Assessment DRRM 2023

ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES AND PRACTICES
ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
A Thesis Presented
in the Faculty of the
School of Education, Arts and Sciences
University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH LEGAL STUDIES
By
IGLESIA, JUSTINE PAUL I.

MARCOS, MA. MINETTE FRITZIE T.
ORPILLA, JAMAYCA C.
2022-2023
Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

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APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Political
Science with Legal Studies, this study entitled: “ASSESSMENT ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES AND PRACTICES ON DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT” has been prepared and submitted by JUSTINE
PAUL I. IGLESIA, MA. MINETTE FRITZIE T. MARCOS, AND JAMAYCA C. ORPILLA,
thus hereby presented for approval.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D.

Research Adviser and Data Analyst
NATALIE KATE RAMIREZ, LPT

Language Editor
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ______
HERBERT S CORPUZ, Ed.D

Chairman
JENNIFER C. BANGI, MARS CHRISTIAN BOSCH S. TAYLAN

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of
Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies.
HERBERT S. CORPUZ, Ed.D.

Dean, School of Education, Arts, and Science

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DEDICATION
This thesis paper is highly dedicated to the constituents of the disaster-prone

communities who are in need of proper assistance and stewardship from their
governmental institution. Without them this would not be made possible because they
served as the inspiration and the main reason of the study.
To our research instructor and adviser, Dr. Darin Jan Tindowen for his patient
guidance and willingness to impart his exceptional expertise have greatly influenced and
molded us into more knowledgeable and disciplined researchers.
To all research experts who have generously devoted their time and expertise to
polish this research.
To Mark Macababbad, whose love, support, and endless help have empowered
Fritzie Marcos with the motivation to fulfill this study, while his invaluable advice has
emboldened her to deliver the very best version of this work.
The researchers also dedicate this paper to their families who keep on
motivating them not to give up and who supported them throughout the making and
success of this study. And to God Almighty who gave them the vigor, courage and
perseverance to pursue and accomplish this study.
This is all for you.
The Researchers

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are a number of people without whom this thesis paper might not have
been accomplished, and to whom they are greatly indebted.
Very special thanks to MR. DARIN JAN TINDOWEN, their thesis

adviser/instructor for his unending and priceless support in making this study into reality.
Without his guidance and help, this paper could not have been possible.
To the Board of Panelist, Mr. Christian Bosch Taylan, Mrs. Jennifer Bangi and
Mrs. Marie Jean Mendezabal who shared their constructive criticisms, for without
comments, suggestions and recommendations, this study would not be refined.
Sincerest thanks to all the participants of the three disaster prone barangays,
who had been hospitable and voluntarily participated.
To their families and friends for their endless financial, moral and spiritual
support.
And most of all to the Father God Almighty who had been with them since the
beginning of their research course up to the success and completion of this paper. All
praise and honor to you Lord.
The Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title Page …….……………………………………………………… i
Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………… ii
Dedication ................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………… iv
Table of Contents ...…….……………………………………………………. v
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………. vi
List of Figures …….……………………………………………………… vii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………… 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study …………………..……………………… 1
Research Questions ………………………..………………… 2
Hypothesis ………………………………………….. 3
Significance of the Study ……………………………..…………… 3
Conceptual Framework ………………………………………….. 3
Literature Review ………………………………….………. 4
METHODS
Research Design ………………………………………….. 7
Locale of the Study ………………………………………….. 7
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………….. 8
Research Instruments ….….…………………………………… 8
Data Gathering Procedures ………………………………………….. 8
Data Analysis ……..………………..………………….. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ……………………………………………... 9

CONCLUSION …………………………………………………… 19
RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………………… 19
REFERENCES ……………………………………………..……. 21
APPENDICES
Appendix A – Questionnaire …………………………………… 24
Appendix B – Literature Matrix …………………………………… 27
Appendix C – Adviser’s Acceptance Form …………………………….. 45
Appendix D – Letter to the Vice President for Academics …………… 46
Appendix E – Letter to Barangay Captains ………………………….. 47
Appendix F – Letter of Endorsement ………………………….. 50
Appendix G – Data Analysis Certificate ………………………….. 51
Appendix H – Certification of Plagiarism Check …………………. 52
Appendix I – Certification of Language Editing …………………. 53
Appendix J – Minutes of Thesis Defense ………………………….. 54
Appendix K – Progress Report ………………………….. 57
Appendix L – Photo Documentation ………………………….. 59
Appendix M – Curriculum Vitae ………………………….. 60

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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title of Table Page

1 Level of Implementation ….…………………………………….. 9
1.a Prevention and Mitigation ………………………………………... 10
1.b Preparedness and Risk Reduction ……………………………… 11
1.c Emergency Response ……………………………………….. 13
1.d Rehabilitation and Recovery …………………………………….. 14
2 Significant Difference .………………………………………. 15

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title of Figure Page

1 Research Paradigm …………………………………………….. 7
2 Map of Cagayan …………………………………………….. 7
3 Framework Proposal …………………………………………….. 18

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ABSTRACT
Global warming has increased the frequency of typhoons and hurricanes with strong
winds, well as the ensuing marine disasters. Philippines, located in the Pacific Ring of Fire,
experiences an average of 20 typhoons every year. For instance, Enrile, a municipality in
Cagayan Province located along the Cagayan River, is one of Cagayan’s most vulnerable
municipalities during disasters as it is prone to flash floods, landslides, and erosion. Hence,
this paper aims to determine the implementation of the programs and practices of the Local
Government Unit of Enrile in accordance with the National Disaster Risk Management
Framework of RA 10121 through the assessment of residents and implementers, respectively.
This study utilized mixed-method research employing quantitative and qualitative types,
specifically descriptive and basic qualitative research. Consequently, results reveal a
significant difference in the assessment of the residents and the implementers. The study
concludes that the MDRRMC of Enrile has a high level of implementation in the policies,
programs, and activities of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management along its four phases:
prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness and risk reduction, emergency response,
and rehabilitation and recovery. Hence, the compliance of different programs, policies, and
activities of MDRRMC of Enrile on Disaster Risk and Reduction Management (RA 10121) is
high. In addition, the challenges and experiences encountered by the residents and
implementers in disaster risk reduction and management include unequal distribution of
disaster aid, delayed response and recovery, insufficient warning systems and devices, lack of
proper training for DRRM team and rescue operations, and challenges in convincing people to
evacuate.
KEYWORDS: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, Policies and Programs, Local
Government Unit, Typhoons, Floods
__________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Regular natural disasters frequently result in numerous fatalities and severe financial
damage. Typhoons/hurricanes pose the greatest threat to the lives of humans because of their
destructive power and hazards. Typhoons and hurricanes with high winds have occurred more
frequently due to global warming, along with the resulting marine calamities (Liu et al., 2013).
For instance, due to Philippines’ location which is in the Pacific Ring of Fire, an average
of 20 typhoons every year is being experienced (Donato & Lorica, 2020). Wherefore, typhoons
pose a threat to much of the Philippines, and the country's coastal seas are home to around 20
of them a year, or 25% of all typhoons worldwide (Holden & Jacobson, 2012). Three hundred
twenty-two (322) of the 856 tropical storms that entered Philippine waters between 1970 and
2013 caused damage (National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council, 2014). Typhoon
Ulysses, in particular, in November, 2020 caused extensive flooding and unexpected flood
heights in the provinces of Isabela and Cagayan. It also brought unprecedented rains to the
Cagayan Valley region (Mata et al., 2022). The region reported that the damages to the
infrastructure and agriculture cost around 4.95 billion (National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management, 2020).
In particular, Enrile is one of the municipalities in Cagayan Province, Philippines, that is

subject to severe flooding (Cruz, 2014). As a result of its location along the Cagayan River,
Enrile is considered one of Cagayan's most vulnerable municipalities during disasters. It is
Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk Reduction and
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prone to flash floods, landslides, and erosion. During flooding, several of its distant barangays
were cut off (UNOCHA, 2012). Typhoon Lawin, regarded as the most powerful typhoon that the
country encountered and experienced in 2016, was one of the most damaging surges or
typhoons ever to make landfall. Also, Enrile is one of the municipalities that was severely
impacted. Additionally, in the analysis of UNITAR-UNOSAT, the potential damaged structure
and 591 of it were in Enrile (International Charter Space and Major Disasters, 2016).
Likewise, given the Philippines' vulnerability to natural calamities, disaster management

has long been a top priority (Cruz, 2014). Meanwhile, the Philippine government continuously
enacts Disaster Risk Management laws and initiatives to mitigate such calamities' impact.
(Pelling, 2015; Matyas, 2015). Republic Act No. 9729, often known as the "Climate Change
Act," is one of these laws. This act incorporates climate change into government policy
formulations by developing a framework plan and program for climate change. R.A. No. 10121
was enacted to strengthen the system of the Philippines in disaster risk reduction. It entails
explicitly the development of plans and policies and the implementation of activities and
procedures on all aspects of DRRM. The crucial element of the DRRM framework and the
national DRRM plans is also given (Domingo, 2014), establishing the DRRM council at the
national and local levels. A separate office is formed with the primary responsibility of carrying
out programs for DRRM. In comparison, the phases involve horizontal and vertical cooperation
in the government as well as collaboration between private and public entities with a range of
different functional roles and responsibilities (Gerber, 2012). Further, the main actor in disaster
management is the LGU. The LGUs must have an emergency plan, invest in the pre-disaster
phase, and set aside 5% of local income for the disaster fund. The LGUs may devote as well
additional resources from the annual budget to DRRM operations (Cruz, 2014).
However, despite these existing laws, there is a significant gap between recognition and
active implementation of disaster management programs in the Philippines, which is frequently
attributed to the government's failure to provide adequate resources and awareness related to
mitigating various hazard threats, particularly to LGU. Evidence and valid investigations show
that the country lacked a master plan for natural disaster risk management, such as prediction,
warning, mitigation, and preparedness, as well as an unspecified responsible government
authority, lack of a clear line of authority, poor collaboration among institutions at different
levels, lack of encouragement for local government units and international non-governmental
organizations to participate, and lack of education and knowledge for future disasters (Matyas &
Pelling, 2015).
Hence, this study was conducted to determine the policies, programs, and activities of
the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Enrile that are implemented, especially at the Barangay
level, which pertain to Disaster Risk Reduction Management and Mitigation and to know its
extent of compliance on Republic Act 10121 or the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Act of 2010.
Research Objectives/Questions
This study aimed to determine and evaluate the compliance of policies and programs
related to disaster risk reduction and management of the Municipality of Enrile. Specifically, it
answered the following questions:
1. What is the level of implementation of Enrile on Republic Act 10121 or the Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010 as assessed by residents and implementers
along the following:
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a. Prevention and Mitigation
b. Emergency Preparedness and Risk Reduction
c. Emergency Response
d. Rehabilitation and Recovery
2. Is there a significant difference in the level of implementation of disaster risk reduction and
management policies and programs as assessed by the residents and implementers?
3. What are the challenges encountered by the implementers and residents in the
implementation of the disaster risk reduction and management of the municipality?
4. What proposed disaster risk reduction and management program be developed to address
the issues and challenges of the residents and implementers?
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the level of implementation of disaster risk reduction

and management policies and programs as assessed by the residents and implementers.
Significance of the Study
The study is significant to the LGUs, general population, and political science students.
To the local government units, the findings will help them formulate new interventions and
disaster risk reduction management measures patterned to the problems, needs, and overall
assessment among communities frequently hit by disasters. To the general population, the
facts found, specifically the roles and measures enacted by the people whose communities
undergo disaster management, will be beneficial for the awareness and practices of the
general population, resulting in a rapid and efficient community-built recovery process after the
onslaught of a disaster. To the Political Science students, the findings will serve as evidence
and background to assess whether or not the implementation of disaster risk reduction and
management should be delegated merely among local government units, or should the national
government enact its own disaster management interventions to assist the local government
units in their recovery process.
Conceptual Framework
This study is anchored on R.A. 10121, which is known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management (PDRRM) Act of 2010." It focuses on DRRM law, which considers
the following goals and objectives: (1) to strengthen the country's resilience against natural
disasters, and (2) to lessen the damage and loss of life and property caused by the calamities.
R.A. 10121 specifically calls for progress in the scheme and policies and the levels of
implementation on all aspects of DRRM, such as good governance, early warning, and
preparedness to achieve effective response and rapid recovery.
Local government units (LGUs) are mandated to "adopt a holistic, broad, unified, and
dynamic approach in the disaster risk reduction management” (RA 10121, Sec. 2 (d)).
Moreover, the pre-, during, and post-implementation of disaster risk reduction management
must be examined (Itaas et al., 2020). The implication of RA 10121 on the study determines
the effectiveness of the municipality in implementing its disaster risk reduction and
management plan.
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Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
The concept of disaster risk reduction and management has progressively evolved to
various degrees, which leads to an increase in the awareness of people that disaster
management is more than just reacting to events. Effective disaster management employs
holistic management strategies for risks and their connection with susceptibility (Elsner & Liu,
2011). The disaster risk reduction and management of the Philippines reflected a lack of
development for more than three decades for they focused on disaster response and recovery
with military and national police serving as key actors (Kelman et al., 2011). Hence, the
disaster managers should analyze the relation of their local circumstances towards the effects
of disasters to come up with a solution to the disaster in advance.
It is also beneficial to examine the disaster risk reduction and management cycle to
determine which choices are accessible as aspects of national policy. Firstly, the prevention
phase is the measure that prevents harmful effects of disaster in communities. Secondly, the
mitigation phase is used to lessen the impact of a disaster on a country or locality. Thirdly, the
preparedness phase is the measure that enables the authorities, localities, and people to
immediately and properly respond to disaster events. Fourthly, response phase is where
actions must be taken immediately after the disaster. Lastly, the recovery phase is where the
community and nation unite in order to bring back how things were before the disaster struck
(Carter, 2010).
The direction of DRRM in the Philippines is toward the NDRRM Plan's objective to
create safer, adaptive, and disaster-resilient Filipino communities for long-term development
(NDRRMP, 2011). According to R.A. 10121, MDRRMCs are required to "direct the growth,
operation, and integration of disaster risk management activities within their respective
geographical boundaries." Traditionally, disaster funding in the Philippines was tied to the
National Calamity Fund (NCF). Local governments were mandated to allot 5% of their valued
revenues to their calamity fund (Brower, Magno & Dilling, 2014). Furthermore, a successful
emergency management happens when an effective authority exists and the conduct of
objectivity flourishes (Rothstein, 2011). While objectivity is on the outcome aspect of political
systems, it is claimed that on the input side, in the political actions that contribute to accessible,
inclusive organizations, objectivity is considered (Brower, Magno & Dilling, 2014).
Prevention and Mitigation
Over the past years, calamities have increased in frequency and rigor because of
climate change and human activity. Many scholars have recently studied the breadth and
significance of disaster prevention and mitigation from different perspectives. Section 3 of R.A.
10121 defines disaster prevention as an immediate action before the strike of a disaster to
prevent or reduce the effect of the disaster. Meanwhile, disaster mitigation is lessening
disastrous impacts of dangers and disasters. Examples of mitigation approaches are
engineering methods, hazard-resilient constructions, improved environmental legislations, and
public awareness.
The prevention and mitigation phases include essential action plans that prioritize
efforts centered on hazard evaluation and mitigation, vulnerability assessments, and risk
assessments. It focuses on a thorough investigation on the various elements that lead to
people's susceptibility and, as a result, their vulnerabilities and exposure to dangers and
calamities (NDRRMC Plan, 2011). Mitigation includes proper land and coastal zone
Management | 4
management and other continuing loss-cutting activities. Mitigation might also involve
relocating villages and towns to avert future losses (Dela Cruz, 2016).
Natural disaster occurrence and loss are both increasing in relation to global climate
change, which poses a severe risk to the long-term sustainability of human society. Preventing
disasters and mitigating disaster loss through government expenditure is one of the essential
disaster management strategies, but determining the ideal percentage of spending for disaster
prevention and mitigation has always been a challenging problem that concerns people (Wu &
Guo, 2021).
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster preparedness is the most important factor in decreasing the global effect of
disasters. A prevention stage of disaster risk reduction and management is identified as any
operation conducted by the government, people, and rescue groups prior to a disaster hits,
which aims to decrease the potential devastating effects of the disaster (Kunz et al., 2014). If
preparation is done before the crisis occurs, the number of deaths in a disaster can be
effectively minimized; however, people only realize it when it has already occurred (Gumasing
et al., 2022).
The agency that has a crucial role before, during, and after disasters is the Local
government because they have direct authority over their people and are supposed to
recognize the needs of the community (Itaas et. al., 2020). The level of disaster preparedness
and response capabilities of numerous local governments is low. (Dariagan et al., 2020). A
successful disaster preparedness program needs a support system in place so that people
would know what to do and where to go if a disaster or a calamity hits (Lobaton, 2018).
The critical factors that affect the preparedness and readiness of Filipinos are access to
information, especially about the evacuation plan, faith in the government, preparedness of
LGU, and financial support from the government (Laingo et. al., 2022). Being well-prepared for
a personal crisis or a disaster raises the level of public confidence in the government (Lobaton,
2018). The academics and practitioners request for the disaster preparedness implementation
to lessen the effect of calamities worldwide and to increase the effectiveness and speed of
relief assistance (Kunz et al., 2014).
Disaster Response
Phenomena like storms, earthquakes, and typhoons can hit a community, causing
havoc and harming many people. Disaster response is one of the phases of disaster
management that plays a role during or following a disaster. According to Sec. 3 of R.A. 10121,
an act of providing emergency response is the immediate action after a disaster in order to help
people who have been injured, to lessen its impact, and to provide basic necessities for those
people affected. Most of the time, this phase focuses on disaster relief.
The response phase is a critical phase in the disaster risk reduction and management
life cycle. Response is an action before, during, and immediately following a disaster to ensure
that its impacts are minimized and that those affected are provided with quick assistance and
support. Organizing, leading, and regulating assistance in efficiently managing the disaster
response phase will lessen any possible impact (Kulatunga, Thayaparan & Al-Dahash, 2016).
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The primary goal of disaster response is to produce shelter and help disaster victims as
quickly and effectively as possible (Rawls & Turnquist, 2010). Food, water, shelter, protection,
and medical assistance are needed in typhoon emergencies, and the effort to give these
necessities to the victims must be organized rapidly via a dependable communication network.
Typically, disaster relief operations comprise many phases, including establishing
communication systems, conducting search and rescue operations, and providing essential first
aid services (Narayanan & Ibe, 2015). However, one of the biggest challenges in beginning any
humanitarian help is organizing the logistics and associated routes for rescue and relief
activities. Therefore, for optimum responsive logistics planning, the essential resources and
relief goods should be organized, places for collection and distribution should be identified and
established, and transportation and distribution of resources for mitigation and recovery should
be planned (Das et al., 2021).
Disaster Recovery
Post-disaster recovery can be assessed by bringing back the environment to its

condition before the disaster struck or by rebuilding houses or facilities damaged by the
disaster (Chang, 2011). The primary goal of post-disaster recovery is to bring back everything
to normal. A thorough grasp of the general damage patterns and types common to disasters is
critical in developing successful post-disaster recovery policies and strategies. According to
studies, post-disaster recovery programs and recovery processes caused by calamities are
complicated. The intricacy of the recovery program and process varies depending on what
disaster will strike because the things needed for recovery will be based on what disaster will
strike and how severe its impact is (Santiago et al., 2018). Furthermore, the need for a more
systematic, comprehensive framework can be utilized to assess disaster recovery at the local
level (Chang, 2011).
In the aftermath of disasters, officials are under immense pressure to restoring things to
how they were before. Moreover, many stakeholders are often involved in disaster recovery,
such as government organizations, international and local NGOs, and those affected by the
disaster (Su & Le De, 2020). However, recovery programs sometimes prioritize short-term
relief while putting less emphasis on possibilities to enhance the resilience of communities and
individuals in order to have a better recovery process in the future disasters (Horney et al.,
2016). Hence, it is deemed necessary to have a recovery plan with thorough analysis to have
a successful disaster recovery (Shaw, 2013).
Local government officials are in charge of all phases of the DRRM, regardless of the
size of the community or the nature of the disaster. Community recovery is an important part
of disaster management, referring to an organized approach that assists those communities
affected by the disaster in recovery. Even though there is a recovery process, it will take time
for the community to return to normal (Becker, 2012; Shaw, 2013). A disaster recovery plan
based on a thorough assessment of how a community should be reconstructed after a disaster
is a logical first step toward fostering resilience in the face of high unpredictability and rapid
change. However, despite its importance, post-disaster recovery is one of the least
researched issues in the world of natural hazards and disasters (Chang, 2011).
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Research Paradigm
Emergency
Prevention and Preparedness
Mitigation and Risk
Reduction
Disaster Risk
Reduction
Management
Rehabilitation Emergency
and Recovery Response
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
The figure shows the four phases of Disaster Risk Reduction Management. These
phases are prevention and mitigation, emergency preparedness and risk reduction,
emergency response, and rehabilitation and recovery.
METHODS
Research Design
This study utilized mixed-method research employing quantitative and qualitative types,
specifically descriptive and basic qualitative research. Descriptive method was used to
describe the level of implementation of the municipality of Enrile on disaster risk reduction and
management. Lastly, basic qualitative research by Merriam and Tisdell (2016) was utilized to
determine the issues and challenges in the implementation of disaster risk reduction and
management.
Locale of the Study
Figure 2. Map of Province of Cagayan
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This study was conducted in Enrile, Cagayan. The Municipality Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (DRRMC) was the one who identified the disaster-prone
communities in the municipality namely San Jose, San Roque, and Villa Maria.
Respondents of the Study
Two groups were the respondents of this study. The first group consists of residents who
have lived in the municipality for more than ten years and have experienced how the LGUs
implemented disaster risk reduction and management. The study employed purposive and
quota sampling techniques to identify its respondents. The researchers individually approached
30 residents per municipality to participate in the study according to their availability,
accessibility, and consent. Moreover, the second group consists of the LGU, particularly the
officials of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC) of Enrile,
who are the implementers of disaster risk reduction and management.
Research Instruments
Three instruments were used in the study. First, a checklist is adopted from the
provisions of R.A. 10121, otherwise known as the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of
2010, comprising the four phases of DRRM such as the prevention and mitigation,
preparedness and risk reduction, emergency response, and rehabilitation and recovery. It
consists of five scales corresponding to the level of implementation of the different phases of
disaster risk reduction and management. Second, an interview about the challenges and
experiences of the LGU and the residents in the implementation of disaster risk reduction and
management plan was conducted.
Data Gathering Procedure
Data was gathered through a survey questionnaire, which was personally distributed to
the target respondents in their municipality or households. The respondents were assisted by
the researchers in filling out the questionnaire. A letter was forwarded to the municipal Mayor
seeking permission to conduct the study. Furthermore, a written permission was secured from
each of the barangay captain for administering questionnaires to target respondents living in the
communities. Ethical considerations were strictly observed, which include safeguarding the
privacy and anonymity of the participants, preventing biases, particularly in data analysis, and
ensuring adequate authority and communication in the study.
Data Analysis
The following statistical tools were used in the study:

Weighted mean was utilized to determine the level of implementation of disaster risk
reduction and management.
Mean Range Qualitative Description
4.50-5.00 Fully Implemented
3.50-4.49 Highly Implemented
2.50-3.49 Implemented
1.50-2.49 Less Implemented
1.00-1.49 Not Implemented
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Independent Sample t-test was used to determine the significant difference in the level
of implementation of disaster risk reduction and management activities as assessed by the
residents and implementers.
Furthermore, thematic analysis was utilized to determine the themes of issues and
experiences in the implementation of disaster risk reduction and management plan.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1. Level of implementation on the different programs, policies, and activities related to
Disaster Risk Management and Mitigation
RESIDENTS IMPLEMENTERS
DRRM PHASES QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE
MEAN MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE
3.73 Highly 4.29 Highly
Prevention and Mitigation
Implemented Implemented
Disaster Preparedness and 4.02 Highly Highly
4.31
Risk Reduction Implemented Implemented
Emergency Response
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Table 1 shows the level of implementation of the different phases of Disaster Risk
Management as assessed by the residents and implementers. The results revealed that
Disaster Risk Management and Mitigation practices, as stipulated in R.A 10121, are highly
implemented in the Municipality of Enrile. Overall, the MDRRMC of Enrile is actively
implementing the Disaster Risk Management and Mitigation policies and programs.
Each community in the Philippines upholds the right to address the root causes of
disaster risk factors within their locale by bolstering the community's organizational capacity for
disaster risk reduction and management and building resilience among the residents of the
locale as one of the basic preparations in disaster situations (Viloria, 2012). According to RA
10121, the local government unit serves one of the most significant functions in disaster risk
management. The results of the study indicated that the Disaster Risk Management and
Mitigation activities outlined in RA 10121, also referred to as the Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Act of 2010, are highly implemented in the municipality of Enrile.
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Table 1a. Level of Implementation of activities under Prevention and Mitigation
Activities Mean Qualitative Mean Qualitative
Descriptive Descriptive
Hazard Mapping and 3.64 Highly 4.78 Fully
urban planning. Implemented Implemented
Education and Awareness. 4.09 Highly 4.42 Highly
Sufficient shelter food & 4.2 Highly 4.5 Fully
clothes. Implemented Implemented
Antibiotics and medical 4.02 Highly 3.85 Highly
kits. Implemented Implemented
Transportation to help the 3.94 Highly 4.85 Fully

affected people. Implemented Implemented
Community involvement 4.10 Highly 4.5 Fully
and participation. Implemented Implemented
Checking the 3.73 Highly 4.07 Highly

infrastructures. Implemented Implemented
Declogging of waterways 2.92 Moderately 3.78 Highly
and canals. Implemented Implemented
Dredging of rivers. 2.85 Moderately 3.64 Highly
Early warning mechanism. 3.75 Highly 4.5 Fully
Table 1a presents the implementation levels of prevention and mitigation activities, as

assessed by residents and implementers. According to resident assessments, the findings
indicate that most DRRM activities are highly implemented. These activities include community
involvement, education and awareness initiatives, and distribution of antibiotics and medical
kits. Conversely, residents assess hazard mapping, declogging of waterways and canals, and
dredging of rivers as implemented to a lesser extent. On the other hand, implementers consider
transportation, hazard mapping, and early warning mechanisms to be highly implemented. In
contrast, implementers evaluate the dredging of rivers, declogging of waterways and canals,
and distribution of antibiotics and medical kits as implemented to a lesser degree.
Disasters, both natural and human-induced, have the potential to cause immense
destruction, loss of life, and economic disruption. While it may be impossible to eliminate the
occurrence of disasters, effective prevention and mitigation strategies can significantly reduce
their impact. Disaster risk reduction and management, encompassing prevention and mitigation
Management | 10
efforts, is vital in safeguarding communities, minimizing damage, and saving lives. Preventing
disasters and mitigating disaster loss through government expenditure is an essential disaster
management strategy (Wu & Guo, 2021). Overall, the study reveals that the MDRRM of Enrile
is active in implementing prevention and mitigation activities and policies.
In addition, the study further reveals that prior to the typhoon, the Municipal Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management (MDRRM) office of Enrile takes proactive measures to
prevent and mitigate the impact of the typhoon. These measures include conducting hazard
mapping, assessing infrastructure condition, and preparing evacuation centers along with
necessary equipment. This finding reinforces the notion that municipalities with comprehensive
disaster management plans, resources, and assistance are better equipped to implement them
effectively (Florano, 2014).
Table 1b Level of Implementation of Activities under Emergency Preparedness and Risk

Reduction
Organization of team 4.16 Highly 4.42 Highly
working on risk reduction. Implemented Implemented
The warning systems are 4.07 Highly 4.07 Highly
in place to the community Implemented Implemented
level.
The team made an official 3.94 Highly 4 Highly
warning. Implemented Implemented
Evacuation centers are 4.14 Highly 4.14 Highly
provided for the Implemented Implemented
community.
Plans and maps have 3.80 Highly 4.64 Fully
been made in advance. Implemented Implemented
Conduct of community- 4.08 Highly 4.57 Fully
based programs on Implemented Implemented
disaster risk reduction.
The disaster awareness 3.94 Highly 4.21 Highly
and public information Implemented Implemented
projects or programmes
being undertaken to the
community.
Availability of funds for 4.02 Highly 4.78 Fully
disaster risk reduction and Implemented Implemented
preparedness.
Management | 11
Table 1b shows the assessment of residents and implementers regarding the level of
implementation of emergency preparedness and risk reduction activities. According to resident
evaluations, all activities in this category are highly implemented. However, implementers
assessed three specific activities—the development of plans and maps in advance, community-
based programs on disaster risk reduction, and availability of funds for disaster risk reduction
and preparedness—as fully implemented.
In an increasingly complex and uncertain world, it is imperative to prioritize

preparedness and risk reduction measures to mitigate the impact of disasters. Preparedness
refers to the actions taken to anticipate, plan for, and effectively respond to potential disasters,
while risk reduction focuses on minimizing vulnerabilities and enhancing the community
resilience. During the period of preparedness and risk reduction, the potentially disastrous
impacts of a disaster are reduced (Kunz et al., 2014). Based on the results of the study, it
revealed that the MDRRM highly implements preparedness and risk reduction phase.
The findings indicate that the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(MDRRM) office of Enrile demonstrates preparedness before typhoons strike. The MDRRM
team proactively engages in risk reduction efforts, including the establishment of evacuation
centers for potential residents in need, creation of effective emergency warnings that are well-
understood by the community, availability of evacuation maps, and implementation of disaster
awareness and public information programs. However, it has been observed that the MDRRM
team lacks adequate training in rescue operations. Therefore, conducting comprehensive
rescue training sessions for both the MDRRM team and the barangays is crucial in enhancing
their preparedness and response capabilities.
The study contradicts the findings of Dariagan et al. (2020), which suggested that many
local governments have low levels of disaster preparedness and response capabilities.
Conversely, the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (MDRRM) Ofice of Enrile
aligns with the findings of Kunz et al. (2014), demonstrating that effective disaster
preparedness reduces the impact of calamities and enhances the efficiency of relief assistance
in barangays.
Management | 12
Table 1c Level of Implementation of Activities under Emergency Response
Relief operation 4.41 Highly 4.78 Fully
Providing aid for the people 4.42 Highly 4.85 Fully
who are in imminent danger Implemented Implemented
by the search and rescue
team.
Dissemination/ Information 4.10 Highly 4.71 Fully
sharing of disaster related Implemented Implemented
information.
Development/provision of 4.09 Highly 4.64 Fully
temporary shelter. Implemented Implemented
Health service. 4.2 Highly 4.5 Fully
Early recovery mechanism. 3.90 Highly 4.35 Highly
Management of dead and 3.70 Highly 4.21 Highly
missing. Implemented Implemented
Evacuation management. 4.22 Highly 4.64 Fully

Social protection 4.04 Highly 4.5 Fully
intervention. Implemented Implemented
Civil & uniformed services 4.02 Highly 4.5 Fully
coordination. Implemented Implemented
Table 1c displays the assessment of residents and implementers on the implementation

level of emergency response activities. According to resident evaluations, all activities in this
category are highly implemented. However, implementers considered only two activities,
specifically, the early recovery mechanism and management of the deceased and missing, as
highly implemented, while the remaining activities were assessed as fully implemented.
The Emergency Response phase is a critical stage of the disaster risk reduction and
management cycle, encompassing actions taken before, during, and immediately after a
disaster to minimize its impacts and provide prompt assistance and support to those affected
(Kulatunga, Thayaparan, & Al-Dahash, 2016). It is a multifaceted process that requires
strategic planning, preparedness, and coordinated action. The collective efforts of government
agencies are crucial in ensuring public safety and promoting resilience.
Management | 13
The study's findings indicate that Enrile's Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (MDRRMC) demonstrates a high level of activity implementation during
the emergency response phase. Specifically, during typhoons, the MDRRMC of Enrile engages
in relief operations, disseminates disaster-related information to the barangays, conducts
search and rescue operations, provides health services, and coordinates with civil and
uniformed services. These actions exemplify the commitment and effectiveness of the
MDRRMC in responding to emergencies and ensuring the community's welfare.
Table 1d Level of Implementation of Activities under Rehabilitation and Recovery

Search and retrieval of 3.94 Highly 4.57 Fully
people lost. Implemented Implemented
Shelter/Relocation for 4.22 Highly 4.5 Fully
affected victims. Implemented Implemented
Psycho Social Counseling for 3.31 Moderately 4.28 Highly
affected victims. Implemented Implemented
Infrastructure and Relocation 3.9 Highly 4.21 Highly
plan of structures that had Implemented Implemented
been destroyed.
Recovery of damaged 4.16 Highly 4.28 Highly
Environment. Implemented Implemented
Table 1d presents the assessment of residents and implementers regarding the

implementation levels of activities related to rehabilitation and recovery. According to the
assessment of residents, the results indicate that activities such as relocation of affected
victims, recovery of the damaged environment, and search and retrieval of missing individuals
are assessed more favorably. However, residents consider the relocation plan and psycho-
social counseling for affected victims to a lesser extent. On the other hand, according to the
assessment of implementers, search and retrieval of missing individuals and relocation of
affected victims are considered higher in terms of implementation. Contrarily, the remaining
activities are assessed to a lesser degree by implementers.
The primary purpose of post-disaster recovery is to get back to normal. Rehabilitation

and recovery can be measured by restoring the environment to its pre-disaster state or
reconstructing buildings or infrastructure damaged by the disaster (Chang, 2011). Based on the
results of the study, the MDRRMC of Enrile is active in implementing disaster management
rehabilitation and recovery measures.
Furthermore, the result of the study revealed that the MDRRMC of Enrile highly
implemented the activities that led to the effective and quick recovery of Enrile following a
disaster. The activities include relocation of affected victims, infrastructure and relocation plan
of structures that had been destroyed, and recovery of damaged environment. These post-
Management | 14
disaster recovery efforts have aimed to increase the community's resilience through well-
designed plans for its implementation (Mutter & Luchi, 2020). The more the community owns
disaster management plans, aids, and resources, the easier it is to implement them (Florano,
2014).
Table 2. Significant difference in the level of implementation of disaster risk reduction and
management activities as assessed by the residents and implementers
GROUP Mean t-value p-value Decision
Implementers 4.35 2.087 .038 Reject Ho
Residents 3.94
The table presents a significant difference in the level of implementation of Disaster

Risk Management activities as assessed by the residents and implementers. It can be gleaned
on the result that there is a significant difference in the level of implementation of Disaster Risk
Management as assessed by the residents and implementers since the probability value is
lower than 0.05 level of significance. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. The results
revealed that the assessment of residents onthe disaster risk reduction and management
activities is lower than the assessment of the implementers.
Furthermore, the result revealed a significant difference in the level of implementation of

Disaster Risk Management as assessed by the residents and implementers. The study
revealed that the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (MDRRMC) of
Enrile, the office that implements the DRRM plan, assessed its own implementation higher than
the assessment given by the residents, being the receiver of the implemented DRRM activities
and programs.
Moreover, the significant difference in the level of implementation of the DRRM of Enrile
as assessed by the implementers and residents exists due to the higher assessment of the
implementers themselves. This implies that the implementers, being the primary provider of
DRRM programs and measures, are highly satisfied with their performance and the outcomes
they render to their stakeholders. Hence, they believe that the DRRM plan is highly-
implemented. The findings affirmed the study of Cruz (2014) that most LGUs assessed their
disaster risk reduction and management in all the cycles of disaster prevention and mitigation,
preparedness, response, and recovery as very prepared and satisfied.
On the other hand, the residents, being the immediate receiver of the DRRM practice,
assessed the level of implementation of DRRM plan on a lower level compared to the
assessment of the implementers. This implies that the implemented programs and practices
under DRRM are facing some irregularities and challenges in the perception of the residents
who serve as the beneficiary of the same. The lower assessment of residents emphasizes the
particular areas or challenges that need further improvement from the implementers.
Management | 15
Overall, the findings showed that despite its newly established MDRRMC, Enrile is
active in the implementation of Disaster Risk Management and Mitigation.
Challenges in the Implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction Management
On the latter part of the study, the challenges faced by both the residents and the
implementers in the implementation of the DRRM of Enrile, Cagayan, Philippines were
determined through an interview. However, only the residents have given the particular
challenges they face in implementing he same. Whereas, after a thorough review of the
individual responses of the interviewees, the common information and similar answers obtained
were categorized into themes. The following results reveal the different challenges faced by
both the implementers and respondents during the implementation of the Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan.
a. Insufficient Warning Systems and Devices
Prevention and mitigation phases include essential action plans that prioritize efforts
centered on hazard evaluation and mitigation, vulnerability assessments, and risk
assessments. These phases focus on a thorough investigation on the various elements that
lead to people's suscpetibility. As a result, they are vulnerable and are exposed to dangers and
calamities which includes the dissemination of information and warnings regarding the
occurrence of a typhoon, its severity, and possible effects on particular areas (NDRRMC Plan,
2011). The dissemination of such information and warning suggests the utilization of sufficient
warning systems and devices, such as local radios, and television stations, weather radios,
outdoor warning sirens, megaphones, and others (Dela Cruz, 2016).
However, this study illustrates that one of the specific problems faced by the residents
of Enrile Cagayan, Philippines when it comes to their LGU’s implementation is the insufficient
warning systems and devices. They have revealed that although information about possible
calamities are announced through radio or television, the only warning system utilized by the
barangays during disasters are megaphones. Hence, it takes longer time for announcements or
warnings to reach particular areas.
b. Challenges in Convincing People to Evacuate
The critical factors that affect the preparedness and readiness of Filipinos are access to
information, especially about the evacuation plan. Hence, the necessity to ensure the mobility
of people during disasters (Laingo et al., 2022). Evacuating people residing in areas
susceptible to flooding and heavy winds and rainfall must be ensured to prevent casualties and
injuries (Lobaton, 2018).
However, this study illustrates that one of the specific problems faced by the residents of
Enrile Cagayan, Philippines when it comes to their LGU’s implementation of DRRM is the
Management | 16
challenge of convincing specific residents to evacuate. The respondents reveal that some
members of the community, despite receiving enough warnings about the occurrence of
typhoon and call for evacuation, refuse to leave their houses that are susceptible to flooding.
Therefore, some residents decide to evacuate only when the water level starts to rise or
submerge their houses.
c. Lack of Proper Training for DRRM Team and Rescue Operations
Rescue operations play an essential part in the phase of disaster response, which aims
to produce shelter and help disaster victims as quickly and effectively as possible (Rawls &
Turnquist, 2010). The effort to give these necessities to the victims must be organized rapidly
via a dependable communication network. Typically, disaster rescue operations comprise many
phases, including establishing communication systems, conducting search and rescue
operations, and providing essential first aid services (Narayanan & Ibe, 2015).
However, this study illustrates that one of the specific problems faced by the residents of
Enrile, Cagayan, Philippines when it comes to their LGU’s implementation is the lack of proper
training for DRRM team and rescue operations as the authorities lack enough strategies to
organize the logistics and routes for rescue and relief activities. The respondents believe that
the rescue teams should improve their logistics planning, organize the essential resources and
relief goods, plan the places for the distributions of goods, and improve the transportation of
evacuees and other resources.
d. Unequal distribution of Disaster Aid
In typhoon crises, food, water, and monetary and medical help are required, and the
effort to provide these aids to the victims must be organized (Narayanan & Ibe, 2015). The
provision of these necessities is a part of the disaster response that must be executed during
calamities in order to aid in the immediate needs of the affected families and individuals
(Browner & Dilling, 2014).
However, in the conduct of this study, it has been found that one of the specific problems
faced by the residents of Erile, Cagayan, Philippines when it comes to their LGU’s
implementation, is the unfair distribution of disaster aid. It has been enunciated by the residents
that the relief goods, such as food and water, albeit enough, were not proportionately
distributed according to the number of individuals or families living in a household. Moreover,
the monetary aids that are intended for the reconstruction of houses were not objectively given
according to the level of deterioration or destruction of houses or parts thereof, brought by
typhoons. As a result, the residents do not cope similarly with their losses.
Management | 17
b. Delayed Response and Recovery
Disaster response is one of the phases of disaster risk reduction and management that
plays a role during or following a disaster. According to Sec. 3 of R.A. 10121, an act of
providing emergency response is the immediate action in order to help people who have been
injured, to lessen its impact, and to provide basic necessities to those affected. Therefore, a
quick assistance and support is needed in order to ensure that the impacts of the disaster is
minimized; hence, the necessity to lead, organize, and regulate it efficiently (Kulatunga,
Thayaparan & Al-Dahash, 2016).
On the other hand, this study illustrates that one of the specific problems faced by the
residents of Enrile, Cagayan, Philippines when it comes to their LGU’s implementation is the
delayed response and recovery. The respondents expressed that in the past years, they have
faced a slow delivery of response during calamities, such as the delayed provision of food and
transport of affected families to evacuation centers. It has been specified that the insufficient
number of rescue personnel to cater to the needs of residents somehow impedes the provision
of supposedly urgent and immediate response and recovery, such as the rebuilding of houses,
restoration of, and reconstruction of public utilities.
Proposed DRRM Framework of the Municipality of Enrile
Figure 3. Proposed Framework of the Study
Management | 18
Figure 3 shows the proposed framework of the study on disaster risk reduction and
management plan, which can be implemented by the LGU for further improvement. This
framework proposes the engagement of both the community and the LGU in conducting
practices under each phase of DRRM. Under prevention and mitigation, there is a necessity to
conduct research and surveys regarding the hazard and severity of possible disasters and the
vulnerability of people thereto. The said LGU should also conduct land management and
consider relocating some houses or settlements lying in flood-prone areas such as the Sitio in
Barangay Villa Maria, one of the majorly-prone areas in Enrile.
Under the phase of preparedness, there is a necessity to build a community that is

disaster-resilient such as: (1) dissemination of disaster risks in the communities in order for the
residents to prepare for anticipated and calculated dangers; (2) mechanization of monitoring
and warning devices to ensure that the areas and particular locations are monitored through
forecasts and real-time warnings; (3) ensure that the signs and warnings are immediately
delivered, especially among the high-risk places; (4) early evacuation of residents living in
typhoon-prone and vulnerable areas; (5) and building of sustainable housing and livelihoods.
Moreover, under the phase of disaster response, there is a necessity to establish well-
coordinated rescue teams, which are grouped into different committees, such as but not limited
to committees on medical and first-aid, on food and relief distribution, and on safety and
security.
Additionally, under the phase of disaster recovery, there is a necessity to establish

committees on the provision of monetary aid and further reconstruction of partially and fully
destroyed houses, on the rebuilding of lost livelihoods such as agriculture, and on the re-
installation of public utilities such as the source of energy and potable water.
CONCLUSION
Local government plays a significant role before, during, and after disasters since they
do not only have direct control over their constituents, but they also have a responsibility to
grasp the community's needs. They are responsible for monitoring all four stages of emergency
management—preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation—regardless of the size of the
community or the type of disaster that occurred. The government assists in the immediate
aftermath, funds, and direction for long-term recovery and mitigation.
In light of the findings of this research, it shows that there is a significant difference in
the assessment of the residents and the implementers. The study concludes that the MDRRMC
of Enrile has a high level of implementation in the policies, programs, and activities of Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management along its four phases: prevention and mitigation, disaster
preparedness and risk reduction, emergency response, and rehabilitation and recovery. Hence,
the compliance of different programs, policies, and activities of MDRRMC of Enrile on Disaster
Risk and Reduction Management (RA 10121) is high. In addition, the challenges and
experiences encountered by the residents and implementers in disaster management include
Management | 19
unequal distribution of disaster aid, delayed response and recovery, insufficient warning
systems and devices, lack of proper training for DRRM team and rescue operations, and
challenges in convincing people to evacuate.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. This study can be used by Local Government Units in developing programs and
policies related to Disaster Risk Management and Mitigation to benefit their locality. It
can be an illustration or foundation for how a community can become resilient and
prepared before, during, and after disasters. Moreover, the study will help the
Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC) of Enrile
evaluate their implementation in the disaster-prone barangays of the disseminated
programs or information as preparation before, during, and after disasters.
2. Municipalities should create a Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Council (MDRRMC) to deliver effective and efficient disaster risk reduction and
management programs, policies, and measures, including facilities and equipment.
Municipal disaster preparedness and mitigation plans, policies, and programs that
respond to disasters such as flood events should be sufficiently prepared and kept
functional to improve the response features and preparedness of organizations
tasked with disaster-fighting activities. In addition, enhanced preparation can be
learned from prior disaster experiences and the best practices of others for improved
cooperation, integration, and information sharing among residents, local government
units, and other involved governmental entities. Finally, there is a need to train
personnel and authorities on how to properly deliver their services to mitigate
disaster risks, as well as to involve community members by ensuring public
participation, empowering and improving every household to reduce hazards as a
critical role in achieving zero deaths and lowering economic losses.
3. Furthermore, educational institutions must prioritize comprehensive disaster risk

reduction and management plans in light of the potential risks and uncertainties
associated with natural disasters. By proactively implementing effective strategies,
schools can ensure the safety and well-being of their students, staff, and the wider
school community.
4. Future researchers might look into the scope of initiatives and activities associated
with other hazardous situations, such as floods and earthquakes. Furthermore, the
research on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management should be expanded to
include other barangays or municipalities in Cagayan. Another issue to consider is a
more significant or larger population that should be covered to evaluate the efficiency
and efficacy of the actions and programs undertaken in the community before,
during, and after disasters. Moreover, future studies may identify and determine
additional contributing factors that will help the municipality implement policies and
Management | 20
programs related to Disaster Risk Reduction Management and Mitigation, as well as
give awareness and preparedness not only to residents but also to officials and
personnel.
Management | 21
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Management | 24
Appendix A
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Part I. Questions on aspects of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Description: This checklist is adapted from the study “Flood Disaster Risk Reduction and
Risk Management of Pasig City (Robas, 2013).”
Direction: Please check the appropriate column that corresponds to your answer.
1.1. Prevention and Mitigation. Based on your experiences, what is the level of
implementation of prevention and mitigation activities of the Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (DRRM) of Enrile? If you haven’t experienced it yet leave it blank.
5- Fully Implemented 4- Highly Implemented 3- Moderately Implemented

2- Less Implemented 1- Not Implemented
Disaster Risk and Reduction 5 4 3 2 1
Management Activities
Hazard Mapping and urban planning.
Education and Awareness.
Sufficient shelter food & clothes.
Antibiotics and medical kits.
Transportation to help the affected
people.
Community involvement and
participation.
Checking the infrastructures.
Declogging of waterways and canals.
Dredging of rivers.
Early warning mechanism.
1.2. Disaster preparedness and risk reduction. What is the level of implementation of
disaster preparedness and risk reduction programs activities of the Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management (DRRM) of Enrile? If you haven’t experienced it yet leave it blank.
5- Fully Implemented 4- Highly Implemented 3-Moderately Implemented
Disaster Risk and Reduction Management 5 4 3 2 1
Activities
Organization of team working on risk
reduction.
The warning systems are in place to the
Management | 25
community level.
The team made an official warning.
Evacuation centers are provided for the
community.
Plans and maps have been made in
advance.
Conduct of community-based programs on
disaster risk reduction.
The disaster awareness and public
information projects or programmes being
undertaken to the community.
Availability of funds for disaster risk reduction
and preparedness.
1.3. Emergency Response. Based on your experience, what is the level of implementation
of emergency response activities of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
of Enrile? If you haven’t experienced it yet leave it blank.
5- Fully Implemented 4- Highly Implemented 3-Moderately Implemented

Activities
Relief operation [providing clothing, shelter,
food, medicine, and other basic necessities].
Providing aid for the people who are in
imminent danger by the search and rescue
team.
Dissemination/ Information sharing of
disaster related information.
Development/provision of temporary shelter.
Health service.
Early recovery mechanism.
Management of dead and missing.
Evacuation management.
Social protection intervention.
Civil & uniformed services coordination.
Management | 26
1.4. Rehabilitation and recovery. Based on your experience, what is the level of
implementation of rehabilitation and recovery activities of the Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (DRRM) of Enrile? If you haven’t experienced it yet leave it blank.
5- Fully Implemented 4- Highly Implemented 3- Moderately Implemented
Activities
Search and retrieval of people lost.
Shelter/Relocation for affected victims.
Psycho Social Counseling for affected victims.
Infrastructure and Relocation plan of

structures that had been destroyed.
Recovery of damaged Environment.
Part II. Issues and Experiences
Direction: Please indicate your answer to the space provided.

1. What are the challenges that you encountered on disaster risk reduction management and
implementation?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Management | 27
APPENDIX B
Literature Matrix
Delineating
Bibliography Objective factors/ Methods Major
variables findings
Browner, R. This study IV: Philippines Qualitative The study
S., Magno, F. aims to Disaster Method reveals that
A., & Dilling, J. illuminate Management for disaster
(2014). recent risk reduction
Evolving and struggles to DV: New to succeed,
Implementing a implement Disaster Filipino leaders
New Disaster the law and Management must foster
Management offer Implemented democratic
Paradigm: The implications institutions that
Case of the for disaster are as
Philippines. management responsive to
Disaster and theory and bottom-up
Development, practices problems as
289–313. top-down
doi:10.1007/978 interests; build
-3-319-04468- cooperation
2_17 across public,
private, and
voluntary
sectors; and
strengthen
human
development
capabilities in
parallel with
economic
development.
Carrasco, S., This research IV: Multi- Qualitative The study
Ochiai, C., & aims to stakeholder Method shows that the
Okazaki, K. examine the interactions and large flow of
(2016). Disaster coordination decision making migrants, the
Induced mechanisms, rapid growth of
Resettlement: criteria for DV: Disaster the city, the
Multi- decision induced establishment of
stakeholder making and resettlement informal
Interactions and the complex settlements or
Decision interactions squatter areas
Making among the in the
Following different proximities of
Tropical Storm stakeholders rivers’ banks,
Washi in involved in determined the
Cagayan de the housing vulnerabilities
Oro, reconstructio that threaten the
Philippines. n in Cagayan local residents.
Procedia - de Oro in the
Management | 28
Social and aftermath of
Behavioral Washi for a
Sciences, 218, better
35–49. understandin
doi:10.1016/j.sb g of the
spro.2016.04.0 process
08 which is
needed for an
effective
management
of the
resettlement
projects
Chang, Y., et al., The study IV: Resources Qualitative The results
(2011). An aims to Method revealed that
integrated present an DV: Post- stakeholders
approach: integrated disaster need to
managing planning reconstruction concentrate
resources for framework for effort, including
post-disaster managing revising
reconstruction. resources for legislation and
Disasters, 35(4), post-disaster policy,
739–765. housing enhancing
doi:10.1111/j.146 rebuilding. capacity for
7- rebuilding in the
7717.2011.01240 construction
.x industry,
strengthening
the
transportation
network,
restructuring
market
mechanisms,
and
incorporating
environmental
considerations
into overall
planning.
Chau, V. N., The study IV: Institutional Qualitative The study finds
Holland, J., & aims to structures Method that the local
Cassells, S. strengthen governments
(2014). the existing DV: Flood are not
Institutional legal systems Management proactive with
structures regarding regard to flood
underpinning flood management
flood management. and planning.
management in
Vietnam.
Management | 29
International
Journal of
Disaster Risk
Reduction, 10,
341–348.
doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr
.2014.10.008
Cruz, E. C. D. This study IV: Policies Qualitative This study
(2014). Flood aims to survey states that
Preparation and assess the DV: Flood research majority of the
Mitigation of flood preparedness LGUs assessed
Local preparedness and mitigation Descriptive their budget,
Government and mitigation survey equipment, and
Units of activities of manpower as
Cagayan. The six disaster inadequate and
SPUP Light prone Local their flood
Explorer, 1(1). Government preparedness
Units (LGUs) as very much
in Cagayan prepared. The
with the end respondents
view of also positively
formulating rated the extent
policies to of
address the implementation
problems and of their various
needs of flood
these LGUs preparation and
on flood mitigation
preparedness activities.
and
mitigation.
Dahash, H., The research IV: Disaster Quantitative The major

Thayaparan, M., intends to Response Method challenges
Kulatunga, U. evaluate the Planning associated with
(2016). disaster disaster
Challenges response DV: Challenges response
during Disaster management planning are the
Response phase based failure in strictly
Planning on the four applying the
Resulting From management law, the lack of
War Operations functions: public and staff
and Terrorism in planning, education about
Iraq. organizing, disaster risks,
directing and poor urban
controlling. planning,
unstable
security
situation, citizen
intervention,
Management | 30
endowment of
equipment, tools
and
infrastructure
and lack of
financial
resources.
Dariagan, J. D., This study IV: Profile of Quantitative Many local
Atando, R. B., & aims to local Method governments
Asis, J. L. B. determine the governments have low level
(2020). Disaster level of of disaster
preparedness of preparedness DV: LGU preparedness
local of the LGUs. Preparedness and response
governments in capabilities.
Panay Island,
Philippines.
Natural Hazards,
105(2), 1923–
1944.
doi:10.1007/s110
69-020-04383-0
Das, K., This research IV: Qualitative The proposed
Lashkari, R., aims to Humanitarian Systematic research
Khan, A. (2021). propose a Logistics Review contributed to
A Humanitarian mathematical the
Logistics-Based modeling- DV: Rescue humanitarian
Planning for based and Relief logistics
Rescue and approach for Operation planning
Relief Operation planning the literature by
After a transportation developing a
Devastating Fire of relief and model-based
Accident. rescue approach for
Operations resources; optimizing
and Supply conducting disaster
Chain relief and response time
Management, rescue to initiate relief
14, 51 – 61. operations; operations in a
Retrieved from and outlining densely
https://l.faceboo measures to populated city
k.com/l.php?u= prevent future facing a fire
https%3A%2F recurrences. based
%2Fthescholars humanitarian
hip.ecu.edu%2 crisis.
Fbitstream%2F
handl
Domingo, S. N. The study IV: Department Qualitative The study
(2014). Quick aims to of National Method reveals that the
response funds assess the Defense and level of stand-by
and DRRM process of other resources for
resources in the quick Departments DRR and the
Management | 31
Department of response machinations
National Defense fund (QRF) DV: Quick underlying their
and Various allocation, Response funds deployment
Departments. administration and DRRM determine the
Philippine and resources timely delivery
Institute for implementatio of appropriate
Development n under the support and
Studies. various services to
Discussion executive affected
Paper, 4-37. departments communities in
Retrieved from with times of
http://www.Pids.g cognizance of disaster.
ov.ph national
disaster
risk reduction
management
(DRRM)
imperatives.
Donato, M., & This study IV: Resiliency Qualitative The result of the
Lorica, J., (2020). aims to Case study study showed
Safety and explore the that the safety
Health Practices safety and DV: Safety and challenges
On Disaster Risk health Health encountered
Reduction And practices in Practices before typhoons
Management: selected and floods is the
Cagayano’s local stubbornness of
Resiliency During communitie the community
Typhoons And s in people, while
Floods. Journal Cagayan during the
of Nursing and before, typhoons and
Health Science, during floods,
9, 51-63. doi: : and unpreparedness
10.9790/1959- aftertyphoon and
0903075163 s and floods underestimation
to come up of the
with an community
analysis people about
about the intensity of
Cagayano’s typhoons. The
resiliency to participants
typhoons used their
and floods. survival instincts
and “bayanihan
spirit” to
surpassed those
challenges that
were identified.
Elsner, J. B., & This paper IV: Typhoon Quantitative The results
Liu, K. B. (2011). aims to tracks states that
Examining the analyze the tropical cyclone
Management | 32
ENSO-typhoon modern DV: Typhoon formation during
hypothesis. typhoon hypothesis an El Niño event
Climate record from shifts eastward
Research, 25(1), the western with typhoons
43-54. North Pacific tending to
doi:10.3354/cr02 region along recurve north,
5043 with annual staying away
typhoon from China.
counts From the
extracted comprehensive
from but short
Guangdong modern record,
historical typhoon tracks
documents in are grouped into
an attempt to 3 distinct
better clusters based
understand on geographic
the position at
relationship of maximum and
climate to terminal
catastrophic typhoon
typhoon intensities.
events
Florano, E. R. This study DV: Local Qualitative The integration
(2014). aims to Development of CCA and
Mainstreaming illustrates Plan DRR in the
Integrated how the two Philippines
Climate Change conceptually IV: Climate came after
Adaptation and distinct Change and the failure of the
Disaster Risk climate Disaster Risk passive disaster
Reduction in change Reduction management,
Local adaptation utilized since
Development (CCA) and 1954, to prepare
Plans in the disaster risk and response to
Philippines. reduction disasters
Handbook of (DRR) are caused by
Climate Change mainstreame extreme
Adaptation, 433- d in the weather events
456. development of climate
plans of local change.
government Furthermore,
units in the the study found
Philippines that the more a
municipality
owns disaster m
anagement
plans, aids, and
resources, the
simpler it is to
implement
Management | 33
them.
Gerber, P. J., This study IV: Livestock Mixed This study
Steinfeld, H., identifies Method concludes that it
Henderson, B., ways of DV: Climate is estimated that
Mottet, A., Opio, reducing Change up to one-third
C., Dijkman, J., & emissions by of the livestock
Tempio, G. assessing the sector’s
(2013). Tackling mitigation emissions could
climate change potential of be reduced in
through livestock: sets of the short to
a global technologies. medium term by
assessment of Such analysis the greater use
emissions and provides of more
mitigation guidance for efficient, readily
opportunities. local and available
Tackling climate system- practices and
change through specific technologies
livestock: a solutions, as that can serve
global sector actors both of these
assessment of seek to objectives.
emissions and improve
mitigation sustainability
opportunities. and viability,
but also for
more targeted
pro-poor
livestock
development.
Gumasing J. J., This study IV: Awareness, Quantitative The number of
Prasetyo Y. T., sought to adaptation, and Method people killed in
Ong A. K., examine the risk perception a disaster can
Nadlifatin R., & preparedness be effectively
Persada S. F. of Filipinos DV: Ergonomic- minimized if
(2022). using a novel based indicators preparation is
Determining framework for physical, done before the
Factors Affecting considering cognitive, and crisis occurs
macro-
the Perceived ergonomic however, most
ergonomics
Preparedness of domains and people pay little
Super Typhoon: disaster attention to
Three Broad knowledge. disaster
Domains of planning and
Ergonomics are unaware of
Approach. its importance
Sustainability until it happens.
2022, 14, 12202.
https://doi.org/10.
3390/su1419122
02
Hettige, S., This study IV: Community Qualitative The assessment
Haigh, R., & aims to level indicators framework has
Management | 34
Amaratunga, D. capture the captured the ten
(2018). present state most important
Community level of recovery of DV: Long term dimensions of
indicators of long people who disaster recovery. Since
term disaster have settled recovery post disaster
recovery. down in a recovery usually
Procedia number of involves a
Engineering, 212, newly process of
1287–1294. established resettlement of
doi:10.1016/j.pro communities. affected families
eng.2018.01.166 and individuals,
more attention
needs to be
paid to more
vulnerable
groups such as
children and
women, as well
important
aspects of well-
being.
Holden, W. N., & This study IV: Mining Qualitative This study
Jacobson, R. D. aims to Method concluded that
(2012). Mining explore the DV: Natural natural hazards
and Natural links between Hazard amplify the
Hazard two topical Vulnerability environmental
Vulnerability in issues in the harm prevalent
the Philippines: political in mining and
Digging to ecology of the pose a
Development or Philippines: substantial
Digging to large-scale threat to the
Disaster? mineral livelihoods of
Anthem Press. extraction archipelago’s
and poor, who are
vulnerability dependent upon
to natural subsistence
hazards. agriculture and
subsistence
aquaculture.
Horney, J., This study IV: Metrics Qualitative Metrics

Dwyer, C., aims to literature identified in the
Aminto, M., validate DV: Disaster review literature were
Berke, P., & metrics to Recovery validated
Smith, G. (2016). document through the
Developing how well a recovery plan
indicators to community is review and the
Management | 35
measure post- recovering case study. The
disaster from a research team
community particular also identified
recovery in the disaster. sources for both
United States. baseline and
Disasters, 41(1), current status
124–149. data. Based on
doi:10.1111/disa. these findings, a
12190 user-friendly
checklist for
practitioners
was
established,
which will be
piloted with
practice
partners during
a future disaster
recovery
initiative.
Ismail, D., Majid, The broad IV: International Qualitative The study
T. A., Roosli, R., objective of NGOs Case study revealed the
& Samah, N. A. this research issues and
(2014). Project is to study the DV: Post- challenges of
Management issues and disaster INGOs
Success for Post- challenges reconstruction participation in
Disaster and the PDR project.
Reconstruction investigating These cover
Projects: the success issues of delay,
International factors to resourcing,
NGOs determine community
Perspectives. which critical participation,
Procedia success poorly funded
Economics and factors are reconstruction,
Finance, 18, most preliminary
120–127. influential in assessment,
doi:10.1016/s221 avoiding lack of
2- particular coordination,
5671(14)00921-6 project corruption and
failures. Build back
. better/safer,
policies, quality
of works, land
issues, cost
overruns and a
shortage of
technical staff.
Itaas E. C., Frias This study IV: Disaster Qualitative Local
M. S., & Mirasol aims to Risk Reduction Method government
J. M. (2021). explore the plays an integral
Management | 36
Governance governance DV: role before,
Issues on issues on Governance during, and after
Disaster Risk disaster risk Issues disasters
Reduction of reduction of because they do
LGUs’s local not only have
Controlled Social government direct
Services of units’ basic jurisdiction over
Selected social their
Barangays in the services of constituents, but
Province of selected they are also
Bukidnon. Asia barangays in expected to
Pacific of Social the Province know the
and Behavioral of Bukidnon. community’s
Science, need.
https://doi.org/10.
57200/apjsbs.v18
i0.229
Kelman, I., This paper IV: Disasters on Qualitative The study
Lewis, J., aims to asks Island Method reveals that the
Gaillard, J. C., & what might be island context
Mercer, J. gained DV: matters to a
(2011). through Participatory certain degree
Participatory combining Action Plan for disaster-
Action Research disaster related research
for Dealing with research, and action. The
Disasters on island island has much
Islands. Island studies, and more to offer
Studies Journal, participatory disaster-related
6(1). action research than is
research. currently
appreciated.
Kunz, N, Reiner, This research IV: Funds Quantitative The study
G & Gold, S., study aims to Method reveals that in
(2014). Investing quantify and DV: Disaster order to speed
in disaster compare the preparedness up disaster relief
management effects of assistance and
capabilities three increase its
versus pre- scenarios effectiveness,
positioning which are no and thus reduce
inventory: A new preparedness the impact of
approach to activity, disasters
disaster investment in worldwide,
preparedness. physical academics and
International preparedness practitioners are
Journal of activities, and increasingly
Production investment in calling for the
Economics, 261– intangible implementation
272. preparedness of disaster
doi:10.1016/j.ijpe. activities preparedness
2013.11.002
Management | 37
Laingo J. C., The study IV: Ergonomics Quantitative The study finds
Tapucar R., aims to Method that access to
Cruz M., & determine the DV: the media and
Lumen R. (2022). factors Preparedness other sources of
Determining the affecting the and readiness information,
Disaster preparedness of Filipinos being informed
Preparedness and on the
and Readiness of readiness of evacuation plan,
Filipinos based Filipinos trust in the
on Ergonomic during the government,
Factors. disaster LGU
preparedness,
and receiving
financial support
from the
government was
the most critical
factors affecting
the
preparedness
and readiness
of Filipinos
during disasters.
Liu, N., Zhou, L., The study IV: Government Quantitative The study finds
& Hauger, J. S. aims to intervention that
(2013). How assess the rehabilitation is
Sustainable Is long-term DV: not sustainable
Government- sustainability Sustenance of in China without
Sponsored of Rehabilitation continued
Desertification desertification governmental
Rehabilitation in rehabilitation intervention.
China? Behavior in China
of Households to under a
Changes in plausible but
Environmental worst-case
Policies. PLoS scenario
ONE, 8(10), where
e77510. governmental
doi:10.1371/journ interventions,
al.pone.0077510 in the form of
payments for
environmenta
l services
(PES), will
cease.
Lobaton P. IV: Educational Quantitative The study
(2018). Disaster This study attainment and Method revealed that a
Preparedness in aims to geographical successful
Sagay City. determine location disaster
International and evaluate preparedness
Management | 38
Journal of the readiness DV: program needs
English and capability and Implementation to advance the
Education, 7(3). functionality of disaster limit of a group
Retrieved from of the Local preparedness to react to the
http://ijee.org/yah Government outcomes of an
oo_site_admin/as and every unfavorable
sets/docs/29.200 Barangay in a occasion by
75127 disaster having support
preparedness systems in
program. place so that
people would
know what to do
and where to go
if there is a
disaster or a
calamity
Malik, I. H. The study IV: Flood Qualitative The study
(2022). Spatial aims to Ethnographic provides the
dimension of discuss the DV: Impact, Approach data of relief
impact, relief, spatial relief and distribution
and rescue of the dimension rescue under different
2014 flood in of impact, government
Kashmir Valley. relief, and schemes and
Nat Hazards 110, rescue of reveals that the
1911–1929. the flood of relief was not
doi:10.1007/s110 2014 in the distributed
69-021-05018-8 Kashmir equally in
Valley. various districts
of the valley.
Marín, A., Bodin, The study IV: Social Qualitative The study finds
Ö., Gelcich, S., & aims to Capital out that
Crona, B. (2015). evaluate the increasing
Social capital in effects of DV: Post- levels of social
post-disaster both social disaster capital is critical
recovery capital and trajectories in determining
trajectories: level of post-disaster
Insights from a damages and trajectories.
longitudinal study isolation
of tsunami- factors on
impacted small- fishing
scale fisher communities’
organizations in recovery
Chile. Global trajectories.
Environmental
Change, 35,
450–462.
doi:10.1016/j.glo
envcha.2015.09.
020
Management | 39
Marks, D., & The study IV: Disaster Qualitative
Lebel, L. (2016). aims to Governance Case Study The study
Disaster examine how revealed that
governance and decentralizati DV: Flood government
the scalar politics on reforms Responses often devolve
of incomplete and the responsibilities
decentralization: associated but not skills or
Fragmented and power human and
contested relations financial
responses to the between resources.
2011 floods in government Furthermore,
Central Thailand. agencies at certain
Habitat different decentralized
International, 52, levels government
57–66. affected reforms in
doi:10.1016/j.hab disaster risk administering
itatint.2015.08.02 outcomes. disaster
4 recovery often
struggle to deal
with
coordination
and political
issues related to
scale.
Mata, C., This paper IV: Google Quantitative Analysis of the
Baldera, O., aims to Earth Engine Survey recent flood
Alejo, L., Bareng, presents a Research inundation event
J., & Kantoush, framework for DV: Flood in November
S., (2020). an integrated mapping 2020 in
Satellite-based flood risk Cagayan Valley,
flood inundation management Philippines
and damage in a river showed the
assessment. basin context inundation of an
Research with the extensive area
Square, following of 620.88 km2
doi:10.21203/rs.3 components affecting the
.rs-1774502/v1 as follows: 1) Cagayan
collection of province at
the 55.91% and
comprehensiv Isabela province
e database at 44% share of
containing inundation. The
information flood severely
relevant for affected
flood approximately
analysis; 2) 614.05 km2 of
use of a the total
satellite- croplands.
imagery Using a
based participatory
Management | 40
method for validation
flood approach, the
inundation overall accuracy
map using of datasets used
Google Earth is 97.78% while
engine; 3) flood extent is
validation of 95%.
map accuracy
through quick
post-flood
participatory
approach.
Matyas, D., & This paper IV: Disaster Qualitative The paper
Pelling, M. provides a Risk revealed that
(2014). review of the Management the concept of
Positioning rise to Policy resilience can
resilience for prominence contribute to
2015: the role of of the DV: Resilience decision-making
resistance, concept of by offering three
incremental resilience and distinct options
adjustment and advances an for risk
transformation in elaboration of management
disaster risk the related policy.
management concepts of
policy. Disasters, resistance,
39(s1), s1–s18. incremental
doi:10.1111/disa. adjustment
12107 and
transformatio
n
Narayanan, R. The goal of IV: Joint Qualitative The paper
G., & Ibe, O. C. this chapter is Network Method examined
(2015). Joint to survey various network
Network for various DV: Disaster architectures
Disaster Relief existing Relief and that are
and Search and solutions to Search applicable for
Rescue Network problems disaster
Operations. related to recovery
Wireless Public disaster operations and
Safety Networks recovery search-and-
1, 163–193. network and rescue
doi:10.1016/b978 their operations. As
-1-78548-022- shortcomings, such, each
5.50006-6 and propose solution has its
an own strengths
architecture that contribute
that solves toward disaster
the problem. relief
operations.
Rawls, C. G., & The goal of IV: Disaster Qualitative The paper
Management | 41
Turnquist, M. A. this research Method created an
(2010). Pre- is to develop DV: Pre- optimization
positioning of an positioning of model whose
emergency emergency emergency solution
supplies for response supplies provides a pre-
disaster planning tool positioning
response. that strategy for
Transportation determines facility locations
Research Part B: the location and resource
Methodological, and quantities stocking under
44(4), 521–534. of various uncertainty
doi:10.1016/j.trb. types of about the
2009.08.003 emergency eventual
supplies demands to be
to be pre- faced.
positioned,
under
uncertainty
about if, or
where, a
natural
disaster will
occur.
Santiago, J. S. This paper IV: Agency Survey While the
S., et al. (2018). evaluates Research national and
Agency-driven three agency- local
post-disaster driven DV: Post- governments as
recovery: A resettlement disaster well as non-
comparative communities recovery government
study of three following the organizations
Typhoon Washi devastation worked together
resettlement caused by in reconstruction
communities in Typhoon and recovery,
the Philippines. Washi in Typhoon Washi
International Cagayan de survivors at the
Journal of Oro City, three relocation
Disaster Risk Philippines. sites still suffer
Reduction, 27, from the effects
480–489. of privation and
doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr displacement
.2017.11.012 more than two
years after the
disaster.
Sheppard, P. S., This article IV: Lessons Qualitative The study finds
& Landry, M. D. aims to from 2015 that
(2015). Lessons demonstrate earthquake in rehabilitation
from the 2015 the role of Nepal serves an
earthquake(s) in rehabilitation important role
Nepal: professionals DV: Implication across the
implication for in post- for continuum in
Management | 42
rehabilitation. disaster relief Rehabilitation post-disaster
Disability and and beyond relief from the
Rehabilitation, in Nepal. initial stages to
38(9), 910–913. the months and
doi:10.3109/0963 years following
8288.2015.10644 an event.
82 Rehabilitation
should
immediately
focus on
sustainability
and community
development to
ensure long-
term solutions
for the people
affected
Shaw, R. (2013). The study IV: Post- Qualitative The study
Post Disaster aims to Disaster Literature revealed several
Recovery: Issues provide an Recovery Analysis issues on
and Challenges. overview of recovery,
Disaster Risk some of the DV: Issues and including local
Reduction, 1–13. emerging Challenges community
doi:10.1007/978- issues of post involvement,
4-431-54255- disaster social capital of
1_1 recovery. communities,
strong local
governments
etc.
Su, Y., & Le Dé, This paper IV: Build Back Mixed- The paper
L. (2020). Whose aims to Better Method shows that a
Views Matter in understand large majority of
Post-disaster the ways in DV: Views in affected people
Recovery? A which locals Post-disaster see recovery as
Case Study of view recovery recovery coming back to
“Build Back and, more normal and only
Better” in specifically, a few associate
Tacloban City how the local the recovery
After Typhoon definitions of with reducing
Haiyan. recovery disaster risk. It
International compare with further identifies
Journal of the concept a divide
Disaster Risk of ‘building between outside
Reduction, back better’ organizations
101786. extensively and local people
doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr used by on how they
.2020.101786 policy perceive “build
makers, back better”,
scholars and where a lack of
humanitarian common
Management | 43
agencies. understanding
of what ‘better’
means and
limited support,
can lead to
unsuccessful
recovery.
Uddin, M. M., Ali, The study IV: Factors Quantitative
S., Khan, T., aims to affecting Survey The study finds
Reyad, M. A. H., analyze key disaster Research that
& Paul, R. factors coordination communication
(2020). Exploring affecting between between
the factors disaster government and government and
affecting disaster coordination NGOs NGOs plays a
coordination between significant role
between government DV: Disaster in establishing
government and NGOs relief effective
agencies and related to distribution and coordination
NGOs in disaster successive rehabilitation between
relief distribution relief government and
and rehabilitation distribution NGOs in
activities: and respect of
Evidence from rehabilitation. successive relief
Bangladesh. distribution and
Journal of Public rehabilitation
Affairs. activities.
doi:10.1002/pa.2
373
Wu, X., & Guo, J. This paper IV: Disaster in Qualitative Through
(2021). Economic aims to China Method constant
Impacts and establish a elasticity of sub-
Emergency resident DV: Economic situation (CES)
Management of manufacturer- Impact and production
Disasters in government Emergency function and
China. decision Management ridge regression
doi:10.1007/978- making model method, this
981-16-1319-7 which paper verified
contains the the applicability
probability of the proposed
of disaster, model with the
and then data of the
solved the expenditures for
optimal disaster
proportion of prevention and
government mitigation of
expenditure Hunan Province
for disaster in 2014.
prevention
and reduction
as well as the
Management | 44
expected
economic
growth rates
under
different
conditions
Viloria, L. S., This study DV: Disaster Quantitative Findings
Mendoza, M. J. A examines the Preparedness showed that
(2012). Disaster disaster communities
Vulnerability of preparedness IV: Typhoon which are lying
Upland and of Iligan City close to
Lowland Riverine communities Mandulog River
Communities in when Tropical are more
Iligan City, Storm vulnerable to
Philippines. Sendong flooding and
IAMURE (Washi) and were devastated
International Typhoon more by
Journal of Pablo Sendong than
Ecology and (Bopha) those living
Conservation, 13, came. along Pugaan
135. River. These
Barangay were
structurally ill-
prepared before
Sendong and
even before
Typhoon Pablo
with respect to
complete
crafting and
implementation
of a functional
DRRM Plan as
mandated by
RA 10121. The
findings have
implications to
effective
disaster
governance of
the local
government
units.
Management | 45
APPENDIX C
Adviser’s Acceptance Form
September 3, 2022
󠄂 I hereby accept the proponent/s:
1. Iglesia, Justine Paul, I.

2. Marcos, Ma. Minette Fritzie T.
3. Orpilla, Jamayca C.
as research advisee/s for the study,
Assessment on Disaster Management in the Municipality of Enrile

(Title of Study)
for the School Year 2022-2023.
I promise to abide by my duties and responsibilities and ascertain that my advisees finish their research
output on schedule and according to the rules set by the University Research and Development Center.
Conforme:
Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen, Ph.D

Name and Signature of Instructor/Professor
󠄂 I cannot accept the above thesis/research advisership due to the following reasons:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
___________________________________
Name and Signature of Instructor/Professor
Management | 46
APPENDIX D
Letter to Vice President for Academics
Management | 47
APPENDIX E
Letter to the Barangay Captains
Management | 48
Management | 49
Management | 50
APPENDIX F
Letter of Endorsement
Date: May 5, 2023
Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen, Ph.D.

Data Analyst
Dear Sir:
After thoroughly reviewing the manuscripts of the Research Proponents and their transcripts, I
respectfully endorse the same to your office for evaluation.
It is our understanding that whatever revisions are necessary to be integrated will be referred to the
evaluating panel for their approval, and after which, will be complied with by the research proponents,
and that a certification for defense can only be issued when the data are in place.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D.

Name and Signature of Head CSILKER
Management | 51
APPENDIX G
Data Analysis Certification
Research Proponents: Iglesia, Justine Paul I.

Marcos, Ma. Minette Fritzie T.
Orpilla, Jamayca C.
Program: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies
Research Title: Assessment of Policies and Programs on Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
This is to certify that the quantitative data analysis was done at the University Research and
Development Center of University of Saint Louis and by a duly accredited quantitative data analyst.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D. 05/17/23

Name and Signature of Data Analyst Date
Management | 52
APPENDIX H
Certification of Plagiarism Check
This is to certify that the research paper entitled:
Management
Research Title
Iglesia, Justine Paul I.

Orpilla, Jamayca C.
.Proponents
Has undergone the initial plagiarism check with an originality score/grade of 15%
This signifies that the proponents may proceed to the final defense and that the official plagiarism
clearance will be issued as soon as the integration of final suggestions by the panel is complied with.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D 05/26/23

Name and Signature of the Evaluator Date
Management | 53
APPENDIX I
Certification of Language Editing
Research Proponents: Iglesia, Justine Paul I.

Orpilla, Jamayca C.
Program: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies
Research Title: Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
This is to certify that I have thoroughly edited the final draft of the Research of the students listed
above in terms of grammar and organization, and compliance with the APA format and style.
NATALIE KATE C. RAMIREZ 05/30/23

Name and Signature of Language Editor Date
Management | 54
APPENDIX J
Minutes of Thesis Proposal Defense
December 19, 2022, 5:00-6:00 P.M., Defense Room
Researcher : Justine Iglesia

Ma. Minette Fritzie Marcos
Jamayca Orpilla
Thesis Title : Assessment on Post-Disaster Recover of Municipalities in Cagayan
Adviser : Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen
Members of Technical Panel

Ma’am Jennifer Bangi
Ma’am Marie Jean Mendezabal
Sir Bosch B. Taylan
Proceedings
Presentation of the Research proposal by the Proponent
Review and Critiquing of the Paper
Comments and Suggestions

Section/Page Suggestions/Recommendations
Title Working title
Disaster Risk Reduction Management in Enrile
Introduction
Research 1. What is the level of implementation of DRRM in Enrile as
Questions assessed by the Residents and Implementers along the
following:
a. Prevention and Mitigation
b. Emergency Preparedness and Risk Reduction
c. Emergency Response
d. Rehabilitation and Recovery
2. What are the challenges in the implementation of the
disaster management
-Propose a disaster and management program
Methods - Mixed Method
- Qualitative (Challenges and experiences in the implementation
of the disaster management encountered by the residents and
implementers
- Quantitative (Level of Implementation of DRRM as assessed by
Residents and Implementers
Locale - Enrile, Cagayan
Management | 55
Prepared by: Attested by:
____________________________ _____________________
Jedidiah Clement B. Sta. Monica Darin Jan Tindowen
Reader Research Adviser
General comments
1. Assess whether there is or there is none. If there is, determine how it is implemented
2. Were there studies that shows that post-disaster recovery is prevalent?
3. Check the data on the flood-prone area in Cagayan
4. Improve background of the study
5. Look also on to their pre-during-post recovery plan
Management | 56
Minutes of Thesis Final Defense
May 15, 2023, 1:30 P.M., Defense Room
Researcher : Iglesia, Justine Paul I.

Orpilla, Jamayca C.
Thesis Title : Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan
Adviser : Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen
Members of Technical Panel

Ma’am Jennifer Bangi
Sir Christian Bosch Taylan
Sir Cirilio Parallag Jr.
Proceedings
Presentation of the Research proposal by the Proponent
Review and Critiquing of the Paper
Comments and Suggestions

Section/Page Suggestions/Recommendations
Title - Revise the title according to the keywords of the paper.
Framework - Provide a skeletal or graphic illustration of the contextualized
Proposal framework
Recommendations - Discuss the measures that the administration can do to
address the challenges faced by the residents
Discussion - Put a firm emphasis on the existing margin between the
assessment of residents and implementers.
- Maintain the existing significant difference on the assessment
of residents and implementers as to how the LGU implements
its DRRM plan
Prepared by: Attested by:
____________________________ _____________________
Polyanna Zoreen B. Garello Darin Jan Tindowen
Reader Research Adviser
Management | 57
APPENDIX K
Progress Report
Management | 58
Management | 59
APPENDIX L
Photo Documentation
San Jose, Enrile
San Roque, Enrile
Villa Maria, Enrile
Management | 60
Appendix M
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Justine Paul I. Iglesia

Date of Birth: November 13, 2001
Place of Birth: Tuguegarao City
Current Address: Block 10 Lot. 39 Virgo Street, Barangay Leonarda, Tuguegarao
City, Cagayan
Educational Background
College: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies

University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao
Mabini St., Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
2020-Present
Senior High School: Science Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

John Wesley College
57 College Avenue, Tuguegarao City
S.Y. 2018-2020
Junior High School: John Wesley College

57 College Avenue, Tuguegarao City
S.Y. 2014-2018
Elementary: Christian Baptist Academy

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
S.Y. 2008-2014
Management | 61
Name: Ma. Minette Fritzie T. Marcos
Current Address: Dassun, Solana, Cagayan

2020-Present
Senior High School: Humanities and Social Science Strand

S. Y. 2018-2020
Junior High School: Dassun National High School

Dassun, Solana, Cagayan
S. Y. 2014-2018
Elementary: Dassun Elementary School

Dassun, Solana, Cagayan
S.Y. 2008-2014
Management | 62
Name: Jamayca C. Orpilla
Current Address: Bayabat, Amulung, Cagayan

2020-Present
Senior High School: Humanities and Social Science Strand

S. Y. 2018-2020
Junior High School: University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao

S. Y. 2014-2018
Elementary: Bayabat Elementary School

Amulung, Cagayan
S.Y. 2008-2014
Management | 63

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ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES AND PRACTICES

ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

IGLESIA, JUSTINE PAUL I.

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D.

NATALIE KATE RAMIREZ, LPT

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ______

HERBERT S CORPUZ, Ed.D

JENNIFER C. BANGI, MARS CHRISTIAN BOSCH S. TAYLAN

HERBERT S. CORPUZ, Ed.D.

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

This thesis paper is highly dedicated to the constituents of the disaster-prone

This is all for you.

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

Very special thanks to MR. DARIN JAN TINDOWEN, their thesis

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ……………………………………………... 9

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

Table No. Title of Table Page

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

Figure No. Title of Figure Page

Assessment on the Implementation of Measures and Practices on Disaster Risk

In particular, Enrile is one of the municipalities in Cagayan Province, Philippines, that is

Likewise, given the Philippines' vulnerability to natural calamities, disaster management

There is no significant difference in the level of implementation of disaster risk reduction

Significance of the Study

Prevention and Mitigation

Post-disaster recovery can be assessed by bringing back the environment to its

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Locale of the Study

Figure 2. Map of Province of Cagayan

Respondents of the Study

Data Gathering Procedure

The following statistical tools were used in the study:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Transportation to help the 3.94 Highly 4.85 Fully

Checking the 3.73 Highly 4.07 Highly

Table 1a presents the implementation levels of prevention and mitigation activities, as

Table 1b Level of Implementation of Activities under Emergency Preparedness and Risk

In an increasingly complex and uncertain world, it is imperative to prioritize

Evacuation management. 4.22 Highly 4.64 Fully

Table 1c displays the assessment of residents and implementers on the implementation

Table 1d Level of Implementation of Activities under Rehabilitation and Recovery

Table 1d presents the assessment of residents and implementers regarding the

The primary purpose of post-disaster recovery is to get back to normal. Rehabilitation

The table presents a significant difference in the level of implementation of Disaster

Furthermore, the result revealed a significant difference in the level of implementation of

Challenges in the Implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction Management

a. Insufficient Warning Systems and Devices

b. Challenges in Convincing People to Evacuate

c. Lack of Proper Training for DRRM Team and Rescue Operations

d. Unequal distribution of Disaster Aid

Proposed DRRM Framework of the Municipality of Enrile

Figure 3. Proposed Framework of the Study

Under the phase of preparedness, there is a necessity to build a community that is

Additionally, under the phase of disaster recovery, there is a necessity to establish

2. Municipalities should create a Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management

3. Furthermore, educational institutions must prioritize comprehensive disaster risk

Cruz, E. C. D. (2014). Flood Preparation and Mitigation of Local Government Units of

Santiago, J. S. S., et al. (2018). Agency-driven post-disaster recovery: A comparative study of

UNOSAT. (n.d.). Retrieved from

Part I. Questions on aspects of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

5- Fully Implemented 4- Highly Implemented 3- Moderately Implemented

5- Fully Implemented 4- Highly Implemented 3-Moderately Implemented