UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Tuguegarao City

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS and SCIENCES

Second Semester
A.Y. 2021-2022

CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE

CONW 1013 – CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Prepared by:
RAY T. OBISPO
MER F. MACANANG RUTH ANN M. BINGCANG RACHEL ANN M. SURLA ANTHONY P. ANGELES CIRILO R. PARALLAG
KATHERINE GRACE F. REYNANTE
Course Instructor

Edited By: Anthony Angeles

Reviewed by:

RENZ MARION C. GAVINO, MP

General Education Area Head

Recommended by:

VENUS I. GUYOS, Ph.D.

Academic Dean

Approved by:

EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academics

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 UNIVERSITY PRAYER

O God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we give you thanks and praise as one Louisian community. The
graces You incessantly grant upon us and Your divine providence havesustained our beloved University
throughout the years of mission and excellence.

Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray that You keep us committed
and dedicated to our mission and identity to serve the Church and the society as we become living witnesses to
the Gospel values proclaimed by Jesus. For if we are steadfast in our good and beautiful mission, our works will
bring success not only to ourselves but also to those whom we are bound to love and serve.

Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filled with a noble spirit that stirred him to love You above all
things , may we also live believing that we are born for a greater purpose and mission as we dwell in Your presence
all the days of our life.

Grant all these supplications through the intercession of

Mother Mary and through Christ our Lord. Amen.

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 SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
General Education Department
CONW 1013 – Contemporary World
1ST SEMESTER S.Y 2021-2022

Lesson 2: Aspects, Flows, Metaphors, Concepts and Theoretical Paradigms of Globalization

Topic: Aspects, Flows, Metaphors, Concepts and Theoretical Paradigms of Globalization

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Recall the aspects of Globalization and its nature;

2. Appraise the Aspects of Globalization by relating to their personal stands through online discussion;
3. Give the most relevant issues about the different aspects of Globalization; and
4. State your opinion on a certain issue about Contemporary world.
DATE TOPICS ACTIVITIES/TASKS
January 24-29, Week 3 Content Read Week 3 Content and answer
2021  Aspects of Globalization Participation.
 Metaphors of Globalization

January 31- Week 4 Content Read Week 4 Content and accomplish

February 4, 2021  Flows of Globalization Learning Task and Evaluation
 Theoretical Paradigms
Of Globalization
February 5, 2021 SUBMISSION OF MODULES

LEARNING CONTENT

Introduction

In continuation to our lesson last time we will be discussing the key parts of Globalization, Goals and Flows of
Globalization.

Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. Example, globalization is like a
two way street where exports and imports flows fast, globalization is like a giant wave, that can either capsize
nations or carry them forward, and globalization is like a powerful new medicine, one that offers immense
possible benefits but must be used with caution because of the possible side effects.

Lesson Proper

ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

We have already discussed what Globalization is; in order to get a better picture of the impact of Globalization
of the lives of human beings, we need to consider the various aspects of Globalization which may be
categorized as follows:

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Cultural Globalization

This refers is the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the
world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is
marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the
Internet, popular culture media, and international travel. Cultural Globalization
involves the spread of language, the arts, food, business ideas and
technology, and therefore its impact is felt by almost everybody around the
world. One of the most obvious examples of Globalization is McDonalds that is
present here in the Philippines and around the world. Another example, some
of the students using Anneong into our language as well instead of hello.

Economic Globalization

technologies and wealth.
Industrial Globalization
I’m sitting on a chair that was made in China. As I look on the motor that I
am using, it carries a Japanese plate. And as I look on my laptop, the
hardware is made in Taiwan. Without a doubt, I am surrounded by products
that have come to me from across the seas. In other words, my daily life is a
living example of the globalization of the world's economy. Economic
Globalization is the economic mixing and interdependence of economies
across the world through as escalation of cross-cultural of movement of
goods, services,

Every country in the world is moving towards specialization. Specialization

may be referred to as the phenomenon of producing only that product in
which the country has competitive advantage in terms of cost. For
example, Singapore specializes in pharmaceutical while the US specializes
in military equipment. Therefore, the countries exchange their industrial
products, which is known as trade, and fulfill the requirements of their
people. Every country of the world today is involved in trade and is
depended on some other country one way or the other. The US is the
biggest economy in the

world and even that is depended on other countries for many of its needs. Hence the industries of the world
today are considered to be working not for their native countries but for the world as a whole.

Financial Globalization

It may be defined as the emergence of worldwide financial markets and

better access to external financing for corporate, national and sub-
national borrowers. Some projects in the Philippines were sponsored by
foreign investors. They may be in the form of international organizations
or independent investors. The IMF and the World Bank today give funds
to various countries for developmental projects. We may say, that today

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 the financial markets of the world have untied in such a way that finances
are easily available throughout the world.

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Informational Globalization

This aspect of Globalization has perhaps had the greatest impact on the
world today. Sitting at one end of the world, you can have access to the
information available in any other part of the world with just the push of a
button. Internet, television, telephone, fax, etc. are some of the
inventions that may be considered as a part of the informational
Globalization process where the information flow has dramatically
increased between geographically remote areas of the world.

Ecological Globalization

The effects of globalization in the ecology are still not completely identified,
though some studies suggest that the process of globalization has many
consequences in our ecology.

Globalization and the Politics

Through globalization, political issues such as the rights of women and

children are now currently discussed, many laws are now already
implemented regarding the issues on the rights of women and children.

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Globalization with technology

Technology really plays a huge part in the life of every individual. Also,
through the advancement of technology we can now already
communicate with others despite the distance that separate us. And
through our technology today, the process of globalization is now
taking place much faster.

Geographical Globalization

Globalization is moving towards the trend of a borderless world. We

can now explore different countries without having any dangers. As
an example, migration to major cities and first world countries has
increased during the period of Globalization. Family structures in
places such as Ecuador have changed, where community members
and relatives have begun helping with childcare as male adults have
often migrated to North America and other regions for city-based
jobs.

THE METAPHORS OF

Before proceeding to the next section, a note is needed on the use of metaphors (Brown 1989), which will
occupy a prominent place in the ensuing discussion. A metaphor involves the use of one term to better help us
understand another term. Thus, in the next section, we will use the metaphor of a “solid” to describe epochs
before the era of globalization. Similarly, the global world will be described as being “liquid.” The use of such
metaphors is designed to give the reader a better and a more vivid sense of the global age and how it differs
from prior epochs.

SOLID AND LIQUID

1. SOLIDITY
Refers to the barriers that prevent or make
difficult the movement of things, it can be
either natural or manmade.

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Examples:
Natural Solids
- Land forms
- Bodies of Water

Man-made Barriers
- Great Wall of China
- Berlin Wall
- Nine-dash line

An imaginary line such as the Nine-dash line

of China used by the People’s Republic of
China in their claim to the South China Sea is
an example of modern man-made solid.

2. LIQUID
As state of matter, takes the shape of its container which means liquids are not fixed, therefore refers to
increasing ease of the movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary world. Today’s
liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspect, spatial and temporal are continuous fluctuation. This means
that space and time are crucial elements of Globalization, in global finance, for instance changes in the stock
market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic if liquid phenomena are that their movement is difficult
to stop.
Example:
Videos uploaded on YouTube or Facebook are
unstoppable once they become viral. The so-called
internet sensation become famous not only in their
homeland but also to the entire world.

The forces (the liquid ones) made political

boundaries more permeable to the flow of the
people or things (Cartier, 2000). This brings to us to
what Ritzer regarded as the most important
Videos playing from Facebook and YouTube (characteristics of liquidity)
characteristic of liquid. It tends to melt whatever
stands in its path

(especially solid). The clearest example is the decline, if not death of the nation-state.

Liquidity and Solidity are in constant interaction, liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today.
Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity.

*** END OF WEEK 3 ***

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 Week IV

FLOWS OF GLOBALIZATION
Flows are the movement of people, things, places and information brought by the growing “porosity’ of global
limitations. (Ritzer, 2015)

Closely related to the idea of liquidity, and integral to it, is another key concept in thinking about globalization,
the idea of flows (Appadurai 1996); after all liquids flow easily, far more easily than solids. In fact, it is the
concept of flows that is widely used in the literature on globalization and it is the concept that will inform a good
deal of the body of this book. Because so much of the world has “melted” or is in the process of “melting” and
has become liquefied, globalization is increasingly characterized by great flows of increasingly liquid
phenomena of all types, including people, objects, information, decisions, places, and so on.

For example, think the different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos. Aside from
local dishes, many of us are fond of eating of sushi, ramen, hamburger, and French fries – food introduced to
us by foreign cultures. Clearly, foods are being Globalized.

Another example of flows is the Global Financial Crisis. As Lander (2008) puts it: “In global financial system,
national boarders are porous”. This mean that a financial crisis in a given country can bring ramification on
other regions of the world. An example of which is the spread of the effects of American Financial Crisis in
Europe 2008.

There are 2 types of Flows:

1. Cultural flows refer to the different "objects, skills, beliefs and

practices" from different parts of the world that travel around. This can be
music, food, religious beliefs, languages, clothing, foreign films, etc. For
example, American music and films are listened and watched by a lot of
people across the world. That is the reason for why people from the other
part of the world are influenced by the “American culture”. When so many
cultures link together, we can see new culture being created.

2. Information flows refer to the flow of information across the

world. People from around the world are able to exchange knowledge and
information from anywhere. For example, people can search for any
information they want on “Google Search” which is a very useful tool that
brings together all the websites from around a world.

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 CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization as A Process, Condition and Ideology

A. Globalization is a Process

Globalization – A set of social processes that appear to

transform our present social condition of weakening
nationality into one globality; human lives played out in
the world as a single place; redefining landscape of
sociopolitical processes and social sciences that study
these mechanisms. It is also interaction and integration
between people, companies, and governments
worldwide. It is a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on culture,
on political systems, on economic development and
prosperity, and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world.

Steger thinks globalization is about movement from one

point to another. Therefore, globalization – dynamism, transformation, movement, destruction and creation. For
Steger, globalization isn’t only the economic or the market.

During the late 20th century, globalization rapidly expanded to resemble the form which it is commonly known
as today. Some suggest, however, that since the process of globalization results in the world becoming
increasingly integrated, then it must have existed since the beginning of man. The process of globalization is
said to have existed at least several hundred years ago. Evidence to support this rests on the knowledge that,
around that time, European countries began to expand and colonize the continents of Australia, Africa, North
America, and South America.

Towards the end of the 19th century, world trade and investment experienced rapid expansion. The world was
further united when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. The International Date Line, Prime Meridian and
world time zones were also established at that time. International standards were also devised in the areas of
telegraphy and signaling. The period of economic depression between World War I and World War ll slowed
down progress towards globalization when a number of countries introduce anti-free trade measures in an
attempt to stimulate their own economies. It did not take long, however, for companies to become interested in
expanding their business by operating in the markets of foreign nations. Developments in communication and
transport, particularly that of air travel, soon made possible for these companies to carry out their plans. The
development of the internet continued to assist these companies, creating transnational corporations
(businesses with a base in one country but conducting operations in a number of other countries) the way of
the future.

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B. Globalization as a Condition

Globality – A social condition characterized by tight economic, political, cultural and environmental
interconnections and global flows, making currently existing political borders and economic boundaries
irrelevant.

The often-repeated saying that globalization (the process) leads to more globalization (the condition) does not
allow us to draw meaningful distinctions between the causes and effects. The term globality is used to signify a
future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural interconnections and global flows
that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant. Yet, it should not be assumed
that ‘globality’ refers to a determinate endpoint that precludes any further development. Rather, this concept
points to a particular social condition destined to give way to new, qualitatively distinct, constellations.
Moreover, we could easily imagine different social manifestations of globality: one based primarily on values of
individualism and competition, as well as on an economic system of private property, another embodying more
communal and cooperative social arrangements, including less capitalistic economic relations. These future
alternatives expose the fundamentally the indeterminate character of globalization.

C. Globalization as an Ideology

Global Imaginary - A concept referring to people’s

growing consciousness of belonging to a global
community -destabilizes and unsettles the conventional
parameters within which people imagine their
communal existence

Globalization as an ideology has six core claims. First,

that it is about the liberalization and global integration of
markets. Second, it is inevitable and irreversible. Third,
nobody is in charge of globalization. Fourth,
globalization benefits everyone. Fifth, it furthers the
spread of democracy in the world. Finally, Globalization
requires a global war on terror. Market globalism,
justice globalism, religious globalism’s’ investigates the
ideologies underlying globalization, which endow it with
values and meanings. Market globalism advocates
promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world.
The Globalization and the Ideology of Apple

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 THEORETICAL PARADIGMS OF GLOBALIZATION

WORLD SYSTEMS

Views globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of World
Capitalism. (Wallerstein)

Key Structure of The Capitalist World-

System

1. Core
- Powerful and developed centers of
the system - Western Europe, North
America and Japan
2. Periphery
- Regions that have been forcibly
subordinated to the core through
colonialism or other means - Latin
America, Africa, Asia, Middle East and
Eastern Europe
3. Semi-Periphery
- States and regions that were
previously in the core and are moving
down in the hierarchy or those that
were previously in the periphery and
are moving up

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 GLOBAL CAPITALISM

 Treat globalization as a novel stage in the evolving system of

the world of capitalism (capitalist globalization)
 Focus on new global production and financial system – both
seen to have superseded earlier national forms of capitalism
 Emphasize the rise of the processes that cannot be framed
within the nation-state/inner-state system – which lies at the
core of the world- system theory and most traditional macro-
social theories

THE NETWORK SOCIETY

Does not subscribe to the contention that capitalism fuels

globalization
 PREMISE: Technological change are the underlying causes of
the several processes that comprise globalization – Manuel
Castells called The Rise of the Network Society – “new
economy”

NEW ECONOMY is:

informational, knowledge-based;
global, in that production is organized on a global scale;
networked, in that productivity is generated through global
networks of interaction

 CASTELL: Networked enterprise makes material the culture of the informational, global economy: it
transforms signals into commodities by processing knowledge

TRANSNATIONALITY AND TRANSNATIONALISM

Transnational processes and practices are defined broadly as the

multiple ties and interactions- economic, political, social and
cultural- that link people, communities and institutions across the
borders of nation-states. Transnationality is also a principle of
carrying out an action across national borders, so as to have
effects at a more general level. This principle allows the
exchanging of information and expertise, or benchmarking
practices in different members state.

Transnationalism is an umbrella concept encompassing a wide

variety of transformative processes, practices and developments
that take place simultaneously at a local and global level. It centers
on
exchanges, connections and practices across boarders
(economic, political, social and cultural that links people, institution
across borders of nation-state resulting to the rise of new
communities and the formation of the new social identities and
relations.
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GLOBAL CULTURE

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 Emphasize the rapid growth of the mass media and resultant
global cultural flows and images in recent decades evoking the
image famously put forth by Marshal McLuhan of the “the global
village”
 Ritzer – McDonaldization – is a sociocultural process by which
the principles of the fast-food restaurant came to dominate more
and more sectors of US and later world society

*** END OF WEEK 4

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NO PART OF THIS E-MODULE/ LMS CONTENT CAN BE REPRODUCED, TRANSPORTED OR SHARED WITH OTHERS WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM
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