masses of the four (4) setups?
ANOVA
43
Source of
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between
33.72805 3 11.24268 8.98775 0.000141 2.866266
Groups
Within
345.03203 36 1.25089
Groups
Total 78.76008 39
Table 4.5. The result of analysis of variance in fresh leaf mass.
The researchers used analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order
to get the significant difference between the water-only setup
and the three concentrated organic liquid fertilizers. If the
computed F value is greater than the F critical value, then the
null hypothesis is rejected, otherwise accept null hypothesis.
Reject Ho: There is a significant difference between the three
concentrated organic liquid fertilizer and the control in terms
of fresh leaf mass.
As observed in table 4.5 that the F critical value is less
than the F , hence the null hypothesis is rejected.
Since the null hypothesis is rejected, the researchers
proceed in calculating for the one-tailed t-test to determine
which setup is better from other. The table below provides the
results in each pair of groups.
Groups t CV Findings Interpretations

N-based and
5.301057 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
P-based and
3.280761 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
44
K-based and
2.977871 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
N-based and
1.018977 1.833113 t < CV Fail to reject HO
P-based
N-based and
3.018737 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
K-based
P-based and
K-based
Table 4.6. The result of one-tailed t -test in fresh leaf mass.
Based on Table 4.6, all three concentrated organic liquid
fertilizers are better than the no fertilizer setup in terms of
fresh leaf mass. While the best performing fertilizer among the
setups is the N-based organic liquid fertilizer. Even if N-based
and P-based is equal, the N-based fertilizer is set to be the
best since P-based and K-based are equal, but the N-based is
better than the K-based.
The researchers expect this outcome since a study entitled
“Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Growth and Quality of Water Spinach
(Ipomea Aquatica)” (2018) by Ibrahim, Rahman, and Zain proved
that N-based fertilizers increase the biomass production of water
spinach. However, their study also showed that nitrogen
fertilizers do not improve the plant’s water absorption.
Considering that the fresh leaf mass of the water spinach
consists of plant material and water, the result of this study
slightly contradicts the outcome of the previous study.
Problem # 3: Is there a significant difference between the dry
leaf masses of the four (4) setups?

45
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
8.01099 3 2.67033 4.812869 0.006416 2.866266
Groups
Within
19.97392 36 0.554831
Groups
Total 34.975 39
Table 4.7. The result of analysis of variance in dry leaf mass.
of dry leaf mass.
On table 4.7 that the F critical value is less than the F ,
thus the null hypothesis is rejected.
proceed in calculating for the one-tailed t-test to determine
which setup is better from other. The table below provides the
results in each pair of groups.
Groups t CV Findings Interpretation

N-based and
2.918817 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
P-based and
2.816002 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
K-based and
2.501541 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
N-based and
P-based
N-based and
K-based
P-based and
K-based
Table 4.8. The result of one-tailed t -test in dry leaf mass.
46
In Table 4.8, the result has shown that the three
concentrated organic liquid fertilizers are significantly better
than the no fertilizer setup in terms of dry leaf mass. However,
all organic fertilizers performed equally.
The researchers expected this outcome because the study
entitled “Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Growth and Quality of
Water Spinach (Ipomea Aquatica)” (2018) by Ibrahim, Rahman, and
Zain showed that N-based fertilizers increase the biomass
production of water spinach. In their study, the biomass of the
control or the no fertilizer setup is significantly lower than
the water spinaches that were subjected to nitrogen fertilizer.
Hence, the result of the experiment accepts the outcome of the
mentioned study.
In addition, potassium fertilizers are also expected to
increase the constant mass of the water spinach since, based on
the study of Linnemann, Hitipeuw, and Westphal entitled Influence
of potassium fertilizer on yield of upland kangkong (Ipomoea
aquatica Forsk.), potassium fertilizers increase the content of
plant material in stems and leaves of water spinach.
Problem # 4: Is there a significant difference between the number
of leaves of the four (4) setups?
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
47
Between
4.475 3 1.491667 1.760656 0.172124 2.866266
Groups
Within
30.5 36 0.847222
Groups
Total 34.975 39
Table 4.9. The result of analysis of variance in number of leaves.
Accept Ho: There is no significant difference between the three
of number of leaves.
On Table 4.9, the F value is less than the value of F
critical, thus the null hypothesis is accepted. As a result,
there are no significant differences between the four setups. It
can also be observed in the Table 4.3 that the average number of
leaves of each setup are close to each other.
The researchers do not expect this outcome since, based on a
previous study, N-based fertilizers can increase the leaf
production of water spinach (Ibrahim, Rahman, & Zain, 2018). The
study’s result showed that N-based fertilizers performed better
than the no fertilizer setup. The outcome of the previous study
contradicts the result of the experiment. Wherein the no
fertilizer setup and the N-based fertilizer performed equally.
Thus, the outcome of the experiment contradicts the previous
study’s result.
Problem # 5: Is there a significant difference between the final
heights of the four (4) setups?

48
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
23321.08 3 7773.692 5.321743 0.003865 2.866266
Groups
Within
52586.7 36 1460.742
Groups
Total 75907.78 39
Table 4.10. The result of analysis of variance in final height.
of final height.
It can be seen in table 4.10 that the F critical value is
less than the F , hence the null hypothesis is rejected.
proceed in computing for the one-tailed t-test to determine which
setup is better from other. The table below provides the results
in each pair of groups.
Groups t CV Findings Interpretation

N-based and
No fertilizer
P-based and
3.02636 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
K-based and
3.90415 1.833113 t > CV Reject HO
No fertilizer
N-based and
P-based
N-based and
K-based
P-based and
K-based
Table 4.11. The result of one-tailed t -test in final height.
49
In Table 4.11, the result has shown that only two
concentrated organic fertilizers (P-based and K-based) performed
better than the no fertilizer setup in terms of final height.
Additionally, the three organic fertilizers performed equally.
However, the best performing organic fertilizers are P-based and
N-based. The researchers' interpretation is based on the fact
that despite the fertilizers have equal performances; still, the
N-based organic fertilizers do not surpass the results of the no
fertilizer setup.
The result in the final height of the water spinaches is
unexpected for the researchers since based on the study of
Ibrahim, Rahman, and Zain entitled Effects of Nitrogen Rates on
Growth and Quality of Water Spinach (Ipomea Aquatica) (2018), the
result of their study showed that N-based fertilizers
significantly improved the plant height of water spinaches
compared to water spinaches that were not administered with any
nitrogen fertilizer. In contrast, the result of this study's
experimentation showed that the result of K-based organic liquid
fertilizer and the no fertilizer setup on final height are equal
(Linnemann, Hitipeuw, & Westphal, 1986). Hence, the outcome of
the study contradicts the study of Ibrahim, Rahman, and Zain but
accepts the result of the study of Linnemann, Hitipeuw, and
Westphal.
50
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions,
and recommendations from the analysis mentioned in the previous
chapter.
Summary
Since this is an experimental research, the researchers must
gather all the necessary data by using data sheet. The
researchers want to promote the use of organic fertilizers to

51
lessen the usage of chemical fertilizers. Hence, the researchers
found out the essential nutrients for plant growth, such as
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The researchers also
searched for plants that are rich in the said nutrients to
produce concentrated organic liquid fertilizers. The ingredients
used in each component are pumpkin seeds for N-based, green beans
for P-based, and baked potato for K-based. After the three
concentrated organic fertilizers are made, they were subjected to
water spinach subjects. When the subject plants were harvested,
the researchers collected the necessary data to determine the
significant differences of each setup. The said necessary data
are fresh mass, dry mass, number of leaves, and final height of
the plant. In order for the researchers to interpret the gathered
data, the researchers used mean (x ), analysis of variance (F), and
one-tailed t -test (t) .
Here is the summary of each result:
1. The results in calculating the average and standard
deviation of the four setups are the following:
a) The N-based setup has the highest mean in terms of
fresh leaf mass, while the no fertilizer setup has the
lowest mean. Furthermore, the average distance between
the data points and the mean of each component is
small.
52
b) The N-based setup has the highest average dry leaf
mass, while the no fertilizer setup has the lowest.
Additionally, the data points and the mean of each
component are close to one another.
c) The P-based setup has the highest mean in terms of
number of leaves, while the no fertilizer setup has the
lowest. In addition, the data points have a short
distance between the mean of each setup.
d) The N-based setup has the highest average final height,
while the no fertilizer setup has the lowest. Moreover,
the data points in each setup are widely scattered.
fertilizers have a significant difference in terms of fresh
leaf mass. After comparing each setup, it was proven that
all organic fertilizers are significantly better than the no
fertilizer setup. Among the three organic fertilizers, the
N-based organic fertilizer is the best performing.
fertilizers have a significant difference in dry leaf mass.
When each setup was compared, it was proven that all organic
fertilizers performed better than the result of no
fertilizer setup. At the same time, the performance of each
organic fertilizer is equal.

53
fertilizers have no significant difference in number of
leaves, and this means all setups performed equally.
fertilizers have a significant difference in terms of final
height. After comparing each setup, it was proven that
organic fertilizers are better than the no fertilizer setup
except the N-based. Additionally, the P-based and K-based
organic fertilizers have the best performance.
Conclusion
After the experiment, the researchers concluded the
following:
1. The conclusions for the first problem are the following:
a) In terms of fresh leaf mass, the mass of the water
spinach subjects ranges from 1 g to 7 g. In the
individual fresh leaf mass, the no fertilizer setup has
a range of 1 g to 5 g with an average of 3.212 g and a
standard deviation of 1.020, the N-based setup has a
range of 4 g to 7 g with an average of 5.560 g and a
standard deviation of 0.881, the P-based setup has a
standard deviation of 1.445, and the K-based setup has

54
standard deviation of 1.049.
b) In terms of dry leaf mass, the mass of the water
spinach subjects ranges from 1 g to 4 g. In the
individual fresh leaf mass, the no fertilizer setup has
standard deviation of 0.701, the N-based setup has a
standard deviation of 0.828, the P-based setup has a
standard deviation of 0.64254, and the K-based setup
has a range of 1 g to 3 g with an average of 2.646 g
and a standard deviation of 0.777.
c) In terms of number of leaves, the water spinaches have
6 to 10 leaves. In the individual number of leaves, the
no fertilizer setup has 6 to 9 with an average of 7.7
and a standard deviation of 0.949, the N-based setup
has 7 to 9 with an average of 8.4 and a standard
deviation of 0.699, the P-based setup has 8 to 10 with
an average of 8.6 and a standard deviation of 0.966,
and the K-based setup has 7 to 9 with an average of 8.2
and a standard deviation of 1.033.
d) As for the final height of the water spinaches, it
ranges from 107 cm to 289 cm . When it comes to

55
individual final height, the control varies from 107 cm
to 231 cm with an average of 165.1 cm and a standard
deviation of 39.619, the N-based varies from 147 cm to
270 cm with an average of 195.6 cm and a standard
deviation of 40.081, the P-based varies from 154 cm to
289 cm with an average of 228.2 cm and a standard
deviation of 39.619, and the K-based varies from 161 cm
to 247 cm with an average of 217.1 cm and a standard
deviation of 25.826.
2. In the significant difference between the no fertilizer
setup and the concentrated organic liquid fertilizers in
terms of fresh leaf mass, the F value is greater than the F
critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
a) In the one-tailed t-test between the N-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the no fertilizer setup, the
result has shown that the t statistic is greater than
the t critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected; this means that the N-based is better than
the no fertilizer setup.
b) In the one-tailed t -test between the P-based organic

56
rejected; this means that the P-based is better than
c) In the one-tailed t -test between the K-based organic
rejected; this means that the K-based is better than
d) In the one-tailed t -test between the P-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the N-based, the result has shown
that the t statistic is less than the t critical value.
Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted; this means that
N-based and P-based organic liquid fertilizer are
equal.
e) In the one-tailed t -test between the N-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the K-based, the result has shown
that the t statistic is greater than the t critical
value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected; this
means that the N-based is better than the K-based.
f) In the one-tailed t -test between the K-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the P-based, the result has shown
that the t statistic is less than the t critical value.
Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted; this means that

57
P-based and K-based organic liquid fertilizer are
equal.
terms of dry leaf mass, the F value is greater than the F
a. In the one-tailed t -test between the N-based organic
the t critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis
is rejected; this means that the N-based is better
than the no fertilizer setup.
b. In the one-tailed t -test between the P-based organic
result shown that the t statistic is greater than the t
critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected; this means that the P-based is better than
c. In the one-tailed t -test between the K-based organic
result shown that the t statistic is greater than the t
critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is

58
d. In the one-tailed t -test between the P-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the N-based, the result has
shown that the t statistic is less than the t critical
value. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted; this
means that N-based and P-based organic liquid
fertilizer are equal.
e. In the one-tailed t -test between the K-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the N-based, the result has
means that N-based and K-based organic liquid
f. In the one-tailed t -test between the K-based organic
liquid fertilizer and the P-based, the result has
means that P-based and K-based organic liquid
terms of number of leaves, the F value is less than the

59
critical value of F. Hence, the null hypothesis is
accepted.
terms of final height, the F value is greater than the F
a. In the one-tailed t -test between the N-based organic
result has shown that the t statistic is less than the
t critical value. Hence, the null hypothesis is
accepted; this means that the no fertilizer setup and
N-based organic liquid fertilizer are equal.
b. In the one-tailed t -test between the P-based organic
the critical value of t . Therefore, the null hypothesis
is rejected; this means that the P-based is better than
c. In the one-tailed t -test between the K-based organic

60
d. In the one-tailed t -test between P-based organic liquid
fertilizer and N-based, the result has shown that the t
statistic is less than the t critical value. Thus, the
null hypothesis is accepted; this means that the P-
based and N-based organic liquid fertilizers are equal.
e. In the one-tailed t -test between K-based organic liquid
fertilizer and N-based, the result has shown that the t
null hypothesis is accepted; this means that the K-
based and N-based organic liquid fertilizers are equal.
f. In the one-tailed t -test between P-based organic liquid
fertilizer and K-based, the result has shown that the t
null hypothesis is accepted; this means that the P-
based and K-based organic liquid fertilizers are equal.
Recommendations
1. The researchers would like to suggest the use of containers to
separate each setup orderly. It is also advisable to use a

61
measuring tape to gather the final height of the plant since
it is flexible and can accurately follow the plant’s height.
While the use of an electronic weighing scale in weighing the
fresh and dry mass of the plant is also recommended
considering it provides precise measurements.
2. The researchers recommend using sunlight to get the dry leaf
mass of the plant if dehydrators or ovens are not accessible
for future researchers.
3. Future researchers should find other literature and studies
regarding the effects of N-based, P-based, and K-based
fertilizers on water spinach since there is only a small
number of sources that are available on the internet,
primarily studies or articles regarding the influence of
phosphorus concentrated fertilizers on water spinach growth
does not exist on the internet. Finding studies related to P-
based fertilizers and water spinach is essential to a more
meaningful interpretation of the significant differences
between the setups.
4. Further studies focusing on different types of plants and
other ingredients on each component should be carried out.
Additionally, conducting studies with various combinations of
the three concentrated organic liquid fertilizers is also
recommended.
62
5. The researchers recommend that pumpkin seeds, green beans, and
baked potato can be used as an ingredient in producing organic
liquid fertilizers. The pumpkin seeds are for N-based, green
beans for P-based, and baked potato for K-based organic liquid
fertilizer.
6. The researchers would recommend creating and using organic
fertilizers when growing plants at home or even at farms. It
is also recommended to use any organic materials as long as
they are rich in essential nutrients.
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72
Appendix A
APPENDICES
(Data Sheet)
73
Water Spinach (No fertilizer)

Fresh Leaf Dry Leaf Number of Final
Subject
Mass ( g) Mass ( g) Leaves Height (cm )
1 5.028 3.354 9 223
2 4.742 2.916 9 231
3 2.739 1.405 8 178
4 2.694 1.831 7 137
5 3.502 1.359 7 174
6 1.983 1.442 8 143
7 3.196 2.313 8 165
8 3.358 1.437 8 167
9 2.893 1.506 7 126
10 1.983 1.439 6 107
Table 6.1. Gathered data on water-only water spinach subjects.
Water Spinach (N-based)

Subject
1 5.209 2.347 8 175
2 5.324 2.843 7 147
3 7.094 4.436 9 270
4 6.498 2.351 9 248
5 5.743 3.043 9 221
6 6.109 4.154 9 198
7 5.301 3.543 9 165
8 6.502 2.247 8 200
9 4.032 3.406 8 170
10 5.183 2.053 8 162
Table 6.2. Gathered data on N-based water spinach subjects.
74
Water Spinach (P-based)

Subject
1 4.210 2.403 9 211
2 6.324 2.553 10 250
3 3.094 4.143 8 167
4 4.293 3.350 8 154
5 6.593 3.546 7 215
6 7.031 2.684 10 289
7 5.330 2.503 8 248
8 3.094 3.148 8 212
9 6.183 1.963 9 274
10 4.294 3.142 9 265
Table 6.3. Gathered data on P-based water spinach subjects.
Water Spinach (K-based)

Subject
1 5.583 2.901 9 240
2 4.849 3.256 8 222
3 5.320 3.144 9 247
4 4.091 1.768 7 211
5 2.892 1.439 8 161
6 3.224 1.889 8 193
7 2.934 2.491 6 213
8 5.158 3.690 9 243
9 4.591 3.515 9 227
10 5.368 2.366 9 214
Table 6.4. Gathered data on K-based water spinach subjects.
75
76
Appendix B
(Solutions)
77
( g) No Fertilizer N-based P-based K-based

5.028 5.209 4.210 5.583
4.742 5.324 6.324 4.849
2.739 7.094 3.094 5.320
2.694 6.498 4.293 4.091
Total Fresh Leaf 3.502 5.743 6.593 2.892
Mass 1.983 6.109 7.031 3.224
3.196 5.301 5.330 2.934
3.358 6.502 3.094 5.158
2.893 4.032 6.183 4.591
1.983 5.183 4.294 5.368
x 3.2118 5.6995 5.0446 4.401
s 1.01976 0.88088 1.445 1.04866
Table 7.1. The result of total fresh leaf mass of water spinaches.
( g) No Fertilizer N-based P-based K-based

3.354 2.347 2.403 2.901
2.916 2.843 2.553 3.256
1.405 4.436 4.143 3.144
1.831 2.351 3.350 1.768
Total Dry Leaf 1.359 3.043 3.546 1.439
Mass 1.442 4.154 2.684 1.889
2.313 3.543 2.503 2.491
1.437 2.247 3.148 3.690
1.506 3.406 1.963 3.515
1.439 2.053 3.142 2.366
x 1.9002 3.0423 2.9435 2.6459
S 0.70046 0.82822 0.64254 0.77699
Table 7.2. The result of total dry leaf mass of water spinaches.
78
No Fertilizer N-based P-based K-based

9 8 9 9
9 7 10 8
8 9 8 9
7 9 8 7
Number of 7 9 7 8
Leaves 8 9 10 8
8 9 8 6
8 8 8 9
7 8 9 9
6 8 9 9
x 7.7 8.4 8.6 8.2
s 0.94868 0.69921 0.96609 1.03280
Table 7.3. The result of number of leaves of water spinaches.
(cm) No Fertilizer N-based P-based K-based

223 175 211 240
231 147 250 222
178 270 167 247
137 248 154 211
174 221 215 161
Final Height
143 198 289 193
165 165 248 213
167 200 212 243
126 170 274 227
107 162 265 214
x 165.1 195.6 228.5 217.1
s 39.61888 40.08103 44.71950 25.82613
Table 7.4. The result of final height of water spinaches.
79
Anova: Single Factor (Fresh leaf mass)

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
No Fertilizer 10 32.118 3.2118 1.039903
N-Based 10 56.995 5.6995 0.775949
P-Based 10 50.446 5.0446 2.088016
K-Based 10 44.01 4.401 1.099692
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
33.72805 3 11.24268 8.98775 0.000141 2.866266
Groups
Within
345.03203 36 1.25089
Groups
Total 78.76008 39
Table 7.5. The result of analysis of variance in fresh leaf mass.
Anova: Single Factor (Dry leaf mass)

SUMMARY
No Fertilizer 10 19.002 1.9002 0.516811
N-Based 10 30.423 3.0423 0.685948
P-Based 10 29.435 2.9435 0.412851
K-Based 10 26.469 2.6459 0.603715
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
8.01099 3 2.67033 4.812869 0.006416 2.866266
Groups
Within
19.97392 36 0.554831
Groups
Total 34.975 39
Table 7.6. The result of analysis of variance in dry leaf mass.
80
Anova: Single Factor (Number of leaves)

SUMMARY
No Fertilizer 10 77 7.7 0.9
N-Based 10 84 8.4 0.488889
P-Based 10 86 8.6 0.933333
K-Based 10 82 8.2 1.066667
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
4.475 3 1.491667 1.760656 0.172124 2.866266
Groups
Within
30.5 36 0.847222
Groups
Total 34.975 39
Table 7.7. The result of analysis of variance in number of leaves.
Anova: Single Factor (Final Height)

SUMMARY
No Fertilizer 10 1651 165.1 1569.656
N-Based 10 1956 195.6 1606.489
P-Based 10 2285 228.5 1999.833
K-Based 10 2171 217.1 666.9889
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
23321.08 3 7773.692 5.321743 0.003865 2.866266
Groups
Within
52586.7 36 1460.742
Groups
Total 75907.78 39
Table 7.8. The result of analysis of variance in final height.
81
t -Test: Paired Two Samples for Means

N-based No fertilizer
Mean 5.6995 3.2118
Variance 0.775949 1.039903
Observation 10 10
Pearson Correlation -0.21509
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Df 9
t Stat 5.301057
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000247
t Critical one-tail 1.833113
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000493
t Critical two-tail 2.262157
Table 7.9. The one-tailed t -test result between N-based and no fertilizer in
terms of fresh leaf mass.

P-based No fertilizer
Mean 5.0446 3.2118
Variance 2.088016 1.039903
Observation 10 10
Pearson Correlation 0.002379
Df 9
t Stat 3.280761
Table 7.10. The one-tailed t -test result between P-based and no fertilizer in

82

K-based No fertilizer
Mean 4.401 3.2118
Variance 1.099692 1.039903
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 2.977871
Table 7.11. The one-tailed t -test result between K-based and no fertilizer in

N-based P-based
Mean 5.6995 5.0446
Variance 0.775949 2.088016
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 1.018977
Table 7.12. The one-tailed t -test result between N-based and P-based in terms
of fresh leaf mass.

83

N-based K-based
Mean 5.6995 4.401
Variance 0.775949 1.099692
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 3.018737
Table 7.13. The one-tailed t-test result between N-based and K-based in terms
of fresh leaf mass.

P-based K-based
Mean 5.0446 4.401
Variance 2.088016 0.603715
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 0.892571
Table 7.14. The one-tailed t -test result between P-based and K-based in terms
of fresh leaf mass.

84

Mean 3.04235 1.9002
Variance 0.685948 0.516811
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 2.918817
terms of dry leaf mass.
t-Test: Paired Two Samples for Means

Mean 2.9435 1.9002
Variance 0.412851 0.516811
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 2.816002

85

Mean 2.6459 1.9002
Variance 0.603715 0.516811
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 2.501541

N-based P-based
Mean 3.04235 2.9435
Variance 0.685948 0.412851
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 0.318711
Table 7.18. The one-tailed t -test result between N-based and P-based in terms
of dry leaf mass.

86

N-based K-based
Mean 3.0423 2.6459
Variance 0.685948 0.603715
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 1.089353
Table 7.19. The one-tailed t -test result between N-based and K-based in terms
of dry leaf mass.

P-based K-based
Mean 2.9435 2.6459
Variance 0.412851 0.603715
Observation 10 10
Df 9
t Stat 0.824213
Table 7.20. The one-tailed t -test result between N-based and K-based in terms
of dry leaf mass.

87

Mean 195.6 165.1
Variance 1606.489 1569.656
Observation 10 10
df 9
t Stat 1.61432
terms of final height.

Mean 228.5 165.1
Variance 1999.833 1569.656
Observation 10 10
df 9
t Stat 3.02636

88

Mean 217.1 165.1
Variance 666.9889 1569.656
Observation 10 10
df 9
t Stat 3.90415

P-based N-based
Mean 228.5 195.6
Variance 1999.833 1606.489
Observation 10 10
df 9
t Stat 1.303876
Table 4.24. The one-tailed t -test result between P-based and N-based in terms
of final height.
89

K-based N-based
Mean 217.1 195.6
Variance 666.9889 1606.489
Observation 10 10
df 9
t Stat 1.412339
Table 4.25. The one-tailed t -test result between K-based and N-based in terms
of final height.

P-based K-based
Mean 228.5 217.1
Variance 1999.833 666.9889
Observation 10 10
df 9
t Stat 0.63396
Table 4.26. The one-tailed t -test result between P-based and K-based in terms
of final height.
90
Appendix C
(Documentation)
91
Germination of water spinach Water spinach seeds after

seeds germination process
Water spinach shoots on egg Transplanting water spinach

tray shoots to containers
Water spinach subjects on the Application of organic

1st week of planting fertilizer to water spinach
92
Water spinach subjects on the Water spinach subjects on the

2nd week of planting 3rd week of plant
Weighing the dry leaf mass of The N-based organic liquid

water spinaches fertilizer
The N-based organic liquid The K-based organic liquid

fertilizer fertilizer
93
CURRICULUM
VITAE
94
Name: Crystal Jean B. Agustin
Age: 17 years old
Address: Block 5 Lot 10 Austen Way St. Oaks Residences, San
Isidro, Cainta, Rizal
Birthday: June 23, 2003
Name of Father: Darwin Agustin
Name of Mother: May Teresita Agustin
Contact Number: 09215353034
E-mail Address: crystalagustin9@gmail.com
Social Media Accounts:
 Faceboook: Crystal Jean Agustin
 Discord: DiaAlvarez#0021
 Twitch: @DiaAlvarez
 Youtube: Crystal Agustin

95
Name: Roven C. Chua
Age: 18 years old
Address:300 East kamias barangay sta. cruz antipolo city
Birthday: January 25, 2003
Name of Father: Davidson Gabuna Chua
Name of Mother: Rosil Cagampang Chua
E-mail Address: rovenchua8@gmail.com/chua_roven@yahoo.com
 Facebook: Roven Chua
 Twitter: @Stepbackniroven
 Instagram: Roveeeeeen
96
Name: Rodrigo Esperida
Age: 19 years old
Address: Sitio Ruhat Purok IV Brgy Mambugan Antipolo City
Birthday: August 21, 2001
Name of Father: John Carlo A. Dimasuhid
Name of Mother: Jonna S. Esperida
E-mail address: segoviaceejhay14@gmail.com
Social Media Accounts
 Facebook: Cee jhay Esperida
 Instagram: @cj_esperida
 Twitter: @CeejhaySegovia
97
Name: Juan Miguel Nathaniel De Leon
Age: 22 years old
Address: 65 Macopa St, Balanti, San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal
Birthday: May 16, 1999
Name of Father: Jess Nathaniel Zarate
Name of Mother: Kristine L. De Leon
E-mail Address: miggynate@gmail.com
 Facebook: Mako
 Twitter: @makoodln
 Instagram: makodln
98
Name: Albert F. Mendoza
Age: 18 years old
Address: Mayamot Meadowood Royale Blk3 Lot 11 Antipolo City
Birthday: February 24, 2002
Name of Father: Tiburcio Mendoza
Name of Mother: Alma Fernandez
E-mail Address: rapidstar092123@gmail.com
 Facebook: Albert Fernandez
 Twitter: @_xAlbert
99
Name: Beyonce Mikaela D.P. Morata
Age: 18 years old
Address: #21 Jupiter Street, Intersphere Village Mambugan
Antipolo, City
Birthday: December 4, 2002
Name of Father: Gilberto De Pano Morata
Name of Mother: Vanessa Dela Paz
E-mail Address: beyonce.morata@yahoo.com
 Facebook: Beyonce Morata
 Instagram: beymorata
 Twitter: @bxymrta
100
Name: John Emmanuel R. Palijado
Age: 18 years old
Address: #4 Chrysanthemum St. La Unica Hija Subd. Mayamot,
Antipolo City
Birthday: December 14, 2002
Name of Father: Edwin B. Palijado
Name of Mother: Jennifer R. Palijado
E-mail Address: palihotdog@gmai.com
 Facebook: John Emmanuel Palijado
 Twitter: @palihotdog
101
Name: Hael Olynne Chyle I. Villanueva
Age: 17 years old
Address: 112 Mac Adams Road Mayamot, Antipolo City
Birthday: October 10, 2003
Name of Father: Michael C. Villanueva
Name of Mother: Jocelyn I. Villanueva
E-mail Address: hochyle10@gmail.com
 Facebook: Hael Villanueva
 Twitter: @chylevllnv
 Instagram: villanuevahael

Agustin Et Al. N Based P Based and K Based Organic Liquid Fertilizer On Improving The Growth of Water Spinach Ipomoea Aquatica

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Agustin Et Al. N Based P Based and K Based Organic Liquid Fertilizer On Improving The Growth of Water Spinach Ipomoea Aquatica

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1

N-Based, P-Based, and K-Based Organic Liquid Fertilizer on

Presented to the Faculty of FEU Roosevelt Cainta

Secondary Education Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from

Grade 12 – Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Agustin, Crystal Jean B.

De Leon, Juan Miguel Nathaniel

Morata, Beyonce Mikaela D.P.

Palijado, John Emmanuel R.

Villanueva, Hael Olynne Chyle I.

FEU ROOSEVELT CAINTA

This thesis “N-BASED, P-BASED, AND K-BASED ORGANIC LIQUID FERTILIZER ON

June 2021 MR. KHISHI I. NISHINO

MS. KIMBERLY F. BRENIO

MS. JOANA C. CAPINDIT

MS. CRISELLE JOY B. UBALDO

MR. JOHN CRISTOPHER B. UBALDO

Chapter I: The Problem and its Background

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Scope and Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . 15

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Chapter III: Research Design and Methodology

Respondents / Subject of the Study. . . . . . . . . . 31

Locale of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Data Gathering Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Statistical Tools / Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . 36

Chapter IV: Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data

Problem # 1: [What is the average and standard deviation of

each of the four (4) setups in terms of the following:

a)Fresh leaf mass, b) Dry leaf mass, c) number of leaves,

Problem # 2: [Is there a significant difference between the

fresh leaf masses of the four (4) setups?]. . . . . . 42

Problem # 3: [Is there a significant difference between the

dry leaf masses of the four (4) setups?]. . . . . . . 44

Problem # 4: [Is there a significant difference between the

number of leaves of the four (4) setups?] . . . . . . 46

Problem # 5: [Is there a significant difference between the

final heights of the four (4) setups?]. . . . . . . . 47

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Appendix A (Data Sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to

these following people:

Mr. Khishi I. Nishino, for wholly giving his valuable

knowledge in teaching the fundamental notions in Inquiries,

Investigation, and Immersion (III); to tend to the student's

needs. He has supervised the students in completing their

corresponding research papers.

Subject teachers of 12-STEM, for being kind, understanding,

and encouraging in providing the researchers' adequate

opportunity to accomplish what is required in completing this

FEU Roosevelt Cainta, for being the foundation of the

researchers in honing and sharpening their skills with quality

that is essential for this research's completion.

Family and friends, for being the leverage in pulling the

researchers above the limits that helped us produce the results

of this research and present people the relevant knowledge about

God Almighty, for providing wisdom, strength, and guidance

to the researchers for the accomplishment of the study.

This study is dedicated to the farmers affected by various

natural disasters. They can create their organic liquid