"A STUDY OF BANANA "Musa Acuminata" Pseudostem As A Biodegradable Alternative To Disposable Face Mask"

AMA UNIVERSITY ONLINE EDUCATION
Senior High School Department

#59B Panay Avenue, Quezon City Manila, Philippines
A research entitled
“A STUDY OF BANANA “Musa acuminata”
PSEUDOSTEM AS A BIODEGRADABLE ALTERNATIVE
TO DISPOSABLE FACE MASK"
is presented to the
Open Senior High School Faculty
of STEM
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for
RSCH122: Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
ANGEL YBIERNAS CALICA
Researcher
MONTH AND YEAR FINISHED
1
CERTIFICATION-AND-APPROVAL SHEET
CERTIFICATION
This research entitled “A STUDY OF BANANA “MUSA ACUMINATA”

PSEUDOSTEM AS A BIODEGRADABLE ALTERNATIVE TO DISPOSABLE FACE
MASK” prepared and submitted by CALICA, ANGEL Y. in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the strand of Grade 12 – STEM has been examined and recommended
for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.
_________________________
Prof. Ma. Kristina Ayongao
Research Adviser
APPROVAL
Approved by the COMMITTEE ON FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION on

Month Date, Year with a grade of 00.
______________________
Panel Name
Chairperson
______________________ ______________________
Panel Name Panel Name
Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Strand of
STEM Grade 12.
_____________________________
MS. MARY A. SORIANO, MSCS
Head of Academics,
AMAOED
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank everyone who had supported me throughout my Senior High
School at AMA University Online Education. I would also like to express my
sincerest gratitude to Professor Ma. Kristina Ayongao for your constant guidance,
efforts in correcting my research paper. I wouldn’t be able to accomplish this
paper without your knowledge, guidance and support.
I would also thank my friends who gave me words of advice and lent a hand
when i needed it, who gave me encouragement and further guidance.
I would also thank my parents for their full support. They are my source of
motivation and inspiration throughout the process of this research.
- Angel Y. Calica
iii
ABSTRACT
Title : A STUDY OF BANANA “MUSA ACUMINATA”
PSEUDOSTEM AS A BIODEGRADABLE ALTERNATIVE TO DISPOSABLE
FACE MASK
Researcher/s: Angel Y. Calica
Adviser : Prof. Ma. Kristina Ayongao
Program : GRADE 12 - STEM
School : AMA University Online Education
The mandatory use of disposable face mask due to COVID-19 created unwanted
impacts in the environment. Hence, the study aimed to utilize Banana “Musa
Acuminata” pseudostem as an eco-friendly Face Mask where its physical
characteristics were observed and its effectiveness as a Biodegradable
Alternative to Disposable Face Mask was determined. Experimental research
was conducted at Barangay San Isidro, Cainta Rizal. After making the product,
the researcher determined the observable physical characteristics of Banana
pseudostem Face Mask. While for the effectiveness in terms of candle testing,
particle filtration testing and water repellent testing, trials were conducted in the
different measurements of distance and amount of water. Data were gathered for
the mean response of the participants on the effectiveness of using Banana
iv
pseudostem Face Mask and its possible impact in the community through a
survey questionnaire.
Results indicate that the Banana pseudostem Face Mask’s size is 18 cm by 11
cm, its mass is ten grams, its color is brown, its odor is banana smell, and its
texture is smooth. It passed the candle testing, particle filtration testing and water
repellent testing. The mean response of the respondents on the effectiveness of
using Banana pseudostem Face Mask showed an average mean of 4.0 with the
verbal interpretation of very satisfactory, while for the impacts in the community
showed 4.76 average mean with the verbal interpretation of very satisfactory.
Therefore, the study implied that Banana pseudostem Face Mask’s physical
characteristics suits the ideal qualities of a face mask. Likewise, it is an effective
eco-friendly facemask that can help the community in reducing waste pollution.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminaries
Title Page ......…………………….………………………………………………………… i
Approval Sheet ……………………..………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgement ………………….……………………………………………… iii
Abstract ...………………………….………………………………………………….. iv
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………… vi
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………… viii
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… ix
Part I. Introduction
The Problem and its Background ……………...………………………… 1

Statement of the Problem ………………………….…………………… 5
Objectives of the Study ………………………………….………………… 7
Significance of the Study …………………………………………………… 7
Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………… 9
Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………… 9
Conceptual Framework …………………………………………… 10
Theoretical Framework ………………………….…………………… 11
Definition of Terms …………………………………...………… 12
Review of Related Literature …………………………..……………… 14
Part II. Methodology
Research Design …………………………………………………… 27

Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique ……..…………. 27
vi
Description of the Respondents …………………………………… 28
Research Instrument …………………………………………………… 32
Data Collection or Data Gathering Procedure ………………………. 33
Statistical Treatment of Data ……………………..………………… 35
Part III. Results
Data Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis …...………………….. 37
Part IV. Discussion
Summary of the Result ……………………………………………..…….. 54

Conclusion …………………………………………………………….. 56
Recommendations ……………………………………………………. 57
References ……….……..……………………………………………………………. 58
Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………
Appendix A: Research Instrument ……………………………… 67
Appendix B: Topic Proposal Sheet ............................................. 69
Appendix C: Final Defense Score Sheet ………………………… 71
Biography …………………………………………………………………………... 72
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table # Titles Page

1 Likert’s Scale System 35
Effectiveness of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem
2 Face mask using Candle Testing, Particle Filtration 36
Testing, and Water Repellent Testing
Observable Physical Characteristics of Banana "Musa
3 36
Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask
Observable Physical Characteristics of Banana "Musa
4 37
Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask (Results)
The airflow efficiency of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
5 Pseudostem Face mask in terms of Candle Testing 40
(Results)
The filtration capacity of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
6 pseudostem Face mask in terms of Particle Filtration 41
Testing (Results)
The water repulsion ability of the Banana "Musa
7 Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask in terms of Water 43
Repellent Testing (Results)
Mean Response of the Frontliners on the Quality of the
8 Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask in 45
terms of breathability, durability, and fit (Resulta)
Mean response of the Frontliners on the Perceived
9 Impacts of using Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem 48
Face mask (Results)
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Table # Titles Page

1 The Conceptual Paradigm of the Study 10
2 Materials/Ingredients 28
Observable Physical Characteristics of the Banana "Musa
3 Acuminata" pseudostem as an Eco-Friendly Face mask in 39
terms of Size, Mass, Color, Odor and Texture
4 41
Face mask using Candle Testing
5 42
Face mask using Particle Filtration Testing
6 44
Face mask using Water Repellent Testing
ix
PART 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study
As of today, face masks are as essential as ID passes and medicine. People
cannot leave the house without wearing a mask. Furthermore, face shields may
be declared not needed, however, the case with face masks can never go
unused as it is a violation not to use any form of face masks outside the people's
homes. That is why this paper is relevant to the ongoing pandemic crisis. COVID-
19 pandemic brought numerous changes in the world which include social
distancing and obligatory use of face mask in public places. Medical
professionals advised to use face mask to reduce the transmission of the virus
and to minimize the number of deaths around the globe (Rab, Javaid, Haleem &
Vaishya, 2020).
In the Philippine setting, Doorman (2021) stated that although there is no official
legislative act making it illegal not to use a face mask, President Rodrigo Duterte
instructed the Philippine policemen to imprison whoever individuals are violating
the health protocol—even those using face masks without reaching the nose.
Also, Moaje (2021) announced that Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte declared
that it is now a requirement to settle penalties rather than just being arrested and
detained. First offense carries a cost of 300 pesos, second offense a cost of 500
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pesos, and a final offense charging 1,000 pesos. According to United Nations
News (2020), disposable masks can help us to fight the COVID-19 but it can also
bring various negative impacts on the environment. It contains plastics produced
from polymers such as polypropylene, polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile,
polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyethylene. The pollution driven by gigantic
increment in mask sales are getting worse and it brought about various toxic
problems. As a result of single use masks, a massive rise within the sum of
littering on streets, beaches, canals, oceans, and rivers have been witnessed
and around 75% of it have been reported. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
cannot be reused nor recycled as it is considered a medical waste even when it
is disposed accurately. It ends up either in landfill or being burned, which can
lead to harmful smoke and contributes to climate change (United States Food
and Drug Administration, 2020). Liberal Democrats said that enormous plastic
waste is caused by a single use surgical mask which eco-friendly replacements
must be promoted (Parkinson, 2020).
Thus, the government has been encouraged to do more to stimulate individuals
to switch from disposable masks to reusable coverings considering it can aid
avoid from spreading COVID-19 to others if someone is asymptomatic and it can
also help to lessen the disruption on the medical-grade mask supply as you can
reuse it. But during pandemic, it is not as compelling at ceasing the infection
especially if the user is in a crowded place and if the mask is not in a great
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quality because its physical characteristics changes and decreases over time
(Waste Advantage Magazine, 2020).
On the other hand, environmental field is developing solutions for the needs of a
healthy environment to continue producing wealth by promoting wise use of
natural resources (Smith, 2018).
A study shows that one of the most useful plants in the world is the Banana
“Musa Acuminata” plant. Almost all the parts of it can be utilized and can be used
to make innovations towards making new products that can be used everywhere
(Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018).
The banana pseudostem has also been considered for use as pulp and paper
raw material, fiber for textiles, and filler or auxiliary support in composites
materials, in this way can be made into an alternative paper (Dausan, 2018).
Over synthetic fiber, banana fibers are 100% biodegradable and environment
friendly in terms of disposal and production (Bandyopadhay & Singh, 2013).
With this, the researcher will test the effectiveness of the banana pseudostem as
an ecology friendly mask. So, to observe the root of not wearing masks, poverty
can be a risk factor since not all families can afford an abundant stock of
disposable masks especially beggars and those financially unstable. The
researcher is more than interested in undergoing this research because the
efficiency of this study will pave way on the creation of a reusable face mask
utilizing banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudo stem which can be easier in the
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pockets of all social class and alleviate the spread of virus due to ineffective use
of cloth masks and other masks used for fashion. The effectiveness of face
masks is critical in situations where welfare is at risk, and they don't get access to
medical care to address the problem.
In a previous study conducted by Aguilar et al. (2021), the findings demonstrate
that using banana pseudo stem fiber layers as purifiers resulted in a reduced rate
of particulate infiltration in water repellency while a significant rate of water
absorption; in terms of breathability, air permeability was greater than the
baseline, indicating that it was effective. Although there are recent studies in the
Philippines, specifically in Manila and Bulacan about Banana Pseudostem as an
alternative face mask, no local literature is seen related with the same sample
size and group that can be associated with the study. Thus, remain to be
underexplored. In addition to the droplet vector, no research has looked at
airborne particulate penetration tests to see how effective masks are over
aerosols. The sample size for this research is limited, and only one alternate
resource was used. Future investigations should, if feasible, contrast other local,
biodegradable materials to such banana fiber sheets, and such research should
use a bigger sample size.
Hence, the goal of this study is to develop a biodegradable and effective mask to
help reduce the mask pollution. Therefore, the banana pseudo stem will be used
as a material because it is natural, harmless, and to reuse it from a waste
product to a raw material. In addition, according to study conducted by Dy (2018)
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shows that banana fiber is a good filter for microscopic particle and a good water
repellent that could be used as a fabric, filter paper, and yam. It is in this light,
that the researcher came up to an idea of creating disposable face mask made
from Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem that could help the community and
the environment.
Statement of the Problem
In order to solve the environmental problem brought forth by the single use of
face mask due to COVID-19 pandemic, the research entitled “A Study of Banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem as a Biodegradable Alternative to Disposable
Face Mask” intended to answer the following:
1. What is the observable physical characteristics of the Banana pseudostem
“Musa Acuminata” face masks in terms of:
1.1 Size
1.1.1 Length
1.1.2 Width
1.2 Mass
1.3 Color
1.4 Odor
1.5 Texture
2. What is the effectiveness of Banana pseudostem “Musa Acuminata” Face
mask in terms of:
2.1 Candle Testing
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2.1.1 0.025m
2.1.2 0.05m
2.1.3 0.10m
2.1.4 0.20m
2.2 Particle Filtration Testing
2.2.1 0.05m
2.2.2 0.10m
2.2.3 0.20m
2.2.4 0.40m
2.3 Water Repellent Testing
2.3.1 2.5ml
2.3.2 5.0ml
2.3.3 7.5ml
2.3.4 10ml
3. What is the mean response of selected frontliners in Barangay San Isidro
on the following:
3.1 Quality of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face Mask in terms
of:
3.1.1 Durability
3.1.2 Breathability
3.1.3 Fit
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3.2 Impacts of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face Mask to the
community
Purpose/Objective of the Study
This study's purpose is aimed to:
1. To determine the Physical Characteristics of Banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem Face mask
2.To determine the effectiveness of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face
mask using Candle Testing, Particle Filtration Testing, and Water Repellent
Testing
3. To determine the perspective of the respondents in terms of quality and
impacts of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face mask
Significance of the Study
The study entitled “A Study of Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudo Stem as a
Biodegradable Alternative to Disposable Face Mask” aims to utilize the Banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem to help to reduce mask pollution by conserving
the Banana pseudostem after harvesting to make an eco-friendly face mask.
This study benefits the following sectors:
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 Consumers – they benefit from this study because they will have a
cheaper and eco-friendly face mask that can help lessen the pollution and
usage of disposable face mask
 Community - this product help to minimize the pollution and can help the
community to manage waste disposal
 Banana Farmers - this study will give them idea on how to recycle
banana pseudostem. This can also create job opportunities.
 Banana Farm - they benefit from this study because they can improve
their business by making eco-friendly face mask made from banana
pseudostem and not to throw it away
 Environment - This study will be beneficial to the environmental field as it
aims to utilize the use of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem as an
eco-friendly face mask which can help to reduce banana waste after
harvesting and make it as an alternative face mask. It can be an
advantage to the
environment to help to lessen the mask pollution especially when there is
massive demand of face mask caused by pandemic and further
unexpected phenomenon.
 Government - this study helps them to develop new ideas on how to
eradicate disposable face mask by utilizing banana pseudostem in making
ecofriendly face mask.
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 Future Researchers - this study will give them guide and basis for their
future research.
Scope and Limitation
This study is conducted to utilize the use of Banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem to make an Ecofriendly face mask. It will focus on the possibilities of
Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem to be an alternative face mask that could
help to preserve waste products and minimize pollution. The data were gathered
through observation and survey. The observable physical characteristics were
determined through researcher's observation. Also, the respondents answered
an eight-item questionnaire to determine the perception of the frontliners on the
effectiveness of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face mask and its
impact on the community of San Isidro, Cainta Rizal.
The researcher will test the effectiveness of the face mask in terms of Candle
testing, Particle filtration testing, and Water repelling testing. This study will be a
short-term assessment.
Hypothesis
The following statements below are the Hypothesis:
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1. Banana Pseudo stem is not effective as an alternative material in making
biodegradable
Input face mask in terms of candle testing,
ProcessParticle Filtration
testingused
I. Materials and water repellent testing I. Preparing the paper out of banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem and
2. Banana pseudostem is effective as an alternative material in making
cut the 3 layers in proportional
II. Physical Characteristics sizes then Particle
sew it together with
biodegradable face mask in terms of candle testing, Filtration testing and
of Banana “Musa Acuminata” the ear loops
pseudostem
water repellentFacemask
testing.
II. Data gathering through
III. Actual Testing Procedure measurement and observation.
IV. Perspective of the III. Effectiveness conducted through

Conceptual Framework …
respondents in terms of Candle testing, Particle Filtration
quality and impacts of the testing, and Water Repellent Testing
product
IV. Data gathering through survey
questionnaire
Output
I. Banana “Musa Acuminata”

II. Determined Physical

Characteristics of Banana “Musa
Acuminata” pseudostem Face mask
III. Determined effectiveness of

Banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem Face mask based on the
test results.
IV. Determined Quality and impacts

of the product perceived by the
respondents
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Theoretical Framework
This experimental study is reflected on theoretical constructs postulated by
Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and other social psychologists’ establishment on the
Health Belief Model (HBM) in the 1950s.
The Health Belief Model (HBM), which is one of the most extensively used
models of health perception (Glanz & Bishop, 2010), proposes that six
components predict health outcomes: threat susceptibility, hazard magnitude,
advantages to intervention, challenges to activity, self-efficacy, and behavioral
control (Becker, 1974; Champion & Skinner, 2008; Rosenstock, 1974). In
general, HBM's core structures are as follows: perceived susceptibility, severity,
benefits, and barriers.
Relatively, the creation of banana pseudostem used as face mask is
concerned on its perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers of which
are widely used in public health research and practice. The study related to the
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theory, Health Belief Model (HBM) of how the health service is effective to its
constituents, particularly in the health sector, but most of which can also benefit
the public health consumers.
Definition of Terms
To have a clearer understanding regarding the terms used in the study, terms
were defined operationally and conceptually:
Biodegradable- A product that can break down, safely and quickly by biological
means, into the raw materials of nature and disappear into the environment
(Greengood, 2013).
COVID-19- It is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for
corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to
as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV. The COVID-19 virus is a new virus
linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS) and some types of common cold (World Health Organization, 2020).
Fibers- a thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used to make
cloth, paper, silk, and etc. (merriam-webster.com).
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Match Test- A test which will determine the effectiveness of the mask. It is where
the one who wear a mask will blow an air on the match with a fire and if the fire
did not move, the mask will be considered as an effective one (World Health
Organization, 2020).
Polyacrylonitrile- It is a synthetic, semicrystalline organic polymer resin, with the
linear formula n. Though it is thermoplastic, it does not melt under normal
conditions, and it degrades before melting (defmitions.net).
Polycarbonate- It is a high-performance and transparent thermoplastic polymer
with organic functional groups linked together by carbonate groups and offers a
unique combination of properties (omnexus.specialchem.com).
Polyethylene- It is a tough, light, flexible synthetic resin made by polymerizing
ethylene, chiefly used for plastic bags, food containers, and other packaging
(OxfordLanguages, 2021).
Polymer- It can exist organically or be created synthetically and consist of chains
of joined individual molecules or monomers. Plastics are a type of polymer
composed of chains of polymers which can be partially organic or fully synthetic.
Simply put, all plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics
(omicoplastics.com).
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Polypropylene- Also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer and
synthetic resin that is a polymer of propylene, used especially for ropes, fabrics,
and molded objects (OxfordLanguages, 2021).
Polystyrene- It is a synthetic aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene,
a liquid petrochemical. It is a very inexpensive resin per unit weight and is a
rather poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor (defmitions.net).
Polyurethane- Is a synthetic resin in which the polymer units are linked by
urethane groups, used chiefly as constituents of paints, varnishes, adhesives,
and foams (OxfordLanguages, 2021).
PPE- It stands for Personal Protective Equipment that is worn to minimize
exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses
(osha.gov).
Pseudo stem- is the part of the banana plant that looks like a trunk. It is formed
by the tightly packed overlapping leaf sheaths. It contains fiber good for paper
production (ProMUSA, 2018).
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)- it is used to manufacture many everyday products,
such as paper, aluminum, commercial drain and oven cleaners, and soap and
detergents (chemical safety facts, org).
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Social Distancing- Also called as physical distancing. A public health practice
that aims to prevent sick people from coming in close contact with healthy people
to reduce disease transmission (World Health Organization, 2020).
Virus- A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or
reproduce apart from a living cell. A vim invades living cells and uses their
chemical machinery to keep itself alive and to replicate itself (medicinenet.com).
Review of the Related Literature and Studies
Face Mask
A face mask is an instrument that protects and covers the mouth and nose of a
person, and it is utilized for anticipating the spread of infections and diseases. It
also helps to prevent the respiratory droplets to travel into the air and gets
inhaled by others when someone sneeze, communicate, and cough (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2021).
Fink (2020) states that there are various types of face mask commonly existed
such as disposable mask, N95 mask, cloth mask, bandana, neck gaiters,
motorcycle mask, and gas mask. However, the most convenient mask used by
the majority is the disposable mask because of its effectiveness, qualities, size,
and price but studies shows that it will be harmful to everyone if it is not disposed
properly.
According to Henneburry (2021), it is made from non-woven fabric that is
approximately 20-25 grams per square meter (gsm) from a poly plastic material.
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They are manufactured through spunbound process or meltblown technology
which is alike where plastic is processed where it is expelled through a pass on
with hundreds of little spouts and blown by hot air to end up in minor filaments.
These filaments are less than a micron in distance across.
Millions of additional disposable masks will be needed globally per month as
estimated by the World Health Organization due to the pandemic and will
possibly increase after lifting lockdown restrictions (Roberts, Bowyer, Kolstoe, &
Fletcher, 2021).
Face mask is widely used by the medical workers, patients, and other laborers
even before the pandemic came. According to the study entitled Face masks are
new normal after COVID-19 pandemic, different researchers carried out various
studies on the use of face masks to minimize the spread of infection as droplets.
More than 100 countries implemented the mandatory use of face mask in public
places, and it became a huge help that leads to a low mortality rate. Thus, it can
become a new normal even after the pandemic (Rab, Haleem and Javaid, 2020).
In consequence, it can also become a new type of pollution.
According to a recent study of Aguilar et al., (2021), the researchers managed to
come up with a biodegradable option for making face masks. The materials,
banana fiber sheets, were discovered to possess excellent air permeability and
water repellency, which are important characteristics of mask efficacy, however it
proved incapable to exhibit short water absorption periods, which reduced its
filtration efficiency. Besides the fact that these are usable and easy to
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manufacture, no clear statement may be drawn about the efficacy of these
biodegradable face masks when matched to conventional face masks.
There are variations of mask but what is widely used is the disposable surgical
face mask because of its efficiency and price. Despite this, there can be
problems in its disposal. This kind of non-woven fabric mask must be produced in
millions due to its demand. Ultimately, face masks are helpful in fight of the
resurgence of COVID-19. Since masks are today’s new definition of normal, it
serves as mandatory to use in public spaces and save lives.
Mask Pollution amid Covid-19 pandemic
World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic on January 30,
2020 and issued a set of temporary guidelines to expand awareness about this
outbreak globally. Mandatory wearing of face mask is strictly implemented on
every individual to defend their wellbeing against the infection. Health and
economy are the priority in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic, but environmental
problems must also be considered that will distant surpass the mutilation of the
virus (Mukhopadhyay, 2020).
A single use face mask is a huge help to people to stop the spread of COVID-19
but it could have an annihilating impact to the environment. OceansAsia (2020)
conducted a survey to the Soko's Islands in HongKong and found out that there
were plenty of newly used surgical mask on the coastline indicating that rise of
mask pollution on the oceans have already started within a short period of time.
Surgical masks contain thermoplastic polymer that takes 450 years to
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biodegrade which is harmful for marine species if ingested (Energy Live News,
2020). According to World Animal Protection (2017), plastic litter harms
thousands of marine animals each year and affects their safety, digestive
system, and reproduction by the toxic chemicals coming from it that will also be
harmful
by humans as they consume marine animals for food. They will suffer for months
or years before they die caused by chemicals and worse, it will only take minutes
or hours if they got entangled or suffocated.
According to Chua (2020), there is a significant spike in the number of personal
protective equipment that are scattered everywhere which caused environment
organizations to raise the red flag on this issue. The number of plastics will be
tripled by 2040 from 11 to 29 million tons per year if this problem will not be given
attention (UN News, 2020).
Philippines is on the top 3 worst offenders of plastic pollution in the world. Waste
problems are more complex in developing countries because they are not
capable enough to solve these problems as fast as the developed countries can
and it is considered as one of the huge environmental challenges of all time
(Perez, 2019). With this, environmental organizations in the country are looking
for effective solutions on these problems.
On the study entitled “A survey of the ocean’s plastic waste problem, and some
policy developments of the Philippines” conducted by Luisito Abueg (2019), it
shows that compared to normal human lifespan, plastics take more time to
dissolve and disappear. The ceaseless aggregation worsens the issue, and such
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plastic products usually end in bodies of water. Common plastic objects such as
single-use plastic bags and bottles may require a long time to deteriorate. Thus,
disposable face mask is a kind of plastic that takes time to decompose, and it
also contributes on ocean’s plastic waste problem.
According to the study entitled Surgical face masks as a potential source for
microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario conducted by Tadele Assefa
Aragaw (2020), disposable face masks are getting into the landfills or littering at
public spaces first then getting to the bodies of water as a new developing source
of microplastic filaments. They are corrupting into pieces of particles with various
environmental conditions. Phthalate, organotin, nonylphenol, polybrominated
biphenyl ether, and triclosan are the harmful chemicals that are included to the
microplastics which a disposable mask contains. These are discharged amid the
degradation process of plastic polymers that are consumed by the marine and
land animals which people also consume. It is not only considered as harm on
creatures but also on humans.
As stated in the study of Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017), roughly 6300 Mt of
plastic squander had been produced, 12% was burned, 79% was gathered in
landfills or the natural environment and only around 9% had been reused as of
2015. 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been delivered to
date and the 2 of largest groups in plastics production are Polyethylene (36%)
and Polypropylene (21%) followed by Polyvinyl chloride (12%), and Polyethylene
terephthalate, Polyurethane, and Polystyrene (<10% each).
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Generally, 12,000 Mt of plastic squander will be in the natural environment by
2050 if people continue to increase the plastic production and use. None of the
commonly utilized plastics are biodegradable. As a result, they gather instead of
breaking down in landfills or the common environment (Geyer et al., 2017). With
this, an eco-friendly solution for these problems should be widely implemented
before it is too late.
The aquatic ecosystems suffer the most after plastic-contained masks are
dumped into the sea. Since the continuous production persist and the longer they
take to diminish, the more the waters are ruined. Ultimately, there are negative
implications on the disposal of face masks in the environment. The masks
contain plastics which can cause pollution on land and water and may ruin the
health of ecosystems and its species once ingested. By 2040, there will be 29
million tons of plastic annually once this concern is no resolved--especially
Philippines since the country ranks 3rd as the worst offender of plastic pollution
globally. Banana fibers are naturally absorbent that contains no negative impacts
on people and ecosystem. Therefore, studies in creating biodegradable face
mask with banana stem can alleviate the potential source of microplastic
pollution amid the pandemic crisis. It will be a solution within a solution.
Biodegradable Alternative
Microbes and other biological factors breaking down the product is what makes it
biodegradable. It must be able to break down into organic matter naturally and
some examples of it are textiles and papers. The field of green chemistry
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incorporates making materials that degrade rapidly and safely in the environment
(Residential Waste Systems, 2015).
As stated by Krones, biodegradable choices are energizing options to diminish
the fossil increase environmental burdens (Welle, 2020).
Acfuels required for the creation of plastic-based mask. Bio-based mask usually
has their own composing solutions, and it is best to have pure natural products to
help not to increase environmental burdens (Welle, 2020).
According to Welle (2020), some companies are looking for alternatives on
making masks to preserve the environment. A company from France created a
mask made from hemp while the researchers at the Queensland University of
Technology in Australia are doing an experiment to create a disposable product
out of agricultural waste.
Likewise, a recent study in Barcelona Academy, Marilao, Bulacan by Francisco
et al., (2021), states that the researchers concluded that Banana Pseudostem
Fiber holds the potential to be utilized as an alternative face mask, and that its
utilization might assist farmers significantly. Utilizing the data collected from
respondents, we can conclude that: it is more cost effective and ecofriendly in
comparable to a surgical face mask. Thus, it is a beneficial alternative since it
can decrease plastic pollutants generated by the dumping of surgical face mask.
Additionally, Banana Pseudostem Fiber Mask's filter is able to aid people to
prevent the virus since it is created of potent fiber . However, although it is
effective, it poses challenges or concerns which might emerge during use,
including skin irritation and a weak band. Ultimately, many companies around the
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world are discovering alternative face masks that can be disposed out of
agricultural or biodegradable waste. In this way, it will decrease negative
environmental impacts.
Banana Pseudostem
Banana is one of the most useful plants in the world and almost every part of it
can be utilized (Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018).
According to Mclachlan (2020), banana will only take several months to grow
from planting and approximately 3 to 6 months to harvest. However, it only bears
fruit once in a lifetime so after the fruit is harvested and the banana tree cuts
down, the bottom part of the stem and rhizome will be left behind. For every ton
of bananas harvested, 100 kg of rotten fruit is rejected and about 4 tons of
wastes are generated including the peel, fruit-bunch-stem, leaves, pseudostem,
and rhizome which means that for every cycle of production, four times of wastes
are generated. Farmers dispose these wastes by burning or throwing out into
lakes, rivers and landfills causing environmental issues (Subagyo & Chafidz,
2018).
The banana tree is an herb, and its pseudostem is formed by the tightly
overlapping leaf sheaths. It is the part that looks like a trunk, fleshy, and consist
mostly of water. Despite that, it can support a 50-kilogram bunch or more
(Vezina, 2021).
Several products are proven efficient made by the banana pseudostem raw
material. The best example of it is the paper which help to reduce cutting down
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trees as a wood consume for raw material. It also offers a cost-effective use of
waste fibers for manufacturing local supplies of paper. Moreover, it is also used
for various products such as paper cups, disposable plates, wallets, handicrafts,
paper bags, art materials, food storage, and other things that are possible to
make using creativity. Thus, it will be able to supply green products needs of the
market and the necessity for environmental awareness (Patil, 2019).
The results showed on the study The Possibility of Paper out of Banana Bark by
Ascano, Labrador, Perez, and Viana, (2020), proved that the banana bark, which
is like pseudostem, can be used as an alternative for making papers that can be
used to make crafts, and new and useful materials. According to the study
entitled Impacts of using Pseudostem Eco bag Among Selected Vendors and
Buyers of Tiaong Public Market, an eco-cbag made from banana pseudostem is
effective to use and has a good impact to the environment and community. The
result shows that the chosen respondents of the study agreed that using STEM
Ecobag the product is effective to use. (Cabael, Cordero and Mercado, 2018).
Banana paper is made from strands that are cleared out over from the handling
of bananas. The twisted strands are shaped into a paper that's profoundly
distinctive. This type of carefully assembled paper alludes to as —eco paper" as
the paper employments strands that go into the waste framework. Banana paper
is getting to be progressively well known and is accessible from specialist paper
providers, stores specializing in environment inviting products. (Bautro, Limbo
and Geron, 2012)
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The banana products are renewable resources and have export potential unlike
synthetic fibers which are largely produced from non-renewable resources
(Dausan, 2018).
The study by Labrador et al., (2020) proves that pseudo stem can be a good
alternative to create new products. For instance, the successful Eco Bag and
Banana paper which results show as effective. It is possible that banana
products have the potential to create a biodegradable mask.
Likewise, a study in San Sebastian College Recoletos states that polymer
components prevalently present in plastics may be replaced with natural
composite fiber made from banana pseudostems. Banana pseudostem masks
could be a good option to traditional face masks. It is less expensive than
traditional surgical masks, more ecologically friendly because the materials are
biodegradable, and may fully defend humans against the virus due to its potent
fiber (Carag, 2021). Ultimately, Banana Pseudo stem can be a good
biodegradable alternative that is convenient, durable, and reusable. It is such a
waste to burn pseudo stem left out of the fruit harvest. Instead of causing harm
by throwing them out into the aquatic ecosystem, it can be recycled into an
effective face mask which supplies green product essentials of businesses aside
from paper cups, disposable plates, wallets, and more.
Candle Testing
According to Merriman (2020), a famous scientist tests the effectiveness of
different kind of masks through candle testing. By blowing a candle while
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wearing a mask, it will determine if an air sneaks out from your mask. If the
flame did not flicker or blown out, the mask you are wearing is effective
because particles from your respiratory system will not leak.
Face mask made from materials with few thread counts will have wide gaps and
it will be useless as the particles can easily go in and out while face mask which
are intact and has no gap is better. The weave should have to be opaque and
thick if someone will use a microscope to zoom it in (Baskar, 2020).
Particle Filtration Testing
On the article entitled “3 Easy DIY Mask Tests” on MakerMask (2020), it is stated
that particle filtration test intends to examine if the material has a capability to
filter various solid particles such as dust and powders to pass through the
material because a good face mask should have blocking capability in order to
be used outside. According to Qualitest (2020), particle filtration was
conducted by filtering blown solid particles from the outside layer of the
material. If the particles did not pass through the material, then its particle
filtration resistance of the material is effective.
Water Repellent Testing
According to Macintyre (2020), water droplets carry bacteria and viruses from the
people who cough, sneeze, talk, and communicate. Hydrophobic layers may help
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keep droplets from the external area to the user's respiratory system. Waterproof
materials can be utilized to act as barriers to fluids like droplets.
On testing the hydrophobicity of the mask, the water droplets were
dropped on the outer layer of the face mask. If the water formed a bead and
did not absorb by the mask, it will be considered water resistant.
Ultimately, Candle Testing tests the efficiency of masks by blowing a candle
while wearing the tested mask. If the flame dies, the test is a failure and vice
versa. Particle Filtration, on the other hand, uses solid particles to test if it
passes through the mask tested. If it does not pass, it is effective. Lastly, Water
Repellent Testing determines the efficiency of the tested mask by pouring water
droplets on the outer layer of the mask. If it absorbed, the mask is a failure.
In analysis, the airflow efficiency of banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudo stem face
mask in terms of Candle Testing will be tested within a distance of 0.025m to
0.20m. In addition, the filtration capacity of banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudo
stem face mask in terms of Particle Filtration within a distance of 0.05m to 0.40m.
Lastly, the water repulsion ability of the banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudo stem
face mask in terms of Water Repellent Testing from 2.5mL to 10mL.
Synthesis
Overall, the related literature and studies imply that the disposal of face mask is
driving to a massive heap of waste within the environment and marine plastic
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pollution can bring a serious problem (Kumar, 2020). Thus, an eco-friendly mask
will alleviate the negative impacts of disposable face masks on the environment
and community.
Agro-industrial fibers are made from the waste produced during the processing of
popular agricultural industrial products (Ibarrola, 2012). After harvesting the
banana “Musa Acuminata”, it will not bear fruit anymore and the best thing to do
is to cut its pseudostem to make it grow again and bear fruit. Since the cut
pseudostem is supposed to be disposed, its pseudostem will be recycled to
make an eco-friendly face mask as an alternative to the existing disposal Face
Masks.
The related studies, research, and investigation further approves the production
of materials using banana pseudo stem which can advantage the society and
economy. The possibility of this type of fiber can increase the chances of a
biodegradable face mask available for all.
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PART 2
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researcher entitled “A Study of Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudo Stem as
a Biodegradable Alternative to Disposable Face Mask” utilized experimental
research design to determine its effectiveness and its quality and perceived
impact to the community.
According to Kean University (2019), experimental research is a study that
entirely follows to a scientific investigate plan and typically conducted in contrived
on artificial laboratory settings. It incorporates a theory, a variable that can be
controlled by the researcher, and factors that can be measured, calculated and
compared. The general objective in experimental research is to define the
relationship between the antecedent (independent) variables and the consequent
(dependent) variables. The study would test the effectiveness of Banana “Musa
Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly face mask and the perception of frontliners
on the use and impact of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly
face mask in the community.
Population Frame and Sample Size
The researcher will conduct different test to see the effectiveness of Banana
pseudostem as an alternative to disposable face mask. The researcher will use
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survey questionnaire to gather data. A sample from the population of frontliners
of Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal are the respondents of the study. The
researcher’s target number of respondents was (5) Medical frontliners and (5)
Barangay officials of Barangay San Isidro. The selected frontliners in Barangay
San Isidro works as a medical practitioner, barangay health worker and barangay
official. Purposive sampling is a method in which the researcher depends on his
or her claims when choosing individuals of population to take part within the
ponder (Crossman, 2018).
Description of Respondents
A sample from the population of frontliners of Barangay San Isidro, Cainta Rizal
are the respondents of the study. The researcher’s target number of respondents
was (5) Medical frontliners and (5) Barangay officials of Barangay San Isidro and
they were chosen purposively depending on their willingness to use the Banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly face mask.
The selected frontliners in Barangay San Isidro works as a medical practitioner,
barangay health worker and barangay official. This study used Purposive
Sampling since the researcher have to choose an expert in things that are
related in health
Materials/Ingredients Used
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The following are the list of materials/ingredients used in this experiment along
with the pictures and description:
 Banana pseudostem - It is the raw material and the main ingredient of the
ecofriendly face mask.
 Blender - To crush the banana pseudostem into pieces.
 Weighing scale - To measure the amount of the banana pseudostem in
kilograms.
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
 Cauldron - This is where the pseudo stem boil.
 Basin - This is where the pseudostem will put and the crushed pseudo stem
will strain
 Wax - To make the paper water resistant.
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
 Sodium Hydroxide - To help soften the pseudostem while boiling and to add
strength to the paper (Mostafa & Uddin, 2015)
 Graduated Cylinder - To hold the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution.

 Beaker - To measure the amount of water
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
 Silk Screen Frame - To strain the banana pseudostem fiber to form a paper.
 Garter - It will serve as the banana pseudostem face mask’s ear loop.
Research Instruments
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A researcher-made instrument was utilized to gather critical information to decide
the recognition of the respondents. The study survey is composed of eight (8)
statements, three (3) statements concerning the effectiveness of Banana “Musa
Acuminata” pseudostem Eco-friendly face mask in terms of durability,
breathability, and fitness and five (5) statements concerning the impacts within
the
community. The research instrument will be used is based from Rensis Likert
(1932) who devised research questionnaires through Likert scale.
Likert’s scale will be used to measure if the respondents agree, disagree or
neutral about the questions in the survey. Each statement would be answerable
using five (5) portrayals specifically: Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Moderately
Agree (MA), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD) using a scale ranging
from one (1) as the lowest and five (5) as the highest.
Data Gathering Procedure
The following are the step-by step process of the experiment and data gathering:
Making the Banana pseudostem Paper:
1. Prepare all the materials needed such as Banana pseudostem, Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH) solution, Water, Wax, Silk screen frame, Garter,
Weighing scale, Blender, Basin and Beaker.
2. Chop the pseudostem into pieces then wash it thoroughly to remove the
dirt
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3. Boil the pseudostem in water
4. After 5-10 minutes, put 25ml Sodium Hydroxide solution (NaOH) to help
to soften the pseudostem then let it boil.
5. Wash the drained pseudostem to remove excess Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) content.
6. Put water and the pseudostem to the blender and crush it.
7. After crushing, put water to the basin and strain the pseudostem.
8. Let it dry to form into a banana pseudostem paper
Making the Face mask:
9. Gently soak the 1st layer of the banana pseudostem paper face mask to
the melted wax to became waterproof.
10. Cut the paper in proportional sizes
11. Paste the nose wire on the paper.
12. Sew the paper together with the ear loop.
13. The mask is ready to wear.
Data gathering:
14. The researcher determined the observable physical characteristics of
the of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face Mask such as the size,
mass, color, odor and texture through direct observations.
15. The effectiveness of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face
Mask was tested using candle testing, particle filtration testing and water
repellent testing. Improvised materials were used by the researcher to
gather the data for the effectiveness of face mask
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16. The mean response of the respondents on the quality of using Banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face Mask and the perception on the
impacts of using Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem as an eco-friendly
face mask in the community were interpreted using the five (5) scale model
or the Likert’s scale model.
Statistical Treatment of Data
All gathered data were collected and treated statistically using the following tools:
The weighted mean was used by the researcher to determine the perception of
respondents in the use and impacts to the community of Banana “Musa
Acuminata” pseudostem Face Mask
The formula that was used is shown below:
To construe the weighted mean, the researcher used ―five-point scale or the
Likert’s scale to determine the results. The table is shown below:
Scale Mass Verbal Description Verbal Interpretation
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5 4.21-5.00 Strongly agree Outstanding
4 3.41-4.20 Moderately agree Very Satisfactory
3 2.61-4.20 Agree Satisfactory
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree Unsatisfactory
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree Very unsatisfactory
Table 1: Likert’s Scale System
To test the effectiveness of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face Mask
in terms of:
Candle testing Particle filtration Water repellent

(distance) testing (distance) testing (amount
of water)
0.025m 0.05m 2.5ml
0.05m 0.10m 5.0ml
0.10m 0.20m 7.5ml
0.20m 0.40m 10ml
Effectiveness of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask using
Candle Testing, Particle Filtration Testing, and Water Repellent Testing
To determine the observable physical characteristics of the Banana “Musa
Acuminata” pseudostem face mask in terms of:
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Characteristics
Size Length
Width
Mass
Color
Odor
Texture
Observable Physical Characteristics of Banana "Musa Acuminata"
PART 3
RESULTS
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
I. Observable Physical Characteristics of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem as an Eco-Friendly Face mask
Characteristics Banana “Musa Acuminata”

pseudostem face mask
Size Length 18cm
Width 11cm
Mass 10 grams
Color Brown
Odor Banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem smell
Texture Smooth
Table 2. Observable Physical Characteristics of Banana "Musa Acuminata"
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The table shows the observable physical characteristics of the banana "Musa
Acuminata" pseudostem eco-friendly face mask. These characteristics were
observed to determine its size, color, odor and texture. The banana "Musa
Acuminata" pseudostem eco-friendly face mask’s size is 18 cm by 11 cm, its
weight is ten grams, its color is brown, its odor is banana smell, its texture is
smooth.
The size of the face mask was supported by RZ Industries (2021) that the
average width of a face mask is 4 – 4.5 inches or 10.16 cm – 11. 42 cm wherein
11 cm, the banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly face mask size,
reach the given standard size. On the other hand, the ideal length of the face
mask ranges between 7.5 – 9.5 or 19.05 – 24.13 cm and the given banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly face mask size which is 18 cm also
reach the given standard size (TheTipToeFairy, 2020). Moreover, the single
gross weight of surgical disposable face mask is 9 grams (3 Ply Disposable
Protective Children Face Mask, 2020). The Banana “Musa Acuminata”
Pseudostem eco-friendly Face mask weighs 10 grams and difference is only 1
gram. Thus, the mass of both existing single use face mask and Banana “Musa
Acuminata” Pseudostem Face mask are light and does not affect its effectivity.
The natural color brown of the banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-
friendly face mask is acceptable as stated by Cavallo (2021), that brown will
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might be the trending color for 2022 due to the increasing number of models or
artists who’s been wearing brown. Its fashionable brown color caught the
attention of the people especially those who have an Instagram account. The
smell of the banana is accepted as stated by Jamie Ducharme (2017) that
bananas have a particular smell that permits individuals to recognize them
without having to see them. On the study entitled Paper Out of Banana Bark
conducted by Ascaño et. al (2020), it shows that the longer the time of blending
banana bark, which is same with pseudostem, the smoother the banana “Musa
Acuminata” paper will be.
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II. Effectiveness of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask
using Candle Testing, Particle Filtration Testing, and Water Repellent
Testing.
2.1 Candle Testing:
Distance Efficiency on Candle Testing (Does

the air blown the fire?)
0.025m No
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0.05m No
0.10m No
0.20m No
Table 2.1. The airflow efficiency of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
Pseudostem Face mask in terms of Candle Testing
The table shows the result based on the conducted experiment. It indicates that
the Banana pseudostem face mask has 100% efficiency on the candle testing as
it can filter the air from the mask at the distance of 0.025m, 0.05m, 0.10m and
0.20m.
According to Macintyre (2020), absorbent outer layer of the mask is not a good
choice because the water particles can still enter someone`s mask. A United
States science educator popularized a simple test that everyone can do at home
which is the Candle Test. It indicates that the mask does not stop the flow of air
well enough if they can blow the candle while wearing it. In the event that the
candle has blown out, water particles can leak inward as well.
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2.2 Particle Filtration Testing:
Distance Filtration
0.05m Filtered
0.10m Filtered
0.20m Filtered
0.40m Filtered
Table 2.2 The filtration capacity of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem Face mask in terms of Particle Filtration Testing
The table illustrates the particle filtration testing of banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem ecofriendly face mask through particle filtration testing. It shows that
the banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem eco-friendly face mask was filtered in
the distance of 0.05 m, 0.10 m, 0.20 m and 0. 40 m.
According to Studman (2020), when it comes to particle filtering, multi-layer
masks outperformed single-layer masks by a wide margin wherein three-layer
covers generally did the most excellent. Therefore, it supported the particle
filtration testing of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly face
mask that the reason why the particles did not pass through the second layer of
Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem eco-friendly face mask is that it is
composed of three layers. Whatever the distance is the particles but if the
second layer, filtration layer is good, no particles will pass through.
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
2.3 Water Repellent Testing:
Amount of water Water Repulsion

2.5mL Repelled
5mL Repelled
7.5mL Repelled
10mL Repelled
Table 2.3. The water repulsion ability of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem Face mask in terms of Water Repellent Testing
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The table shows the result based on the conducted experiment. It indicates that
the Banana pseudostem face mask is 100% effective on repelling water as it can
repel 2.5 mL, 5mL, 7.5mL and 10mL of water. It means that the Banana
pseudostem face mask has a hydrophobic layer.
According to Songer (2020), particles are the one which infects a human and a
water repellant layer of mask can prevent droplets to enter and infect someone
else. The most recommendable and effective outermost layer is the hydrophobic
layer.
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III. Quality and perceived impacts of respondents on the Banana "Musa
Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask
3.1 Quality of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem
Statements Weighted Verbal Verbal

Mean Description Interpretation
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The Banana "Musa Acuminata" 4.1 Strongly Outstanding
pseudostem Face mask does agree
not block my airways and I can
still breath.
The use of Banana "Musa 3.8 Moderately Very
Acuminata" pseudostem Face agree Satisfactory
mask is a good alternative face
mask as it is not easily broken
when it comes contact to water
and durable enough for a day
use
Banana "Musa Acuminata" 4.5 Strongly Outstanding
pseudostem Face mask is not agree
too small and not too big as it fits
my face well.
Average Weighted Mean 4.0 Moderately Very
Agree satisfactory
Table 3.1. Mean Response of the Frontliners on the Quality of the Banana
"Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask in terms of breathability,
durability, and fit
The table shows the mean response of the respondents on the quality of the
Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem face mask.
The first statement: The Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Eco-Friendly
Face mask does not block my airways and I can still breath, the respondents`
answers gave an average weighted mean of 4.1 with a verbal description of
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Strongly agree and a verbal interpretation of Outstanding. This implies that the
Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask has a good airflow and
breathable in use.
The effectiveness of a face mask will decrease if it is too difficult to breathe while
wearing one as the covering can quickly get wet from condensation from the
user's breath. With this, damp mask is a long way much less effective than a dry
mask. Thus, face mask should be breathable enough in order to bring comfort
and avoid suffocation to the one who uses it Berjikian (2020). This statement
supports the Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudostem face mask`s effectiveness
in terms of breathability
The second statement: The use of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face
mask is a good alternative face mask as it is not easily broken when it comes
contact to water and durable enough for a day use, the respondents` answers
gave an average weighted mean of 3.8 with a verbal description of Moderately
agree and a verbal interpretation of Very satisfactory. This indicates that the
Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask is a good alternative face
mask and durable enough for a single use.
Face masks are also rated and tested based on their potential for use and how
well masks maintain their effectiveness, as the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) recommends that people should change their masks regularly
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to ensure that your level of protection does not decrease further. It is especially
important to wear face masks that are durable enough that they can be worn for
a day to ensure they don't break in the middle of use (Malin, 2021). This
statement supports the Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudostem face mask`s
effectiveness in terms of durability.
The third statement: Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask is not
too small and not too big as it fits my face well, the respondents` answers gave
an average weighted mean of 4.5 with a verbal description of Moderately agree
and a verbal interpretation of Very satisfactory. This proves that the Banana
"Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask has a good fit and comfortable to
use.
It is right with a purpose to breathe easily at the same time as carrying a mask so
it does not have to be removed while out in public simply to get sufficient air . The
face masks must fit snugly from under the nose to the chin and back toward the
ear. If gaps exist, then the face mask will do nothing to protect a person from
breathing in and out tiny respiratory particles. Having a mask that could fit the
face can prevent someone else from blowing their breath over other people and
potentially spreading virus (Carbonaro, 2020). This statement supports the ability
of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudostem face mask`s effectiveness in
terms of its fitness usability
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3.2 Perceived Impacts to the community of Banana "Musa Acuminata"
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Statements Weight Verbal Verbal
ed Description interpretation
Mean
1. The use Banana "Musa 4.7 Strongly Outstanding
Acuminata" pseudostem Agree
Face mask can help the
community to reduce the
use of plastics.
The use of Banana "Musa 4.7 Strongly Outstanding
Face mask can help the
community to be cleaner
and greener.
Face mask can raise
awareness to the
community in taking care
of the environment since it
is made up of organic
materials.
Face mask can help to
prevent deforestation since
there is no need to cut
trees in making the paper
face mask.
Face mask is a practical
way on reducing the waste
product of banana tree AMA UNIVERSITY ONLINE EDUCATION (AMAOED), #59B Panay Avenue, Quezon City.
Average weighted mean 4.7 Strongly Outstanding
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Agree
Table 3.2. Mean response of the Frontliners on the Perceived Impacts of
using Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask
The table illustrates the mean response of the respondents on their perception
on the impacts of using Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask to
the community
The first statement: The use Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask
can help the community to reduce the use of plastics, the respondents` answers
gave an average weighted mean of 4.7 with a verbal description of Strongly
agree and a verbal interpretation of Outstanding. It implies that the Banana
"Musa Acuminata" Pseudo STEM Face mask has a capability to help the
community to reduce the use of plastics.
Disposable mask carries plastics made from polymers consisting of
polypropylene, polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and
polyethylene that could increase the plastic pollution in this time of pandemic
(United Nations News, 2020). On the other hand, Bandyopadhay and Singh
(2013) stated that banana fibers are 100% eco-friendly in terms of disposal and
production. As single-use face masks contain plastics, biodegradable options
ought to be used to replace it for a better and healthy environment as the
environmental field promotes the smart use of natural resources (Smith, 2020).
Therefore, this statement supports the functionality of Banana “Musa Acuminata”
Pseudostem Face mask on helping the community to lessen the use of plastics
caused by disposable masks.
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The second statement: The use of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face
mask can help the community to be cleaner and greener, the respondents`
Strongly agree and a verbal interpretation of Outstanding. It indicates that the
Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask has a capability to help the
community to be cleaner and greener.
According to World Wildlife Fund (2021), one of the ways to reduce carbon
footprints is to forestall waste and recycle products. The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (2020) stated that recycling can benefit the
environment as well as the community through processing materials that could
otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products.
Therefore, green products must be non-toxic, derived from organic and natural
ingredients, and most significantly is biodegradable so it does not affect the
environment negatively. Thus, this statement supports the means of the use of
the Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudostem Face mask on helping the
community to be cleaner and greener due to the fact that it is a biodegradable
and eco-friendly material which additionally enables to reduce the quantity of
waste dispatched to landfills and bodies of water as it recycles the banana
pseudostem waste
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The third statement: The use of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face
mask can raise awareness to the community on taking care of the
environment since it is made up of organic materials, the respondents`
Strongly agree and a verbal interpretation of Outstanding. It shows that the
Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask has a capability to raise
awareness to the community on taking care the environment by utilizing organic
and natural products.
Jaydeep, Parinita, Vibha, Tarun, and Vinod (2018) said that the awareness about
utilized banana waste products are not normally identified. However, its products
are advanced in terms of quality and cost- efficiency. Banana is one of the most
common fruit crops in agricultural industry. Its extensive by-products are an
outstanding source of highly valuable raw materials for different industries with
the aid of using recycling agricultural waste. With this, an ultimate loss of large
quantity of untapped biomass and environmental problems may be prevented
(Padam, Tin, Chye, and Abdullah, 2014). Therefore, this statement supports the
capability of using the Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudostem Face mask on
raising awareness to the community on taking care the environment since it is
made up of organic materials.
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The fourth statement: The use of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face
mask can help to prevent deforestation since there is no need to cut trees
in making the paper face mask, the respondents` answers gave an average
weighted mean of 4.8 with a verbal description of Strongly agree and a verbal
interpretation of Outstanding. It shows that the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem Face mask has a capability to prevent deforestation on making the
paper face mask.
Deforestation has undoubtedly been a problem from then until today. Aside from
its environmental impact, it also brings with it various problems such as soil
degradation, excessive mass wasting, increasing the negative impact of natural
disasters on the community, and most importantly, contributing to climate change
(Goncalves, 2019). One of the solutions to prevent deforestation is to promote
sustainable choices by choosing recycled products and demand that the sourcing
of it is executed in an environmentally and socially responsible manner
(Greenpeace, 2020). On the other hand, after harvesting the fruit, the banana
pseudostem will only be throwed as waste because according to the farmers, it
will have no use already so it needs to be cut off (Subagyo & Chafidz, 2018).
With that, these statements means that the usage of Banana “Musa Acuminata”
Pseudostem Face mask can help to prevent deforestation given that there will be
no need to cut down trees in making the paper face masks as it promotes the
reusability and recyclability of the banana pseudostem.
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The fifth statement: The use of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face
mask is a practical way on reducing the waste product of banana tree, the
respondents` answers gave an average weighted mean of 4.8 with a verbal
description of Strongly agree and a verbal interpretation of Outstanding. It shows
that the use of Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask can be a
practical way on reducing the waste product of banana tree.
According to Subagyo and Chafidz (2018), the banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem can shrink and arise as residual biomass after the banana fruit is
harvested, due to the fact the banana plant is unusable for the subsequent
harvest. For each for each cycle of banana fruit production, four times of biomass
wastes are also produced. Banana wastes are commonly disposed by the farmer
into landfills, lakes and rivers or absolutely burned. If not properly managed, the
banana tree wastes can cause trouble to the environment. Also, if the banana
wastes are dumped in wet conditions or burned, it could produce greenhouse
gas which can add to the environmental burdens. Therefore, this statement
supports that the use of Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudostem Face mask is a
practical way on reducing the waste product of banana tree as it recycles the
banana pseudostem as a face mask in order to help to reduce biomass waste.
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PART 4
DISCUSSION
Summary of the Result
After going through experimentation and product making the findings were
revealed as follows:
1.The banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face Mask’s measures 18
cm by 11 cm in size, its mass is 10 grams, its color is brown, its odor is a
bit of banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem smell, and its texture is
smooth. Thus, this paper successfully determined the observable
characteristics of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face mask in
terms of Size, Mass, Color, Odor and Texture.
2.1. The Banana "Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face mask has 100%
efficiency on the candle testing as it can filter the air from the mask at the
distance of 0.025m, 0.05m, 0.10m and 0.20m.
2.2. The banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem eco-friendly Face Mask
can filter in the distance of 0.05 m, 0.10 m, 0.20 m and 0.40 m.
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2.3 The Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face Mask can repel 2.5
mL, 5mL, 7.5mL and 10mL of water. It means that the Banana
pseudostem Face Mask has a hydrophobic layer. Thus, this paper
successfully tested the effectiveness of Banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem Face Mask in terms of Candle Testing, Particle Filtration
Testing and Water Repellent Testing.
3.1 The average weighted mean on the quality of Banana "Musa
Acuminata" pseudostem Face Mask in terms of durability, breathability
and fit for the respondents mean response is 4.0 with a verbal
interpretation of very satisfactory. This shows that the Frontliners agreed
that the Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem face mask has a good
quality.
3.2 The results obtained an average weighted mean of 4.76, which the
verbal interpretation is very satisfactory. This indicates that the
respondents agreed Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face Mask
has a good impact in the community. Thus, this paper successfully
determined the perspective of the respondents in terms of quality and
impacts of the Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face mask
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Conclusion
1. The banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask’s size and
mass match the ideal size and mass of regular face mask, the color and
texture depend on the thickness of the banana pseudostem or fiber while
the odor matched to the odor of a Banana fabric and paper.
2.1 Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask has 100%
efficiency on the candle testing, it does not blow out the flame in the
candle.
2.2 Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask can filter particles
within the distance of 0.05 to 0.40 meters
2.3 Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem face mask repels amount of
water from 2.5 ml to 10ml that proves that the hydrophobic layer of the
Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face Mask is water repellent.
3.1 The selected Frontliners on Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal agreed
that the Banana "Musa Acuminata" Pseudo- STEM Face mask has a good
quality. However, the selected Frontliners gave a low mean score to its
durability.
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3.2 The selected Frontliners in barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal agreed
that the Banana "Musa Acuminata" pseudostem Face mask has a good
impact in the community.
Recommendations
1. The Researcher recommends the Consumers to support and buy
Banana pseudostem eco-friendly facemask as it is extremely cheap
and can help lessen the pollution
2. The researcher recommends the Community to practice the use of
Banana pseudostem eco-friendly face mask in to encourage others not
to use disposable face mask.
3. The researcher recommends the Banana farm to start in making
Banana pseudostem eco-friendly face mask. Through this new idea,
they can improve their business by using the wastes from banana
stem. They can also create new job opportunities.
4. The researcher recommends the Government to support the
production of banana pseudostem eco-friendly facemask by giving
funds, so the use of disposable face mask will decrease
5. The researcher recommends Future researcher to conduct the survey
on as many as available respondents to have greater response on the
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perceived quality and impacts of the Banana "Musa Acuminata"
pseudostem face mask to the community.
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APPENDIX A
Research Instrument
Due to COVID-19 Health Protocols, the questionnaire is distributed online
through this link:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdHG1CmwRxvC8V9waz-vL-vLz-
B3wKGGejwGw5VfJFxRbJUGg/viewform
A. PROFILING
Name:(Optional) Age: _____________
Sex: __________
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B. Please use the following degrees of frequency:
1.0 - Strongly Disagree (SD) 4.0 - Agree (A)
2.0 - Disagree (D) 5.0 - Strongly Agree (SA)
3.0 - Moderately Agree (M)
QUALITY 1.0 2. 3.0 4.0 5.0

0
1. The Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem
Face mask does not block my airways and I
can still breathe.
2. The use of Banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem Face mask is a good alternative
face mask as it is does not easily break when
it comes in contact with water and is durable
enough for a day use.
pseudostem Face mask is not too small and
not too big as it fits my face well.
IMPACTS IN THE COMMUNITY 1.0 2. 3.0 4.0 5.0
0
pseudostem Face mask can help the
community to reduce the use of plastics.
pseudostem Face mask can help the
community to be cleaner and greener.
pseudostem Face mask can raise awareness
to the community in taking care of the
environment since it is made up of organic
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materials.
pseudostem Face mask can help prevent
deforestation since there is no need to cut
trees in making the paper face mask.
pseudostem Face mask is a practical way on
reducing the waste product of banana tree.
Appendix B: Topic Proposal Sheet
Name of Student Angel Y. Calica

Student ID Strand Grade 12 STEM
Proposed Title A Study of Banana “Musa Acuminata” Pseudo Stem as a

Biodegradable Alternative to Disposable Face Mask
Statement of the In order solve the environmental problem brought forth by the
Problem single use of face mask due to COVID-19 pandemic, the
research entitled "A Study of Banana “Musa Acuminata”
pseudostem as a Biodegradable Alternative to Disposable
Face Mask" intended to answer the following:
1.To determine the observable physical characteristics of the
Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem face mask in terms
of:
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1.1 Size
1.2 Mass
1.3 Color
1.4 Odor
1.5 Texture
2. To test the effectiveness of Banana “Musa Acuminata”

pseudostem Face Mask in terms of:
2.1 Candle Testing
2.2 Particle Filtration Testing
2.3 Water Repellent Testing
3. To determine the mean response of selected frontliners in

Barangay San Isidro on the following:
3.1 Quality of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face
Mask
3.2 Impacts of Banana “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem Face
Mask to the community
Objective of the This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Banana

Study “Musa Acuminata” pseudostem as an alternative to
disposable face mask
Research Design The research design that will be used in making this study
will be the experimental research design.
References Ascaño, A., Labrador, B., Perez, P., & Viaña, P. (2020). The
Possibility of Paper out of Banana Bark. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/39911283/
PAPER_OUT_OF_BANANA_BARK?email_work_card=view-
paper
Carbonaro, G. (2020, August). 3 ways you can test the

effectiveness of your face mask. Retrieved from
https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-19/3-ways-you-can-
test-the-effectiveness-of-your-face-mask-T0PTPlphaE/
index.html?
Energy Live News (2021, February 9). Coronavirus Face

Masks 'Could Have a Devastating Effect on the Environment.
Retrieved from
Admission: (+63)956-386-1714. 73
www.energylivenews.com/2020/03/17/coronavirus-face-
masks-could-have-a-devastating-effect-on-the-environment/
Reviewed and Endorsed by:
Research Adviser Date:
Admission: (+63)956-386-1714. 74
Appendix C: Final Defense Score Sheet
Summary of Scores for RSCH122 Defense
Date of Defense: ___________

Name of
Student
Student
Program/Strand
Number
Subject
Title of
Research
Quality of
Quality of Ability to
the
Originalit the defend the
Name of the Panel Research Sub-
y Research Research
Member/s Manuscrip total
(40%) Presentation Paper
t
(20%) (20%)
(20%)
TOTAL SCORE
AVERAGE SCORE
Certified Correct:
_________________________________
Member
__________________________________
RSCH122 Adviser
Approved by:
Ms. Mary Soriano, MSCS

Dean, AMA OEd
Admission: (+63)956-386-1714. 75
BIOGRAPHY
I am Angel Ybiernas Calica. I was born in 3 rd of August 2002 in Quezon City,
Philippines. I am currently studying at AMA University Online Education and a
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Student.
I studied at Green Gables Academy from Grade 1 until Grade 5. I finished my
Elementary Education, Grade 6 at Greenpark Montessori High School. I studied
at Dee Hwa Liong Academy from Grade 7 until Grade 10.
My personal purpose and reasons for studying this research “A Study of Banana
“Musa Acuminata” pseudostem as a Biodegradable Alternative to Disposable
Face Mask” is to help to reduce mask pollution by conserving the banana
pseudostem after harvesting to make an ecofriendly face mask. The purpose of
this study is to create a positive impact on our environment, preserve waste
products and to reduce pollution.
Admission: (+63)956-386-1714. 76

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AMA UNIVERSITY ONLINE EDUCATION

Senior High School Department

“A STUDY OF BANANA “Musa acuminata”

PSEUDOSTEM AS A BIODEGRADABLE ALTERNATIVE

TO DISPOSABLE FACE MASK"

ANGEL YBIERNAS CALICA

MONTH AND YEAR FINISHED

This research entitled “A STUDY OF BANANA “MUSA ACUMINATA”

Approved by the COMMITTEE ON FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION on

School at AMA University Online Education. I would also like to express my

efforts in correcting my research paper. I wouldn’t be able to accomplish this

paper without your knowledge, guidance and support.

when i needed it, who gave me encouragement and further guidance.

motivation and inspiration throughout the process of this research.

Title : A STUDY OF BANANA “MUSA ACUMINATA”

PSEUDOSTEM AS A BIODEGRADABLE ALTERNATIVE TO DISPOSABLE

Researcher/s: Angel Y. Calica

Adviser : Prof. Ma. Kristina Ayongao

Program : GRADE 12 - STEM

School : AMA University Online Education

Acuminata” pseudostem as an eco-friendly Face Mask where its physical

characteristics were observed and its effectiveness as a Biodegradable

Alternative to Disposable Face Mask was determined. Experimental research

the researcher determined the observable physical characteristics of Banana

the mean response of the participants on the effectiveness of using Banana

Results indicate that the Banana pseudostem Face Mask’s size is 18 cm by 11

repellent testing. The mean response of the respondents on the effectiveness of

characteristics suits the ideal qualities of a face mask. Likewise, it is an effective

Title Page ......…………………….………………………………………………………… i

Approval Sheet ……………………..………………………………………………. ii

Acknowledgement ………………….……………………………………………… iii

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………… vi

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………… viii

List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… ix

The Problem and its Background ……………...………………………… 1

Part II. Methodology

Research Design …………………………………………………… 27

Part III. Results

Data Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis …...………………….. 37

Part IV. Discussion

Summary of the Result ……………………………………………..…….. 54

Table # Titles Page

Table # Titles Page

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

As of today, face masks are as essential as ID passes and medicine. People

19 pandemic brought numerous changes in the world which include social

distancing and obligatory use of face mask in public places. Medical

instructed the Philippine policemen to imprison whoever individuals are violating

the health protocol—even those using face masks without reaching the nose.

bring various negative impacts on the environment. It contains plastics produced

from polymers such as polypropylene, polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile,

polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyethylene. The pollution driven by gigantic

cannot be reused nor recycled as it is considered a medical waste even when it

is disposed accurately. It ends up either in landfill or being burned, which can

waste is caused by a single use surgical mask which eco-friendly replacements

must be promoted (Parkinson, 2020).

Thus, the government has been encouraged to do more to stimulate individuals

to switch from disposable masks to reusable coverings considering it can aid

avoid from spreading COVID-19 to others if someone is asymptomatic and it can

(Waste Advantage Magazine, 2020).

healthy environment to continue producing wealth by promoting wise use of

natural resources (Smith, 2018).