GAIT TRAINER: A GUIDE FOR RECOVERY FOR DISABLE PERSON WITH

DISABLED LEG

A Research and Capstone Project Presented to the Fidelis Senior High

School Department First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities
2 Pres. Laurel Hiway, Tanauan City Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Senior High School Program, Academic Track – STEM Strand

AL Louie M. Cornejo
Mark Rommel V. Lladoc
Angeli M. Reyes
Mar Anthony V. Tolentino

April 2020
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APPROVAL SHEET

This research proposal entitled: “GAIT TRAINER: A GUIDE FOR RECOVERY

OF DISABLED PERSON WITH DISABLED LEG” prepared and submitted Al

Louie M. Cornejo, Mark Rommel V. Lladoc, Angeli M. Reyes, and Mar Anthony V.

Tolentino, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Senior High School

Program, Academic Track – Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM)

strand, has been examined and recommended for oral examination.

Maria Carmina Perez

Research Teacher

Approved by the PANEL OF EXAMINERS for Oral Defense

April ___, 2020

MS. MARIA CARMINA PEREZ ENGR. ADONIS SANTOS

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior High School

Program, Academic Track – Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM)

Strand.

MR. ARNALDO D. MENDOZA MR. ARNOLD I. CATAPANG

FIDELIS ASST. PRINCIPAL BES PRINCIPAL

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The research thesis would not be accomplished and successful without the

help and guidance of the people who became part of this journey. The researchers

sincerely give acknowledgement to the following:

Ms. Maria Carmina Perez, Research and Inquiries teacher, who exerts efforts,

time and shares her knowledge to every students in order for them to accomplish the

thesis proposal. Salute to her dedication and passion in teaching.

To the panelists, who exert efforts and share their knowledge in improving

this paper and to have a better thesis plan.

To the parents of the proponents, who gave their full support, care, love, and

guidance in accomplishing this proposal.

To the proponents, classmates and friends, who always help them and cheer

them up, and sharing their knowledge in accomplishing this business plan proposal.

Lastly, to Almighty God, who always guide, gives love and strength to the

proponents in order for them to successfully fulfill this business plan proposal.

-The Researchers
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DEDICATION

The researcher sincerely dedicate the accomplished thesis proposal to all the

people who became part of this journey. To their family, friends, classmates,

panelists, and especially to their Research and Inquiries teacher who exerts effort in

sharing her knowledge and guidance in accomplishing this proposal. Most

importantly, this proposal is dedicated to God, who is the source of intelligence,

wisdom and strengths in order to accomplish this thesis proposal.

We, thank you!

-The Researchers
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ABSTRACT

Gait Trainer known as a supportive device for recovering the walking ability has

seen better days. They were reliable but lately, some issues were made regarding to

the product, whether it’s the shape, features, or even durability. Surely, they were

designed to handle person with disability that suffers from a disabled leg but then

again issues happen. This is an opportunity that the researchers took and investigate.

A research was conducted as a study on how improving the said product to be a better

solution as well as resolve the issues or defects the normal Gait Trainer have. The

purpose of this study was to dig deeper on Gait Training, what already exists, how it

helps one disabled person and with the standard objectives made by the researchers, to

be more precise and determine all the possible solutions to the issues the Gait Trainer

have. As that happen, on identifying all the major problems, the researchers think of a

new modifications or features that may be added for it to stand out and be unique

from the already existing product. Once the problems were detected, the researchers

took the chance of conducting a research about it. Of course, as a research. The study

was designed to be a Quantitative Research meaning it consists of numerical data and

information. Questionnaires were made in a descriptive survey manner to see what the

respondents’ initial review to the improvements made to the product. The researchers

determine what would be the possible results, positive or negative, agree or disagree.

But as an overview to the product, it is actually meant to be foldable and adjustable as

well as being lightweight so that the chance of guiding from physicians would be less

dependent. The chance of falls be reduced and pretty much give the same function as

the original Gait Trainer and that is to recover the walking ability of the person with

disability.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………... i

APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………… iii

DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………. iv

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….......... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………….. vi

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………… ix

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………......... x

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ………………………………………………………… 1

Research Problem and Objectives………………………………… 3

Significance of the Study …………………………………………... 4

Scope and Delimitation …………………………………………….. 5

Theoretical Framework …………………………………………….. 6

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………….. 7

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 8

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I. CHAPTER 2
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Conceptual Literature …………………………………………......... 10

Research Literature ……………………………………………........ 13

Synthesis …………………………………………………………… 16

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……………………………………………………. 18

Respondents of the Study …………………………………………... 19

Data Gathering Instrument ……………………………………......... 21

Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………….. 21

Statistical Treatment ………….…………………………………….. 22

Product Development ………………………………………………. 23

Mechanism of Product ……………………………………………… 23

Hardware Specifications ……………………………………………. 25

REFERENCES ………………………….…………………………………… 26

APPENDICES

Letter to the Respondents………………………………………….. 29

Informed Consent …………………………………………………. 30

Survey Questionnaire …………………………….………………... 32

Approval Letters ………………………………….……………….. 36

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CURRICULUM VITAE ………………………………………….………….. 40

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Distribution of Respondents 20
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study 8

2 Front view & Side view 23

3 Wheels and Casters 24

4 Lightweight Metal and Foldable Steel 24

5 Nuts and Bolts, and Washers 25

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter focuses in necessary data gathering and information, including

the Introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and

delimitation, theoretical framework, conceptual framework and definition of terms.

Introduction

The human body is designed to be upright. The human bones, muscles, organs,

and nervous system function optimally when upright, either walking or standing.

During development, crawling begins at approximately 9 (nine) months, and walking

begins between 12-18 months of age. When walking begins, a typical infant develops

a much stronger engagement with their environment. When an infant becomes

upright, they are on the same plane as the rest of the world around them until they

grow up; it allows them better interaction with people and objects in their

environment. That is why it is important to develop a person’s walking ability in early

stage so that the bones will be well built as they grow up.

However, there are people who are unable to do things because of their

disability. Even though, there are such devices that helps person with disability regain

their walking ability, the researchers aim to achieve a disabled person’s comfort and

many more.
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Numerous patients with neurological injuries, like spinal cord injury or disability of

legs, suffer from muscle weakness, loss of independent joint control and spasticity,

resulting in reduced walking ability. For countless patients, relearning to walk is a

significant goal throughout the process of rehabilitation. The ability to walk also

positively affects other activities of daily living and enhance general psychological

and psychosocial well-being. The high demands were placed on the hands of the

therapist during laboriously assisted gait training has led to the introduction of a

mechanism that can provide the required assistance. Gait Trainer have the capability

to come up with longer, and more intensive, training sessions than that can be

attainable during traditional therapies, and validate objective monitoring of the

patients’ progress. Over the past years Gait Trainer has slowly establish into the

clinics.

Current research has confirmed that Gait Trainer can improve walking

capabilities. To assist the functional recovery of people with disabled legs, an

appropriate afferent input to the legs will help in the therapy of the patient. The main

goal of this mechanism is to "teach" the patient to walk again. One type of therapy is

accomplished with the help of physiotherapists. At the beginning of this therapy, the

leg movements of the patients have to be assisted by physiotherapists during gait on

the moving treadmill. The physical capabilities and the individual experience of the

therapists usually limit this training. This method has shown its effectiveness.

The researchers would like to have an opportunity to improve one of these

products and conduct a research as well. While searching, the researchers found one

mechanism that surely can help a person with disabled leg, this mechanism is Gait

trainer. According to “RehabMar” (n.d), Gait Trainer is a mobility aid designed to

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properly stabilize, support, and assist a physically disabled individual by offering non

heavy metal support and postural alignment to allow secure and safe gait practice. All

the improvements to be made will surely increase for a better solution to these people

with disabled leg. It is one way on how the researchers would help these people. With

the respondent’s cooperation, the researchers would be able to gather all the data and

information about the review of the improved product.

In conclusion, the researchers are aiming to improve an existing product that

helps people with disability. The objective of this study is to introduce and design an

open-structure and applicable gait trainer with features such as a simple structure and

control scheme, low cost, and a reliable security. The design was developed with the

key aims of providing good application that is both simple and convenient. Gather all

data and information from the respondents about their review. And most importantly,

help and assist all the people with disabled leg to recover their walking ability.

Research Problem and Objectives

Mobility impediment categorize in severity from restraint of stamina to paralysis.

Some mobility impairments are induced by conditions present at birth while others are

the result of illness or physical injury, this was stated by the

“College of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana

Champaign”. The researchers conducted this study to help and give assistance to a

disabled person with disabled leg, by doing this the researchers created a prototype

named “Gait Trainer”, which serves as their therapy and guide to recovery.

Specifically, it aimed to accomplish the following objectives:

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1. To determine the defects of the existing Gait Trainer and how it may be

solved.

1.1 What are the major issues with the already existing Gait Trainer?

1.2 What’s most likely the reason why the Gait Trainer has some defects?

2. To determine whether the modifications are suitable to the product as an

innovation.

3. To strengthen muscles, build endurance, and develop muscle memory for a

better recovery.

Significance of the Study

The study shows significance not only to all person with disability but to any

aspect as well, the study would be beneficial to the following:

Students. This study benefits students to explore more about what disability is,

how difficult a situation is for those people with disability and also know some

existing device that helps to give assistance to disabled people.

Physicians. This study is beneficial to physicians. Physicians take responsibility

to a person with disability to give treatment and care. This study will benefit

physicians on how one device may affect a person with disabled leg in a better way.
 5

Teachers. This study is beneficial to teachers as well to be more aware about

what disability as well. In case if teachers would take opportunity to discuss about

disability, teachers can use this research as a guide.

Future Researchers. This study is beneficial to future researchers. Future

researchers who would want to make a study and talk more about disability can use

this research as a reference for some background information and as well as related

studies.

Scope and Delimitation

Number of Respondents. Would be only limited to Grade 11 Fidelis STEM

strand students as respondents. Participation is key for Grade 11 Fidelis STEM

students to answer the given survey.

Location. is limited only in the vicinity of FAITH Fidelis Senior High School, no

any other schools are involved in the making of the research.

Time Frame. The research would take place within 3 months making it limited

to time on gathering all the data and information needed.

Gait Trainer’s Scope. is only suited for disabled person with disabled leg as a

therapy and guidance to recover the walking ability of the disabled person.

Disability. is the general problem of the research but the specific problem is

person with disability who has a disabled leg. The only thing the research discusses is

the disability of a leg and how an improved device would make a difference.
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Theoretical Framework

The Gait trainer is an adaptive mobility equipment designed for a wide range of

clients with varying abilities, gait trainers provide outstanding support in learning to

walk, maintaining momentum, and building muscle skills. It was developed in the

mid-1980s by a special education teacher in California, Linda Biddable, She was the

first inventor of the Gait Trainer and in collaboration with others at the Blair Learning

Center.

In 1980 the move program for children was established by Dr. Linda Bidabe, she

is a special education for the Kern County Superintendent of Schools in Bakersfield,

California. In 1991 MOVE was created in response about the growing concern that

students with severe, multiple and profound disabilities in the public schools were not

learning critical mobility skills needed to benefit fully from their educational

programs. The postulation was swiftly spread to three nearest school district and his

first MOVE curriculum was published. During 1994, MOVE International became a

501(c) 3 nonprofit organization, while in 2004.OVE broadened its scope into the adult

population.

In Chesapeake Care in Maryland, a pilot program was established and after two

years, it was showed in the data that adults benefited from the MOVE program.

Adults who had never walked before began walking by the use of Gait Trainers.

This Mechanism was developed for the developmental disabilities to help the

disable person patient on how to walk on the different surfaces and have balance or

strength impairments. Although gait training was usually to reduce disable person

dependence on such technology in order to walk more in everyday lives. A Gait

training was built with the foundational concepts of neuroplasticity and motor
 7

learning, Gait training was an advancing interventions with the aim to provide

independence in gait and a full recovery for those with developmental or acquired

disabilities.

In partnership with MOVE, thousands of teachers, therapists, support staff,

family members and administrators across the US and worldwide are trained as

MOVE Basic Providers to assist individuals with multiple disabilities. With each

passing year the numbers continue to increase as word spreads about the effectiveness

of the MOVE program to enhance the quality of life for individual, family members

and support providers. The majority of children and adults with motor disabilities are

appropriate for inclusion in the MOVE Program.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers conducted an Input-Process-Output (IPO) illustration for the

readers to completely comprehend the Framework on how the researchers made the

prototype. In the IPO Illustration, the courses outlook as a series of boxes connected

by inputs, process, and outputs.

In the first box which represents the Input of the product. This contains all the

important tangible for the product to operate within expected functions such as Steel

Tube, Aluminum Tube, Casters, Wheels, Nuts and Bolts, Washers, Foldable steel,

Bag cover.

In the second box which represents the step-by-step procedure that the

researchers must considered to come up with the desired output. It includes analyzing,

designing, developing, testing, evaluating and implementing of the product.

For the third box which represents the Output, this where we can find the

expected output of the study, this product was called Gait trainer.
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Figure 1. Gait Trainer: A Guide for Recovery of Disabled Person with

Disabled Leg

Definition of Terms

For better insight, this portion provides either the conceptual or hypothetical

definitions of the terminologies used in the research. These are the following:

Upright. The definition of upright is something or someone who is strictly

honest, or something that is vertical or erect.

Balance. Defined as being able to remain upright and walk gracefully, or a state

of equality, an emotionally and mentally stable mind or the presentation of both sides

of an issue.

Posture. The way you position your body or arrange your limbs. So stand up

straight, put your shoulders back, and lift that chin up.

Mobility. Often refers to whether you can move an injured body part, like a joint

or a limb, but it can also describe movement in general.

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Gait. Gait is defined as bipedal, biphasic forward propulsion of center of gravity

of the human body, in which there are alternate sinuous movements of different

segments of the body with least expenditure of energy.

Trainer. Trainers are health care professionals who collaborate with physicians.

The services provided by ATs comprise prevention, emergency care, clinical

diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation of injuries and medical

conditions.

Physicians. Medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply doctor, who is a

professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting,

maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment

of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

Disability. Which is attributable to an intellectual, psychiatric, cognitive,

neurological, sensory or physical impairment or a combination of those impairments

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Chapter 2

REVIEW LITERATURE

This chapter is composed of three major components which are the conceptual

literature, research literature and lastly the synthesis. The conceptual literature

discussed about the variables and the element of the studies while the research

literature is about the past literature related to the studies, and lastly the synthesis, this

is the summary of the conceptual and research literature.

Conceptual Literature

The ability to walk contributes considerably to physical health and overall well-

being, (Assistive Technology: The Official Journal of RESNA, 2017). Walking is one

of the momentous part of human being. From the past decades, Gait trainer is known

as a valuable material wherein it can helps to improve physical strength for disable

person. It tends for children or adults with physical disabilities, to provide the

opportunity to improve walking ability.

In a comparison to another research by Ginny Paleg and Roslyn Livingstone

(n.d), Gait Trainers are supportive walking devices that take the weight of the body

through a solid or fabric ‘seat’, stabilize the trunk, and support the pelvis. Children

with cerebral palsy often use gait trainers to augment their mobility. The purpose of

this analysis article is to review the evidence and clinical considerations influencing

the selection of gait trainer features for children with cerebral palsy and to describe

gait trainer models. A gait trainer offers both unweighting support and postural

alignment to enable gait practice. It functions as a support walker and provides more

assistance for balance and weight-bearing, than does a traditional rollator walker, or a
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walker with platform attachments. It also provides opportunities to stand and to bear

weight in a safe, supported position. Various movement disorders can result in the

inability to walk independently, necessitating the use of a gait trainer. In a different

study by the same author, Paleg and Livingstone (2015) conducted a systematic

review regarding use of gait trainers at home or school with children who are unable

to walk independently or with hand-held walkers. Included studies involved at least

one child with a mobility limitation and measured an outcome related to gait trainer

use.

Now, in terms of different prototypes and models of gait trainers, a few gait

trainer models use a hybrid of orthoses and gait trainer. In general, the orthotic

devices are designed for a single user, require frequent adjustment by an orthoptist

and transfers are more challenging. Some have a method to ensure or encourage

reciprocal stepping and studies report improved alignment and ability to step with this

feature (Stallard et al, 1996; Wright et al, 1999; Broadbent et). The authors concluded

that evidence supporting outcomes for disabled person using gait trainers is primarily

descriptive and, while mainly positive, is insufficient to draw firm conclusions. In a

systematic review, Swinnen et al. (2014) evaluated whether balance was determined

as an outcome measurement of gait trainers in disabled person. In addition, the use of

gait trainer, along with a compact treatment, seems to affect the walking ability of

patients in a better way. Incoming research trials should consider into account on how

gait training affects the oldest population, as this target was not clearly mentioned in

the studies examined. Access of new proven studies will support the design of

innovative assistive models for the clinical rehabilitation setting, which will take into

account the need of personalizing the intervention to support the growing oldest old

population. (Elvira et, al, 2019).

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Searching for a common disability in which gait trainers can be used, the results

turned out that Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability among

children, in which 3.6 per 1,000 live births in the United States are affected. In

addition to another study, Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella term for a group of

disorders caused by brain malformation or damage during early development, with the

defining characteristic of motor and posture impairment that limits activities of daily

living and self-care (Adam et. al, 2018). The motor impudent are mostly associated by

sensory, cognitive, communication, and perceptual deficits, among others.

Moreover, according to the World Health Organization's International

Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), there are 3 levels at which

humans function: (1) the body or body part, (2) the entire person, and (3) the entire

person in a social setting. (Noelle et. al, 2016). Functional gait training in children and

young adults with CP is a safe treatment intervention to target improvement of

outcomes relating to walking ability. Functional gait training is a safe, feasible, and

effective intervention to improve walking ability. There is strong evidence that

functional gait training results in clinically important benefits for children and young

adults with CP, with a therapeutic goal of improved walking speed. (Adam et. al,

2018). As professionals who have worked with children with poor motor control,

professionals have no doubt about the importance of a gait trainer. Using gait trainers

for upright positioning and ambulation practice for children unable to walk

independently has been a long-standing intervention in clinics, schools and homes.

The design of the review focused on the specific question: For children with motor

impairments, which outcomes are positively influenced by a gait trainer intervention?

Of the seventeen studies included in the review, most of them were lower level

studies. But all of them indicated good outcomes for children with motor impairments
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using gait trainers, such as increased mobility, number of steps, speed, distance and

increased independence. (Elena, 2015).

Research Literature

The ability to move from one place to another independently appears to play a

pivotal role in social development and psychological function. The term gait trainer is

used to describe a supported walking device that provides trunk and pelvic support. It

is meant as an assisting device used to help regain walking ability. Gait trainers

commonly unweight the body through a solid or fabric seat, stabilize the trunk and

support the pelvis. Despite the apparent widespread and long term use of gait trainers,

to date there are no systematic reviews or published evidence-based clinical

guidelines (Ginny & Roslyn, 2015).

Talking about its usage, functional gait training encompasses a range of diverse

interventions with the same treatment goal. It can be defined as actively practicing the

task of walking, to improve walking ability. This can involve over ground gait

training (OGT) or treadmill‐based gait training. The addition of a treadmill allows a

greater repetition of stepping in a safe, controlled environment, increasing intensity,

compared with OGT. Both methods may incorporate the use of partial body weight

support (PBWS) systems.

With the usage, it also comes with features, (Paleg et al 2015) evaluated the ease

of forward motion and inertia of three different gait trainers, and found that drive style

and wheel size have a significant influence on forces required to initiate movement on

different surfaces. This means that having four free wheels make a gait trainer more

likely to slide laterally rather than turn. Two directionally fixed wheels and two
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swivel caster systems can either be rear, front or mid-wheel drive. In terms of pelvic

support, some gait trainers are regular handheld posterior walkers with the option to

add pelvic supports and a seat. The minimal sling type seat is designed as a safety

measure for a child who occasionally loses postural control, rather than for a child

who requires body-weight support. And while there’s the feature of having pelvic

support, some gait trainers provide full postural trunk supports, while others only

provide a support that limits excessive trunk movement within a narrow range. Most

devices offer circumferential supports that may be rigid or flexible and children

should not be allowed to ‘hang’ or weight bear on or around their brachial plexus. As

well as for the thighs and ankles, straddle type gait trainers typically have the option

for solid adductor supports between the thighs and ankles. U-shaped frames typically

have options for soft ankle cuffs that may be able to slide along bars attached to the

side frame. Some gait trainers have articulating leg cuffs that can provide semi-rigid

support to prevent adduction and also excessive abduction at the thighs. (Adam et al.,

2018).

In addition to the benefits of gait trainers, gait training is an integral part of

rehabilitation programs that primarily helps patients with stroke gain to recover their

walking ability. But the decision when to introduce gait training post-stroke may

differ from one clinician to another. This study was done to determine the components

physical therapists reckon before initiating gait training in patients post stroke. The

five most common factors considered by physical therapists were (1) level of

consciousness, (2) strength, (3) balance, (4) vital signs, and (5) cognition. This

ranking was done from a clinical experience rather than research findings and related

literatures. The authors concluded that evidence supporting outcomes for children

using gait trainers is primarily descriptive and, while mainly positive, is insufficient to
 15

draw firm conclusions. In a systematic review, Swinnen et al. (2014) evaluated

whether balance was determined as an outcome measurement of gait trainers in stroke

patients. The central goal was effectiveness, and the secondary goal was to identify

evidence-based dosage recommendations for home-based programs. Being positioned

above 60° from horizontal at the minimum of 10 minutes of five sessions within a 2-

week period was defined as a Standing Intervention, this was stated by Paleg and

Livingstone (2015).

Knowing the factors in which it was determined, gait trainers can be improved for

a better gait training and so the new gait trainer may have advantages in supporting

users with limited mobility during walking and various functions and decrease the risk

for falls. A longer practice time and individual fitting process are recommended for

better accommodation to the new possibilities (Assistive technology: the official

journal of RESNA, 2017). In a systematic research, Paleg and Livingstone (2015)

evaluated the evidence for all outcomes potentially impacted by a supported standing

program in adults with chronic neurological conditions. Once again Ginny and Roslyn

(2016), have delivered a valuable literature review, this one on the all-important topic

of gait training. In the therapy community be well aware of the importance of

mobility for the developing mind and body.

While there are many adaptive gait trainers available, each with a wide variety of

features and accessories, there is a lack of information or research to guide a

clinician’s decision-making process when choosing between the various models. It is

the goal of most every lower-limb amputee to walk “normally” again. In the context

of this article, “normal” is defined as a symmetrical gait pattern that falls within the

“average” range in terms of posture, step length, rate of speed, limb positioning, etc.

But being a lower-limb amputee resents many different challenges when it comes to
 16

ambulating safely and without exerting excessive energy. (Scott, 2011) Generally, the

higher the amputation level, the more we can expect to see gait deviations, or what

some would call limps. This is because with each segment of the anatomy that is lost

to amputation, more muscle, sensory receptors and leverage are also lost. As a result,

the person with a higher amputation level typically has a less stable and less energy-

efficient gait pattern compared to a person with a lower amputation level. (Scott,

2011) The literature search was limited due to it being challenging as the term ‘gait

trainer’ tends to bring up literature concerned with robotic and body-weight support

treadmill training, whereas terms like ‘walking’ and ‘support walker’ are challenging

to narrow down. On the whole, there is a paucity of research evidence to support

therapists’ clinical reasoning around the selection of gait trainer types and features.

The level of evidence is very low and a quality rating was not conducted or

appropriate (Levac et al, 2010).

Synthesis

The information that have been gathered was considered appropriate as

background studies to this research. As for summarization, from both the Conceptual

and Research Literature, it was stated that the Gait Trainer affects the walking ability

of patients in a better way.

The researchers stated on the conceptual literature that Gait Trainer was a safe

treatment for both children and adults who encounter Cerebral Palsy, a group of

permanent movement disorders in early childhood. The researchers mentioned about

the cerebral palsy being the most common physical disability for children in the

United States. How the gait trainer may give help and assistance to the person with
 17

disability, a research was made to determine various models of gait trainers,

modifications and rehabilitations of gait trainers. Gait Trainers, especially when

improved, were determined what some advantages it makes and how it makes a

difference like reducing the chances of falling.

Furthermore, it was mentioned in the related literature that the Gait Trainer can

be defined as supported walking device used to move from one place to another

independently in which it has a purpose of bringing back the lost ability of a person

with disabled leg, walking. Guided by the other research made by many authors, some

of them are physicians, that contributes very much to the study and serve as a

reference for the researchers to be used. Making it more convenient in identifying the

problems, factors and even indicators about the product.

The researchers cited that gait training is an integral part of rehabilitation

programs that primarily helps patients with stroke gain to recover their walking

ability. Knowing the factors in which it was determined, gait trainers can be improved

for a better gait training and so the new gait trainer may have advantages in

supporting users with limited mobility during walking and various functions and

decrease the risk for falls.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter introduces how the researchers round up the important data and

information used in study. It contains the research design, respondents of the study,

research instruments, statistical tools and research procedures.

Research Design

This research is quantitative in nature since it includes the data that contributes

in a numerical format, and can be analyzed in a quantifiable way. It utilized the

descriptive research design to support the objectives of the research. The researchers

considered to use the descriptive methods in describing the systematically facts and

characteristics. Among the research design, data attained from developing the product

and survey procedures were analyzed, interpreted and discussed. According to

Coloson S. (2017), some people think that quantitative research is all about numbers.

This is quite right but still wrong in some way. In the same way, the numerical data

that the quantitative research design captures are not the actual efforts made to the

study. Instead, it is the actions and insights meaning that the analysis of those

numerical data and their application towards a better study is what matters more.

Research design plays a vital role in the research study because no matter how many

spreadsheets, tables, charts and even surveys would not add up too much but with the

analysis, the numerical data gathered would not be as much elusive.

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Respondents of the Study

The research was oversight at First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities.

In this study there are two hundred forty four (244) students from Grade 11- STEM of

FAITH- Fidelis Senior High School that serves as the respondents of the study.

To determine the total sample size the researchers used the Slovin’s Formula.

They considered the selected population in terms of availability workload and

alignment of the research in their chosen field.

The sampling technique used by the researchers was probability sampling, in a

more specific way, the researchers used stratified sampling technique where it

involves a method where a larger population can be divided into smaller groups that

usually don’t overlap but represent the entire population together. To get the total

number of respondents per section, the researchers used the formula;

n =N / (1+Ne ²)

Whereas:

n = no. of samples N = total population

e = error margin / margin of error

 20

Section Total Number of Percentage of Number of Respondents

Students Population per Section

A 44 7.05% 17

B 45 7.21% 18

C 44 7.05% 17

D 45 7.21% 18

E 44 7.05% 17

F 45 7.21% 18

G 43 6.89% 17

H 42 6.73% 16

I 42 6.73% 16

J 45 7.21% 18

K 44 7.05% 17

L 44 7.05% 17

M 31 4.97% 12

N 27 4.33% 11

O 39 6.25% 15

Total 624 99.99% 244

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

 21

Data Gathering Instruments

The researchers gathered the information among the respondents with the use of

survey method. The questionnaire was self-constructed and was utilized according

with the problem and research objectives of the study. The main goal of the

questionnaire is to analyze and deliberate the adequateness of the output when it

comes to functionality, efficiency, and design. Trueman (2015), discussed that the

survey questionnaire is a vital instrument used to acquire statistically useful

information about given topic.

In recording the responses, the researchers used the 4 point scale to determine the

respondents’ agreement level ranging from 4-1 where; (4) indicates “Strongly Agree”,

(3) indicates “Agree”, (2) indicates “Disagree”, (1) indicates “Strongly Disagree”.

The researchers obviously did not use a 5 - point scale because if that was the case

then there would be a middle in the range of agreement level and there would be a

neutral answer from the respondents meaning the respondents have no concrete

answers and were not sure if they agree nor disagree.

Data Gathering Procedure

The procedure in gathering the necessary data in the research characterizes the

following steps.

The proponents cross questions through the use of permission letter from the

Fidelis coordinators, Research Inquiries, and Capstone Teacher to supervise the

survey. The researchers assured a permission from the Faith Colleges and Fidelis

Senior High principal in collecting necessary data and information. After the approval

of the request for the administration of the survey questionnaire, the researchers

proceed to the distribution of the questionnaires from the selected samples during and
 22

after their class subjects together with the permission of the approval from the

principal. At the same day, the questionnaires are retrieved by the researchers to

ensure the higher return percentage of the questionnaires. After the process of

collecting data, results were gathered, tabulated, interpreted and analyzed.

Statistical Treatment

The data were sorted, tabulated and analyzed using the following statistical tools.

In evaluating the functionality, effectiveness and design of the product the

researchers used the Weighted Mean. It is a method in getting the average of the

responses. The formula for the weighted mean has been used to know the average of

all answers and computed results of the data sorted. Below is the formula for the

weighed mean;

Wherein

= summation = value

= weight = sample size

In getting the mean of the weighted mean the researchers use the “Composite Mean”,

this method is used to establish the whole response and information regarding the

product.

Wherein

= composite mean = total number of responses from the text

= total number of responses in the set

 23

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

This part of the study is composed of identifying all the technical study or

hardware. In this case, however, the researchers are showing the mechanism behind

the product.

Figure 2. Front view and Side view

Mechanism of the Product

It works with a simple mechanism, no technology or wires needed even

electricity to make it work. All it simply does is it serves as a guide to recover the

walking ability of a disabled person and it is unique due to the feature of being

adjustable and foldable.

Wheels

Wheels are used to give the Gait Trainer a feature of moving it without lifting.

Two types of wheels were used, one is for the rear and the other is the front. The
 24

front, which are the casters give the ability to turn the Gait Trainer in a specific

direction, they are smaller than the rear wheels.

Figure 3. Wheels and Casters

Metal Body

Two metals were used in forming the product. To be more specific, these two

metals are unique in its own way. One is foldable and one is lightweight. These two

contribute most to the main improvement of the Gait Trainer being lightweight and

has the feature of being folded.

Figure 4. Lightweight Metal and Foldable Steel

 25

Supporters

Nuts, bolts and washers are necessary in keeping sure the Gait Trainer

won’t collapse. It is in fact even sturdy that welding it in place. The primary purpose

of most washers is to evenly distribute the load of the threaded fastener with which

they are used. Nuts and bolts go together and without both of them you cannot

produce strong equipment. They are designed to work so that they strengthen

whatever they are holding together.

Figure 5. Nuts and Bolts, and Washers

Hardware Specifications

The hardware of the product consists of all the components or materials needed

that makes the whole product complete and well organized. It gives all the major

functions needed for the product.

 26

REFERENCES

Booth, A. et. al, (2018). The Efficacy of Functional Gait Training in Children and

Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323609601_The_

efficacy_of_functional_gait_training_in_children_and_young_adults_with_

cerebral_palsy_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis

Druzbicki, M. et. al, (2018). The Efficacy of Gait Training Using a Body Weight

Support Treadmill and Visual Biofeedback in Patients with Subacute Stroke: A

Randomized Controlled Trial. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journal

s/bmri/2018/3812602/

Endo, Y. et. al, (2018). Long-term Sustained Effect of Gait Training using a Hybrid

Assistive Limb on Gait Stability via Prevention of Knee Collapse in a Patient

with Cerebral Palsy: A Case Report. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6127483/?fbclid=IwAR33CXso

6Y24ECgolZK21stpgxLcPSJShNPCKkQrWn_ALl1m6bnGm8hN7Y

Lefmann, S. et. al, (2017). The Effectiveness of Robotic-Assisted Gait Training for

Pediatric Gait Disorders: Systematic Review. Retrieved from https://jneuroengreh

ab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1=186/s12984-016-0214x?fbclid=IwAR

2Yz81YkXXJ0lFRNYHSretJ31ep1NLkyZpd0kW77y0RmvZN1dXgt85gE

Livingstone, R. (2016). Measuring Outcomes for Children with Cerebral Palsy

Who Use Gait Trainers. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net

/publication/305819148_Measuring_Outcomes_for_Children_with_Cerebr

al_Palsy_Who_Use_ait_Trainers
 27

Maranesi, E. et. al, (2019). Effectiveness of Intervention Based on End-effector

Gait Trainer in Older Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review. Retrieved

from https://www.sciencedirect.com/sience/article/abs/pii/ S1525861 019307509

Murata, S, et. al, (2019). Relationship between Body Sway and Walking Parameters

in Preschool Children. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3

33859100_Relationship_between_body_sway_and_walking_parameters_in_presc

hool_childrenyouernozhongxindongyaotobuxingparametatonoguanlian?fbclid=Iw

AR0RJweYWW _Ms_Eh71guEDoTj548gtwQTjnqKXT2RLSX6E1OeAhGVV

s3U

NextStep Fitness (2018). Gait Training. Retrieved from

https://www.nextstepfitness.org/gaittraining?fbclid=IwAR3LK3zvG1xwsso

aUb-RMJd4ZvBVxHuKuvmUaJArky0urmvEhZ00oBKgvyM

Noble, E. (2015). Motor Impairments and Gait Training: A Systematic Review.

Retrieved from https://www.rifton.com/adaptive-mobility-blog/blog-

posts/2015/february/evidence-update-gait-training-outcomes

Paleg, G. et. al, (2016). Evidence-Informed Clinical Perspectives on Selecting Gait

Trainer Features for Children with Cerebral Palsy. Retrieved from

https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.9.444?fbclid=I

wAR2F_DI4ygkiwZrfwwZxFGiUdaDOxmRmdWlwgpqTK_ZR4cPMx

GbKtDuM2k

Pirker, W. (2016). Gait Disorders in Adults and the Elderly. Retrieved from https://

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318488/?fbclid=IwAR03dlkOiYhIQ6

mpa-p-71UYsCv69ZtdjsZQe8FT2t3O9Uzgw42St4BKIo
 28

Raveh, E. et. al, (2017). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Novel Gait Trainer in

increasing the Functionality of Individuals with Motor Impairment: A Case

Series. Assistive Technology, 31(2), 106–111. doi:

10.1080/10400435.2017.1382021

Smania, N. (2012). Effects of Electromechanical Gait Trainer. Retrieved from

https://clinialtrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01564433
 29

Appendix A

Letter to the Respondents

Dear Respondent,

Good day! We, the Grade 12 STEM students, are currently conducting a
quantitative research study titled ‘Gait Trainer: A Guide for Recovery of Disabled
Person with Disabled Leg’. We are hoping for your participation and cooperation by
being one of the respondents of our study. We rest assured that all the data coming
from our respondents will be handled with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very
much and God bless.

–The Researchers
AL LOUIE M. CORNEJO
MARK ROMMEL V. LLADOC
ANGELI M. REYES
MAR ANTHONY V. TOLENTINO
ANGELI M. REYES (09485422083)
 30

Appendix B
INFORMED CONSENT

Gait Trainer: A Guide for Recovery of Disabled Person with Disabled Leg

voluntarily agree to participate in this

research study.

refuse to answer any question without any consequences of any kind.

rstand that I can withdraw my permission to use my responses in the
questionnaire within two weeks after the data collection in which case the material
will be deleted.
-
structure and applicable gait trainer with features such as a simple structure and

I understand that the participation involves answering questionnaire about this

study to help and give assistance to a disabled person with disabled leg, by doing this
the researchers created a prototype named “Gait Trainer”, which serves as their
therapy and guide to recovery.
understand that I will not benefit directly from this research.
that there are no anticipated risks to my participation.

confidentially.

I hereby declare that I have read and understood this informed consent well enough
before willingly and voluntarily signing this document.

Name of Student: ______________________________________________________

Signature: _______________________________ Date: _______________

For below 18 years old

With my/our consent: ___________________________________________________
(Signature over Printed Name of Parent/Guardian Date)
 31

Appendix C
Letter to the Registrar
March 26, 2020

March 26, 2020

Engr. Sherryl Geaña
Registrar
First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities
#2 Pres. Laurel Highway, Tanauan City, Batangas

Dear Ma’am:

Greetings of peace!

We, the students from Science Technology Engineering Mathematics strand, are
conducting research paper entitled, “Gait Trainer: A Guide for Recovery of Disabled
Person with Disabled Leg”. In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical
Research II, we would like to request for an official count of Grade 11 Fidelis STEM
students per section this school year 2019-2020.

We are looking forward to your response. Rest assured that the gathered information
will be kept highly confidential. Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

AL LOUIE M. CORNEJO
MARK ROMMEL V. LLADOC
ANGELI M. REYES
MAR ANTHONY V. TOLENTINO

Noted: Approved by:

Maria Carmina Perez Engr. Sherrl Gevaña

Practical Research II Teacher Registrar
 32

Appendix D

Survey Questionnaire

Gait Trainer: Guide for Recovery of Disabled Person with Disabled Leg

Name:
Section:
Directions: This part of the study is where the researchers gather all the data and
information needed by the use of methodology instrument,
descriptive survey. Down below are some questions regarding about
the improved Gait Trainer, mark a check (√) to the space provided at
the table.
4 – Strongly Agree 3 – Agree 2 – Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree

Effectiveness
Questions 4 3 2 1
1.) Improved Gait Trainer can regain the walking ability of a
disabled person faster.
2.) The included features to the new gait trainer can help give a
better comfort to its user.
3.) Improved Gait Trainer makes a new possibility of regaining the
walking ability of a disabled person with disabled leg.
4.) Effectiveness in strengthening the posture of a person with
disability
5.) Effectiveness in improving the standing and walking balance
of a person with disability
Modifications
Questions 4 3 2 1
1.) The added features really makes a huge difference from the
 33

stock Gait Trainer.

2.) The modifications made to the Gait Trainer were suitable for
the users.
3.) The modifications serve as an innovation to the product.
4.) The added features are easy to use and handy.
5.) Modifications were suitable to the product.
Design
Questions 4 3 2 1
1.) The improved gait trainer can assist the user safer and gentle.
2.) The improved gait trainer materials are not easy to rust than
the other gait trainer.
3.) The appearance of the product is very unique and the materials
are very durable.
4.) The appearance of the product gives more comfortably to the
users.
5.) Improved features of the gait trainer is design to perform
efficiently.
Usage
Questions 4 3 2 1
1.) Improved Gait Trainer makes a difference to the usage due to
the added features.
2.) Improved Gait Trainer is easier to use than the stock one.

3.) The added features helps for a better usage.

4.) It provides better therapy and assistance to the user.
5.) I gives ore proper training and exercise for the legs.

Prepared by:
Members
AL LOUIE M. CORNEJO
MARK ROMMEL V. LLADOC
ANGELI M. REYES
MAR ANTHONY V. TOLENTINO
STEM 12-G, Fidelis SS
 34

Appendix E

Letter to the Principal

March 26, 2020

M. Arnold I. Catapang
BES Principal
First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities
#2 Pres. Laurel Highway, Tanauan City, Batangas

Dear Mr. Catapang,

Greetings of peace!

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects Practical Research II and
Inquiries, we, the students from Science Technology Engineering Mathematics strand,
are currently working on a quantitative research entitled, “Gait Trainer: A Guide for
Recovery of Disabled Person with Disabled Leg”. In lieu of this, we would like to ask
for your permission to allow us to conduct a survey on Grade 11 Fidelis STEM
students. Once approved, an informed consent will be given to the respondents before
the actual data gathering.

We are looking forward to your response regarding this matter and we rest assured
that the information gathered for this study will be handled with utmost
confidentiality. Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

AL LOUIE M. CORNEJO
MARK ROMMEL V. LLADOC
ANGELI M. REYES
MAR ANTHONY V. TOLENTINO

Noted: Recommending:
Approval:

Maria Carmina Perez Mr. Arnaldo D. Mendoza

Practical Research II Teacher Fidelis Assistant Principal
 35

Appendix F

Letter to the Validator

March 26, 2020

Engr. Adonis Santos
Faculty
First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities
#2 Pres. Laurel Highway, Tanauan City, Batangas

Dear Ma’am,

Greetings!

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects Practical Research II and
Inquiries, we, the students from Science Technology Engineering Mathematics strand,
are currently working on a quantitative research entitled, “Gait Trainer: A Guide for
Recovery of Disabled Person with Disabled Leg”. The research aim is to introduce
and design an open-structure and applicable gait trainer with features such as a simple
structure and control scheme, low cost, and a reliable security.

In lieu of this, we are requesting for your valuable time and expertise in validating the
statistical treatment to be used in our study and by helping us to conduct the said
statistical test. Your support in our endeavor is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours
AL LOUIE M. CORNEJO
MARK ROMMEL V. LLADOC
ANGELI M. REYES (09485422083)
MAR ANTHONY V. TOLENTINO

Noted: Approved:

Maria Carmina Perez Engr. Adonis Santos

Practical Research II Teacher Validator
 36

Appendix G

Letter to the Validator

Gait Trainer: A Guide for Recovery of Disabled Person with Disabled Leg
Directions: To establish validity, this tool asks for your truthful evaluation of the
questionnaire to be used for the study stated above. You are requested to give your
honest assessment by checking (√) the item that corresponds to your evaluation.
Please refer to the rating scale below:

4: Strongly Agree 2: Disagree

3: Agree 1: Strongly Disagree

Validator’s Questionnaire Assessment

Indicators 4 3 2 1
The indicators in the questionnaire can
accurately measure the variables of the
study.
The questionnaire fits the variables under
study, thus measuring what it intends to
measure.
The questionnaire has the ability to gather
factual data, eliminating biases and
subjectivity.
Through this questionnaire, quick and
complete data can be generated within the
time frame allowed (one semester).
All the indicator were suitable for its
intended purpose.

VALIDATED BY:

____________________________________
 37

Signature over Printed Name f the Validator

Date: _______________
1. What is the profile of the learners in terms of?

1.1 Sex; and

PROPOSED STATISTICALTEST: FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE

COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
________

1.2 Homeroom Section?

PROPOSED STATISTIAL TEST: FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE

COMMENTS:
__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_________

2. To create an Improved “Gait Trainer” that can help the disabled person to

recover their walking and standing ability.

PROOSED STATISTICAL TEST: WEIGHTED MEAN

COMMENTS:
__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_________
 38

3. To contribute to the quality of life of those person with disabled legs in

recovering their walking and standing ability.

PROPOSED STTISTICAL TEST: FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE

COMMENTS:
__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_______

4. To test the improved “Gait Trainer” based on

Durability and effectiveness in Balance & posture and Regaining of walking

ability

PROPOSED STATISTICAL TEST: T-TEST

COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
________

Sensitivity in movement

PROPOSED STATISTICAL TEST: F-TEST

COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
________

Accuracy of the product

PROPOSED STATISTICAL TEST: F-TEST

 39

COMMENTS:
__________________________________________________________________
 40

CURRICULUM VITAE

CORNEJO, AL LOUIE M.
San Vicente, Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Contact Number: 09564765319
E-mail Address: alcornejo9@gmail.com

EDUCATION BACKGROUND

Senior High School FAITH Fidelis Senior High

#2 Pres. Laure Highway Tanauan City, Batangas
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2018-2019
Junior High School Hope Christian Academy
Sto. Tomas, Batangas
2014-2018
Primary Hope Christian Academy
Sto. Tomas, Batangas
2007-2014
AWARDS

Junior High School Loyalty Award

Primary Leadership Award

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age 18 years old

Sex Male
Birthdate February 22, 2001
Place of Birth San Vicente, Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Religion Roman Catholic
Civil Status Single
Father’s Name Allan E. Cornejo
Mother’s Name Luisa M. Cornejo
 41

LLADOC, MARK ROMMEL V.

Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas
Contact Number: +63 999 5677432
E-mail Address: rommelakamakkam15@gmail.com

EDUCATION BACKGROUND

Senior High School FAITH Fidelis Senior High School

#2 Pres. Laurel Highway, Tanauan City, Bats.
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2018-2020
Junior High School Bernardo Lirio Memorial National High School
Darasa, Tanauan City, Batangas
2014-2018
Primary School Malvar Central School
P. Montecer St. Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas
2008-2014
AWARDS
Senior High School With Honors
Junior High School With Honors
Primary School Boy Scout Awardee
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 17 years old
Sex: Male
Birthdate: September 15, 2002
Place of Birth: Tanauan City, Batangas
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
Mother’s Name: Elsa V. Lladoc
Father’s Name: Roger T. Lladoc
 42

REYES, ANGELI M.
Brgy. Sn. Bartolome Sto. Tomas Batangas
Contact Number: 0948542283
Email Address: angelireyes223@gmail.com

EDUCATION BACKGROUND
Senior High School FAITH Fidelis Senior High School
#2 Pres. Laurel Highway, Tanauan City, Bats.
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2018-2020
Junior High School San Pedro National High School
San Pedro Sto. Tomas Batangas
2014-2018
Primary School Mother Barbara Micarelli School
San Miguel Sto. Tomas Batnagas
2007-2014
AWARDS

Junior High School Gr.7 Leadership Award and 3rd placer Science Quiz Bee
Primary School Loyalty Award, Girls Scout of the Year

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 18 years old

Sex: Female
Birthdate: April 13, 2001
Place of Birth: San Bartolome Sto. Tomas Batangas
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
Mother’s Name: Aimee M. Reyes
Father’s Name: Michael R. Reyes
 43

TOLENTINO, MAR ANTHONY V.

San Pioquinto, Malvar, Batangas
Contact Number: 09953315084
E-mail Address: marpogi0@gmail.com

EDUCATION BACKGROUND
Senior High School FAITH Fidelis Senior High
#2 Pres. Laurel Highway Tanauan City, Batangas
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
2018-2019
Junior High School Malvar National High School
Malvar Batangas
2014-2018
Primary His Care Cristian Institute
Darasa, Taauan City, Batangas
2007-2014
AWARDS

Junior High School 1st Place MAP

Primary 1st Place Quiz Bee
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age 17 years old
Sex Male
Birthdate August 8, 2002
Place of Birth Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Religion Roman Catholic
Civil Status Single
Father’s Name Mario A. Tolentino
Mother’s Name Antonia V. Tolentino