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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING CALAMANSI AS AN ALTERNATIVE HAND

SANITIZER

A Quantitative Research

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Northeastern College

Villasis, Santiago City

In partial Fulfillment

On the Requirements in

Practical Research 2

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics

Grade 12 Academic Track

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By:

Tabarnilla, Edsel

Belmonte, Kyle

Felix, Aiza Sopia

Jose, Jerold

Mamaed, Kyla Mae

Marcelo, Alyssa

Medoza, Faith Nicole

Obra, Miles

Padilla, John Vincent

Singson, Cassandra

Tabarnilla, Edsel

Teneza, Shiela

S.Y 2022-2023
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Approval Sheet

This research entitled “The Effectiveness of Using Calamansi as an Alternative

Hand Sanitizer” submitted by Kyle Belmonte, Aiza Sopia Felix, Jerold Jose, Kyla

Mae Mamaed, Alyssa Marcelo, Faith Nicole Mendoza, Miles Obra, John Vincent

Padilla, Cassandra Singson, Edsel Tabarnilla, Shiela Teneza, in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2 has been examined and

recommended for acceptance and approval.

Krizza Mae B. Bartolome, LPT

Research Teacher
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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to:

Ms. Krizza Mae Bartolome, the adviser for her kindness, support and

guidance for the whole period of making this research paper. We sincerely

appreciated her presence for giving us enough guidelines and effort to learn the

process for conducting a study.

Their parents, for moral support they have extended. They are the

inspiration of the researchers to pursue their dreams.

Subject teachers, friends, for their support, opinions and the

encouragement they have extended which is vital in the compilation of this

research.

Above all, to Almighty God for making all these realities.

The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ....................................................................................... i

Approval Sheet ....................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ....................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ....................................................................................... iv

Abstract ....................................................................................... v

CHAPTERS

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ............................................................................. 1

Statement of the Problem ......................................................... 2

Research Framework ................................................................ 3

Hypothesis of the Study ............................................................ 4

Significance of the Study ............................................................ 5

Scope and Limitations ................................................................ 6

Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 7

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II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Literature ................................................................. 8

Revies of Studies ................................................................. 9

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ........................................................................ 10

Respondents of the Study ......................................................... 11

Locale of the Study ................................................................... 12

Research instruments ................................................................ 13

Data Gathering Procedure .......................................................... 14

Statistical tools/ Data Analysis .................................................... 15

Potencial Ethical Issues .............................................................. 16

IV. ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

SOP #1 ................................................................................. 17

SOP #2 ................................................................................. 18

SOP #3 ................................................................................. 19
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V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary ............................................................................... 20

Coclusion .............................................................................. 21

Recommendation .................................................................. 22

References ............................................................................................ 23

Appendices ............................................................................................ 24

Letter 1 .............................................................................................. 25

Letter 2 .............................................................................................. 26

Questionnaire .................................................................................... 27

Other Attachments ............................................................................ 28

Curriculum Vitae .................................................................................. 29

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Washing your hands is one of the most effective and important things to do to

avoid spreading infections, and it helps decrease the risk of getting sick. Doing the

proper hand washing all the time keeps you healthier.Washing hands with soap and

water is best. However, hand sanitizer is a good alternative when soap and water are

not available. Hand sanitizers can be classified as alcohol-based or alcohol-free.

Alcohol-based sanitizers comprise between 60 and 95 percent alcohol in the form of

ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol. Alcohol has a tendency to disseminate proteins and

counteract certain microorganisms at this concentration. Alcohol-free products have a

property of disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), or on antimicrobial

agents, such as triclosan, which is immediate and purposeful. Hand sanitizers are more

effective when used in appropriate amounts. Proper use, duration of exposure, and

frequency of use also play an important role in relatable effectiveness of the hand

sanitizer. For the outcome of sanitizers, the presence of the infectious agent on the host

should be susceptible to the active ingredient present in the product. Alcohol-based

waterless sanitizers should be rubbed thoroughly for 30 seconds, which followed by

complete air-drying can reduce various microorganisms.

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Calamansi (calamondin) belongs to the citrus family, a native fruit tree here in the

Philippines. Calamansi has a good amount of minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin

C which is essential for building immunity. Calamansi contains a deodorant properties

that helps to whiten skin, and prevent an awful odors, it also contains anti-microbial

properties that helps to kill pathogenic bacteria including vibrio cholera, escherichia coli,

vibrio parahaemolyticus, and salmonella. Calamansi fruit contains exceptional scent, its

skin peel is green to yellowish and its flesh contains few light orange seeds. Calamansi

can also be used in different products including ice cream, sorbets, jello, juice, soft

drinks, nectar, jelly, gummy candies, sauces, vinaigrettes, fruit preserves and yogurt.

The most vital vitamins, notably those that are beneficial for our skin, are present

in calamansi and are therefore healthy for both inner and outer health.

One of the safest and most efficient nutrients, according to scientists, is vitamin

C. Vitamin C may offer protection against immune system inadequacies, cardiovascular

illness, fetal health issues, eye disease, and even skin aging, even if it is unlikely to be a

common cold remedy. The vitamin C or ascorbic acid in calamansi helps in producing

the natural collagen protein in the skin, which is what keeps the skin firm with plenty of

elasticity. The acceptable upper intake threshold for people is 2000 mg per day, which

is the most you may consume without likely harming you. Then comes Vitamin A.
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According to EnvironSkincare, a remarkable chemical that, at the proper concentration,

is known to offer the skin a variety of amazing benefits. Vitamin A encourages natural

moisturizing, which means it helps hydrate the skin effectively and gives it a radiant glow. It also

supports the skin's immune system and speeds up recovery. Additionally, it aids in fostering and

preserving the health of our skin's top two layers—the dermis and epidermis.Calcium follows.

According to Noah Lehava, (2016). The regulation of cell turnover inside the

epidermis, or outermost layer of skin, is one of calcium's key functions in the healing of

wounds and the regeneration of skin cells. By ensuring sufficient lipid (or fat) content in

the surface cells, calcium also contributes to the maintenance of a healthy skin barrier.

Finally, potassium. While potassium cannot be absorbed through the skin, it can

improve the hydration and texture of the skin. A pH adjuster or bufferer, which is

naturally present in calamansi, is a potassium chemical that is used in pharmaceuticals,

bath products, scents, and suntan treatments to alter pH and assist moisturize the skin.

Because of these vitamins present in calamansi, the researchers want to know if

calamansi can be an alternative hand sanitizer in replace to commercial hand sanitizers

in the market. The researchers will compare and contrast the two in terms of cost,

effectivity, etc.
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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using calamansi as an

alternative hand sanitizer.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Effectiveness of Using Calamansi as an

Alternative Hand Sanitizer. Specifically, the researchers sought answers to the following

questions:

1. What is the effiency rate of Calamansi as hand sanitizer in these following areas:

a. Germ Killing

b. Cleanliness

c. Safety to skin

2. How does calamansi hand sanitizer surpass alcohol in the following ways:

a. Cost effectiveness

b. Accessibility.

3. What are the differences between commercial hand sanitizers and calamansi

hand sanitizer?
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Research Framework

Input Process Output

Data Gathering through

Observation The Level of
Effectiveness of Using
Calamansi as an
Applied statistical Alternative Hand
Calamansi as an
treatment of Data Sanitizer
Alternative Hand
Sanitizer

Data analysis and Formulate a proposed

Interpretation action plan based on
the result of this study.

Hypothesis of teh Study

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Significance of the Study

The study will be of significance to the following:

Students: This study will help them to expand their knowledge about making

alternative hand sanitizer using calamansi.

Community: The calamansi as an alternative of hand sanitizer can be used by the

department of health and introduce it to others.

Researchers: The researchers could make use of the findings and the skills acquired

during the research process to have better and more productive possibilities to create

more collaboration with research in order to enhance the experience in conducting

studies.

Future Researchers: The successful result of this study, will serve as a reference to

the future researchers. They can use this as their basis when they conduct study.

Scope and Limitations

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are explained conceptually and organizationally for better

illustration and understanding of the terms relevant to this research.

Calamansi (calamondin) - Philippine lime, or Philippine lemon, is an economically

important citrus hybrid predominantly cultivated in the Philippines. It is native to the

Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, and Sulawesi in Indonesia in Southeast Asia, as well as

southern China and Taiwan in East Asia.

Hand sanitizer - a liquid, gel or foam generally used to kill many

viruses/bacteria/microorganisms on the hands. In most settings, hand washing with

soap and water is generally preferred.

Benzalkonium chloride - a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt classified as

a quaternary ammonium compound.

Triclosan - an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products,

including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments. It is

similar in its uses and mechanism of action to triclocarban.

Pathogenic bacteria -bacterias that can cause disease. Most species of bacteria are

harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number

of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred.

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Vinaigrette - a mixture of an oil with a mild acid such as vinegar or lemon juice (citric

acid).

Lipid - a biomolecule that is only soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Ethanol - an organic compound. It is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C₂H₆O.

Isopropanol - is a clear, colorless liquid that emits an odor that resembles acetone.

Cholera - an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically

contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.

Vibrio Cholera - A pathogenic bacteria that causes lethal diarrhea of cholera

Escherichia coli - a type of bacteria that normally lives in your intestines and can also

be found in the guts of some animals.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus - a ubiquitous marine bacterium and also a human pathogen

Salmonella - a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria of the family

Enterobacteriaceae.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RRL

RRS

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Respondents of the Study

Locale of the Study

Research Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Tools/Data nalysis

Potencial Ethical Issues

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

SOP #1

SOP #2

SOP #3

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation