Traffic-Management Bapos3

STATUS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN
A Thesis
Presented to the faculty
of the School of Education, Arts, and Sciences
University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City
In Partial Fulfillment
for the Requirements for the Course
Research 2
By
CABALSI, EMIL JOSHUA S.
MALANOT, DEXTER M.
ROMERO, GIANCARLO B.
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH LEGAL STUDIES
MAY 2023
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Political
Science with Legal Studies, this study entitled: “STATUS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGYAN” has been prepared and submitted by EMIL JOSHUA S.
CABALSI, DEXTER M. MALANOT, GIANCARLO B ROMERO, thus hereby presented for
approval.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D

Research Adviser and Data Analyst
KRISTINE MAE E. AUYUANG ,LPT

Language Editor
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____
JENNIFER C. BANGI, MARS

Chairman
CHRISTIAN BOSCH S. TAYLAN HERBERT S. CORPUZ

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts
in Political Science with Legal Studies.
HERBERT S. CORPUZ, Ed.D

Dean, School of Education, Arts, and Science
Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan| ii

DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to the road users of Tuguegarao City who are still experiencing
the issues and challenges they encounter while travelling. The urge of seeking possible
solutions to a long-term problem in the city has been our inspiration to conduct this study.
The researchers would also like to dedicate this study to first, our God Almighty, the
very source of courage, strength, and wisdom to accomplish and pursue this study.
To our families who gave motivation and support to finish this study;
To our research adviser, Dr. Darin Jan Tindowen for his utmost dedication and
patience in guiding us throughout the study;
To our research panels who critiqued our study with fairness and excellence to improve
our study;
To Mariane, Maica and KC who gave their utmost support and love.
It is because of you that we thrived to continue this study.
The Researchers
Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan| iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to our families who gave unending support both
moral and financial.
To our research adviser and panel members who guided us from the very start and
further improved our study.
We would also like to express our thanks to our classmates from BAPOS-3 and also to
our friends who came through with us throughout this study.
We would also like to thank the road users of Tuguegarao city for their participation
and support in this study.
Most of all we thank God for providing strength, safety, and courage to finish this study.
It is without these acknowledged persons, we would have not made this study
successful.
The Researchers
Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan| iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title Page ............................................ i
Approval Sheet ............................................ ii
Dedication ............................................ iii
Acknowledgement ............................................ iv
Table of Contents ............................................ v
ABSTRACT ............................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1
Research Questions ........................................ 2
Hypothesis ........................................ 3
Significance of the Study ........................................ 3
Underpinning Theory ........................................ 3
Literature Review ........................................ 4
Research Paradigm ........................................ 6
METHODS ........................................
Research Design ........................................ 7
Locale of the Study ........................................ 7
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Research Instruments ........................................ 7
Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Data Analysis ........................................ 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CONCLUSION ......................................... 17
RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 18
APPENDICES .........................................
Appendix A – Literature Matrix ................. 21
Appendix B – Questionnaire ................. 29
Appendix C – Adviser’s Acceptance Form ................. 32
Appendix D – Letter to the Vice President for Academics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix E – Letter of Endorsement ................. 34
Appendix F – Data Analysis Certificate ................. 35
Appendix G – Certification of Plagiarism Check ................. 36
Appendix H – Certification of Language Editing ................. 37
Appendix I – Minutes of Thesis Defense ................. 38
Appendix J – Progress Report ................. 42
Appendix K – Photo Documentation ................. 43
Appendix L – Curriculum Vitae ................. 44
Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | v

ABSTRACT
In these contemporary times, faster transport is just one of the key essentials in our
day-to-day needs. As modernization improved, different transportation facilities came into
existence. Some of these are automotive vehicles, trains, bicycles, and other forms of
transportation. In Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, congestion is a major concern for commuters.
This paper assessed the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. This
study involved 100 respondents chosen using a quota sampling technique. The study used
mixed-method research employing a qualitative and quantitative research design to explore
the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City. Furthermore, the findings suggest that
although there is effective traffic management in Tuguegarao city, there is a need for
improvement based on the issues and experiences encountered by the respondents. From
the results, some recommendations were formulated. First, the Local Government of
Tuguegarao City can use this study to develop traffic management plans further. Second,
aside from producing traffic management facilities and implementing rules and regulations,
the TCTMG must also look at the behavior of both pedestrians and drivers to create safer
roads for both drivers and pedestrians. Third, there is also a need to conduct an enforcer’s
training to broaden the knowledge and maximize the skills of the enforcers. Lastly, Future
researchers might look into having a larger population of respondents considering both the
road users and the implementers to compare whether the perception of each sector matches
and future researchers may also collaborate with appropriate government agencies to help
give awareness and programs to road users on the proper ways on how to utilize the
different traffic management infrastructures such as promoting public awareness campaigns
to encourage responsible driving, adherence to traffic rules, and the importance of sharing
the road safely to eliminate the undisciplined trait of the drivers and passengers.
KEYWORDS: Traffic Management Plan, Traffic Enforcers, Traffic Scheme, Road Conditions,
Road Safety.
__________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
In these contemporary times, faster transport is just one of the key essentials in our
day-to-day needs. As modernization improved, different transportation facilities came into
existence. Some of these are automotive vehicles, trains, bicycles, and other forms of
transportation (De Souza et al., 2017). With all these existing options for transportation, the
most utilized are still the automotive vehicles considering their comfort and practicality. Given
the continuous growth in the population, the number of vehicles in large cities will eventually
outnumber the transportation infrastructures at a much faster pace. This will cause traffic
congestion and root out more concerns, especially on the environment and society, such as
accidents, economic impacts, and pollution (Djahel et al., 2015).
Upon assessing key factors contributing to traffic congestion, the US Department of

Transportation identified three key sources. The first is traffic-influencing events related to
incidents, weather conditions, workplaces, and such. The second key factor is connected to
traffic demand. This key factor pertains to the inconsistencies in day-to-day traffic and special
occasions. The third and final key factor is the infrastructure needed for transport. This pertains
to the devices and physical issues, such as bottlenecks related to traffic flows (US Department
of Transportation, 2005).
Relating these studies to the Philippine setting, big cities located in the Philippines are
conforming to the 21st-century environment where transportation is becoming a basic
Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 1

commodity that affects the lives of Filipinos (Limkin, 2015). To further elaborate on the effects of
the fast-paced adoption of modernization, according to a survey headed by Waze, the
Philippines sits at number four among the countries in Asia and ranked ninth in the global
setting with regards to the countries with negative traffic situations and the worst places to drive
in (Global Driver Satisfaction Index, 2015). In relation to these, a study suggests that the
Philippines may lose up to 6 billion a day by 2030 due to the worsening situation of traffic jams
(Francisco, 2014). The national agencies’ failure to provide an updated and more relevant traffic
scheme and the failure to properly implement special laws that would provide short-term and
long-term benefits in decongesting roads contribute to traffic congestion (Banga et al., 2018).
In Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, congestion is a major concern of commuters (Banga et

al., 2018). Tuguegarao City is a major urban center and the focal designation of trade and
commerce in Northern Luzon. It is also the focal point of education and regional centers of the
entire Cagayan Valley Region. It became a component city pursuing its economic thrust from
agricultural industry to secondary/tertiary economic activities. The shift encouraged the
flourishing of bustling commercial centers, more paved highways and streets, multi-story
infrastructures, advanced technology facilities, services and amenities, and other trapping of a
highly urbanized metropolis (Why Tuguegarao City, 2022).
People from nearby towns visit the City to process their documents in regional offices,
shop in malls, and study in numerous schools in the City. Thus, the rising number of vehicles
and the chances of congestion increase, so problems in traffic are also inevitable. The
insufficient proper infrastructure may also contribute to the worsening traffic (Castle & Glenn,
2016).
The number of latecomers to work increases the number of emergencies that are not
addressed on time, there is an increase in air pollution, and economic operations are disrupted,
posing a hazard to the City. These factors are brought about by agencies' poor and ineffective
performance and their response to the challenges of urbanization (Lindasan et al., 2009).
Hence, this study will examine and assess the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City
and provide significant perceptions on the effectiveness of traffic management, identify the
problems, and recommend solutions to the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City to
address the issues and challenges in traffic, create a healthy environment and promote a
progressive city.
Research Questions
The present study is conducted to examine and assess the status of traffic
management in Tuguegarao City. It specifically aims to answer the following:
1. What is the profile of the respondents as to the following:
a. Entry Point
b. Residency
c. Purpose in going to Tuguegarao City
d. Mode of transportation
2. What is the assessment of the respondents on the implementation of traffic management
in Tuguegarao City along:
a. traffic rules and regulations
b. road conditions
c. performance of TCTMG

3. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on the
implementation of traffic management in Tuguegarao City when grouped according to
profile variables?
4. What are the issues and challenges experienced by the respondents with regard to the
traffic management of Tuguegarao City?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on the
implementation of traffic management in Tuguegarao City when grouped according to profile
variables.

Significance of the Study
This study aims to examine and assess the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao
City and provide significant perceptions of the effectiveness of traffic management.
Furthermore, this study highlights the issues experienced by commuters and serves as a
credible basis for local officials to provide concrete solutions to address the issues in traffic
management. Lastly, we aim to create a healthy environment and promote a progressive city.

Underpinning Theory
This study is anchored on the Approaches to Achieve Sustainability in Traffic

Management by Manfred&Tuan, 2016 which presents three traffic management strategies, (1)
Traffic Avoiding strategy med wherein it entails steps to lower the overall traffic demand in the
targeted area. One of the primary factors used to assess this technique's effectiveness is the
number of trips made daily. (2) Traffic Shifting strategy includes measures to switch traffic
demand between various modes, time windows, destinations, and routes (3) Traffic Control
strategy consists of measures meant to direct and regulate how traffic moves through space
and time to increase traffic efficiency and safety. The primary measurements used to assess the
effectiveness of this strategy include the relationship between actual traffic volume and
designed capacity, average traffic speed, total vehicle delay time, frequency of traffic accidents,
and accident severity.
Literature Review
Government Policies in Traffic Management
One of the strategies for reducing traffic congestion in developing nations like
Bangladesh is using traffic management plans. It requires an immense amount of effort and
money to promote the new transportation system, and in most cases, the invested money is
irreversible. The traffic management plan aims to enhance the current road system and network
and makes plan recommendations for improvement (Saha et al., 2013).

Traffic regulations and rules in the Philippines sometimes create more burdens than
helpful. Despite being intended to reduce traffic congestion and improve road safety, some of
these measures can be challenging because they may differ depending on the City (Verzosa et.
al, 2019). In accordance with the hierarchy of the road network, local governmental units (LGUs)
are responsible for managing and maintaining local urban roads, while the Department of Public
Works and Highways is in charge of managing national roads and highways.


Lack of infrastructure is one of the factors contributing to the rapid rise in motorization in
growing nations like the Philippines (Ganiron, 2015). Despite Philippines' broad national laws
addressing the five key risk factors for safer road users, the absence of appropriate road
policies and the strict enforcement that should go along with them hinders the implementation of
road safety initiatives (Barclay, 2018).
The guidelines passed by lawmakers and municipal governments are starting to loosen up,
and the road networks have become a melting pot for disorganized traffic flow. Furthermore, a
large percentage of policies that were up for approval received numerous complaints from the
masses who would be affected by them, and this may occur in more potential policies in the
future (Cappellan et al., 2022).
Authorities have implemented a variety of policies in response to this phenomenon.

Traditional policies have typically focused on meeting the demand for road capacity by building
new roads or expanding the capacity of existing roads through traffic management tools. More
advanced policies, on the other hand, have focused on manipulating demand for road space by
attempting to influence travel decisions so that individuals choose alternative modes of
transportation, travel outside of peak hours, or do not travel in the congested area at all (Ettema
& Verhoef, 2006).

Local cities here in the Philippines and possibly throughout South East Asia lack a
thorough understanding of the concepts, methods, and models used in transportation planning.
As a result, pressure is mounting on Philippine local governments to address urban service
needs, including transportation, and the ability of local government entities to handle these
problems is a crucial component in promoting sustainable urban development (Lidasan et al.,
2009).
Role of Traffic Management Plan on Urban Development
Upon determining the roles of a traffic management plan, it is found that it has to protect
both pedestrians and motorists by lessening the risks resulting from traffic movement. The
establishment of effective methods is designed for safety, accessibility, and compliance with
relevant legislation. Hence, a traffic management plan including these provisions will guarantee
the execution of its important role (Guide to Traffic Control Plan and Traffic Management Plan,
n.d). A study also shows that an effective systematic traffic management plan is essential to
ensure the safety and efficacy of traffic flows and to be able to maximize the usage of roads to
reduce the effects of inadequate road utilization due to ineffective traffic management (Dhaka
Urban Transport Network Development Study, n.d.).
Coming up with a standard transport plan and traffic management framework is crucial in
establishing free-flowing roads considering that most cities and urban centers and regions
rapidly develop. It is important to supply these cities and such with effective strategies to
effectively eliminate the issues rooted in growing transport requirements. This would give rise to
the need to establish modular capacity-building programs fitted for their state of advancement
and urbanization.
Effects of Poor Traffic Management in the Philippines
Traffic congestion has been a continuing issue for the longest time, particularly on main
roads such as those in urban areas. Traffic congestion problems are puzzling to manage. Thus,

numerous solutions are proposed and executed to combat these challenges. Establishing these
solutions must be grounded in firm traffic assignment models (Teknomo et al., 2019).
Traffic congestion implies a worsening problem in today’s city aggregation. The abrupt
rise in the number of vehicles contributes to the increase in traffic density, producing a massive
increase in travel time, transit traffic, and frequency of travel, raising vehicle costs. High rates of
motorization, very dense urbanization, and economic exchange concentrated in Metro Manila
have contributed to its traffic flow status, producing key factors in congestion, especially at
crucial locations. However, road accommodation has never really grown in the past years,
making it impossible to cope with the increasing demand in traffic flows (Vergel & Yai, 2018)
Furthermore, the lack of infrastructure needed to cater to the needs of a rapid increase
of vehicles worsens the traffic situation. This problem has greatly impacted parts of modern
times, such as economic advancements, traffic hazards, pollution, time-consuming traffic flows,
and health concerns (De Souza, et al, 2017). The expansion of cities, and lesser mobility, have
resulted in increased vehicles on roads, posing issues for authorities, especially regarding
accidents, congestion, and pollution (Djahel et al., 2015).
According to 2015 data from the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, survivors
of road crashes occupy 30 to 70% of hospital beds in the Philippines. At least one person is
killed, and 46 are injured on the road every day. This excludes cases not recorded, spotted by
traffic enforcers, or did not get to the hospitals (Miguel et al., 2018). In the province of Cagayan,
the City of Tuguegarao is a fast-growing metropolitan and business area. A necessity for the
establishment of rules and regulations and the regular, serious, and strict application of local
ordinances that would contribute to the peace and order situation in the City (Agustin et al.,
2018).
Importance of Mobility
Mobility plays an important aspect to the people in every nation for the reason that it is
essential to economic activity and social welfare. People perceive mobility as a major asset in
their lives since it allows them to move freely, safely, quickly, and affordably. Thus, it is widely
understood that mobility should not be restricted (Boltze et al., 2016). Most of the world's
population lives in big cities, and one of their fundamental demands is mobility. In contemporary
societies, driving an automobile is the favored method of achieving mobility. As a result of the
massive increase in the population of vehicles, traffic congestion has become a severe problem
in the progressing cities worldwide since the amount of highway infrastructure does not increase
to the equivalence rate as the vehicles. It causes a lot of negative concerns for society,
including increased traffic, negative tragedies, economic growth, and the environment (De
Souza et al., 2017).
Due to vehicles' exponential rise, traffic issues have become a significant concern in
many urban areas. In general, two kinds of traffic congestion are present. The first is repetitive
traffic congestion, which occurs every day at a similar time and location. The second type is
non-repetitive traffic congestion, which appears as an unforeseen incident and may affect traffic
flow, which could increase the sudden traffic volume (Nellore & Hancke, 2016).
The City of Tuguegarao, the most populous in the entire region, suffers greatly from
traffic congestion. According to the Tricycle Regulatory Unit (TRU), one of the issues causing
traffic congestion is the estimated 9,000 tricycles, both registered and unregistered (Banga et

al., 2018). In Batangas, heavy congestion is focused on specific areas such as Bauan, San
Pascual, and the neighboring routes specifically during the early morning rush and the late
afternoon. The road users waste money and also their time considering the damages brought
by traffic congestion. These are associated with the issues from narrow lanes, driver discipline,
and technical problems experienced on the road (Hintural et al., 2016).
Research Paradigm
Independent Variables Dependent Variable

What is the profile of the
respondents as to the following:
Entry Point Assessment of the respondents on
Purpose in going to Tuguegarao the implementation of the traffic
City management in Tuguegarao City.
Mode of transportation
Figure 1. Diagram of the Research Paradigm
Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of the study. It presents the variables used in
the study, which are selected based on the research questions of the study. It serves as a
model and guide describing and illustrating how the study's variables are treated.

METHODS
Research Design
The study used mixed method research employing a qualitative and quantitative
research design to explore the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City. By
employing photovoice interview, the study will be able to collect qualitative data from the
respondents. Moreover, the study will also gather quantitative data through employing
questionnaire.
Locale of the Study
The study is conducted in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Tuguegarao City is the capital
city of Cagayan and it caters most of the necessities of the people since numerous business
establishments, regional offices, and big universities are located there.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study is selected using a quota sampling technique where in
100 respondents from different entry point will be the target number of respondents. The
respondents will be the commuters within Tuguegarao City and those people that has
transaction in the City but from nearby towns. Respondents will go under preliminary survey
using the following criteria:
1. Must be willing to participate in the study
2. Must be at least 18 years old
3. Must have a transaction in Tuguegarao City
Research Instruments
Two methods will be used to cater data— Questionnaire and Photovoice.
1. Photovoice – An interview will be conducted by showing them a set of pictures to the

respondents and will let them relate their experiences based from the shown picture.
2. Questionnaire – A printed questionnaire will also be given to the respondents to gather
the data of their assessment with regards to the status of traffic management in
Tuguegarao city. The questionnaire is a self-made survey validated and reliability-
checked by the panel of experts.
Data Gathering Procedure
Firstly, a letter of request will be sent to the Office of the Vice President for Academics
for the approval of the conduct of the study. Before conducting the interview, the researchers
will seek the informed consent of the participants. The researchers will ensure that the
participants’ responses or data protection will be observed. The purpose of the study will be
clearly explained, and should there be any questions, they will immediately be addressed.
After seeking their consent to participate and recording the interview, each respondent was
interviewed by the researchers. The respondents will be assisted by the researchers while
answering the interviews. All questions will be translated into their mother tongue to maximize

their understanding of the questions and extract more personal answers. Ethical
considerations were strictly observed, including safeguarding the participants' privacy and
anonymity, preventing biases, particularly in data analysis, and ensuring adequate authority
and communication in the study.
Data Analysis
Upon the accumulation of the questionnaire, data gathered were tallied, tabulated,
analyzed and interpreted. Different statistical tools were used. Frequency and percentage
were used to determine the profile of the respondents. Weighted mean was used to
determine the level of effectiveness of traffic management function of Tuguegarao City,
Cagayan. The given scale was used to interpret the result of the data gathered:
Mean Range Qualitative Description

3.50 – 4.00 Very Effective (VE)
2.50 – 3.49 Effective (E)
1.50 – 2.49 Less Effective (LE)
1.00 – 1.49 Not Effective (NE)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine is there existed significant

differences on the effectiveness of traffic management function of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
when grouped according to profile variables.
Thematic analysis was utilized to determine the themes of issues and experiences in
the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
Variables Frequency Percentage

Buntun 35 35.00
Carig 27 27.00
Entry Point Namabbalan Sur 9 9.00
None 29 29.00
Total 100 100.00
Non-Resident 71 72.00
Residency Resident 29 28.00
Total 100 100
To work or study 94 94.00
For leisure 6 6.00
Purpose
Others 0 0
Total 100 100.00
Private Transport 46 46.00
Means of
Public Transport 54 54.00
Transportation
Total 100 100.00
Before 7:00 AM 36 36.00
7:00-9:00 AM 27 27.00
Time of Travel
9:00-11:00 AM 26 26.00
11:00-1:00 PM 5 5.00
1:00-3:00 PM 0 0
3:00-5:00 PM 3 3.00
5:00-7:00 PM 2 2.00
After 7:00 PM 1 1.00
Total 100 100.00
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents. Out of 100, 35 respondents’ entry point is
in Buntun, 27 is in Carig, 9 is in Namabbalan Sur, and 29 of them has no entry point. For the
residency majority of the respondents are not a resident of the city 71 respondent and 29 for
resident, As to the purpose of the respondent going in Tuguegarao, almost all of them are for
work and study with 94 responses, while 6 respondents’ purpose were for leisure. Most of the
respondents utilizes Public transportation, and Private transportation for the others. Since most
of the respondents’ purpose is for work and study, 36 of them travels before 7:00 AM, 27 of
them 7:00 – 9:00 AM, 26 of them 9:00 – 11:00 AM, 5 of them 11:00 AM – 1:00 PM, the rest of
the respondents travel at around 3:00 PM – 7:00 PM.
Table 2: Assessment on the Traffic Management of Tuguegarao City
Variables Mean Qualitative Descriptive

Assessment on Traffic 2.87 Effective (E)

Scheme
Assessment on Traffic and
2.62 Effective (E)
Road Conditions
Assessment on Traffic
2.59 Effective (E)
Enforcement Performance
Overall Assessment 2.69 Effective (E)
Table 2 shows the level of effectiveness of the different variables used in the study.
The results revealed that the assessment on traffic scheme, traffic and road conditions and
traffic enforcement performance is effective. Overall, the Tuguegarao City has an effective
traffic management plan.
Well-planned and implemented traffic management schemes are used to solve

problems or uprising problems present in roads and highway networks. Schemes involve the
proper implementation of road signs and signals, lane markings, and rules and regulations to
attain efficient and safer transportation (Gateshead Council, 2018). Overall, the study reveals
that the traffic schemes of Tuguegarao City are effective. It shows that respondents are
effectively dropped off at designated loading/unloading stations, visible traffic signages on the
roads, and the existing route plans are seen to be effective in optimizing traffic flows.
Therefore, various measures such as road signs, traffic facilities and route plans of the city
are effectively implemented.
The traffic scheme is effective in optimizing traffic flows, reducing congestion, and
enhancing overall traffic management. Therefore, various measures such as road signs and
route plans of the city are effectively implemented.
Roads are an essential part of modern living. Well-maintained and usable roads make
critical contributions to a country, city, or community's economic and social wellbeing.
Ensuring that roads are well-maintained and clear of hazards will improve the safety of road
users and the community's overall safety. A lack of road maintenance can cause increases in
road accidents and travelling costs, while decreasing transport accessibility, service delivery
quality, and road safety (Leafy Space News, 2021). The results of the study revealed that the
traffic and road conditions of Tuguegarao City is effectively managed. This study shows that
the City’s Road condition is deemed to be safe and free from hazards, that there are enough
public parking spaces, and that pedestrians can safely walk on public roads.
Traffic enforcement mirrors the capability of authorities to supervise road user’s

compliance with traffic laws and will be punished for non-compliance. Prevention of traffic
violations with the help of sanctions is the very aim of enforcement (Institute of Road Traffic
Education, 2017). It refers to how effective and efficient law enforcers implement traffic rules
and regulations. Furthermore, the study shows that the respondents' assessment of traffic
enforcement performance. The respondents revealed that traffic enforcers are effectively
implementing the traffic laws and sufficient traffic enforcers are in the road.
Table 3. Test of Significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on the

implementation of the traffic management in Tuguegarao City when grouped
according to profile variable
Category t-value p-value Decision

Entry Point

Assessment on Traffic Scheme .460 .711 Accept Ho
Assessment on Traffic and Road
.713 .547 Accept Ho
Conditions
Assessment on Traffic Enforcement
1.782 .156 Accept Ho
Performance
Residency
Assessment on Traffic Scheme -.161 .873 Accept Ho
-.706 .482 Accept Ho
Conditions
Performance
Purpose
Assessment on Traffic Scheme .550 .460 Accept Ho
.019 .892 Accept Ho
Conditions
.005 .945 Accept Ho
Performance
Means of Transportation
Assessment on Traffic Scheme 1.497 .138 Accept Ho
.151 .880 Accept Ho
Conditions
Performance
Time of Travel
Assessment on Traffic Scheme 2.377 .035 Reject Ho
1.437 .209 Accept Ho
Conditions
4.400 .001 Reject Ho
Performance
The table presents the significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on
the implementation of the traffic management in Tuguegarao City when grouped according to
profile variable. It can be seen in the result that there is no significant difference in the
assessment of the respondents at the entry point, their purpose in traveling to Tuguegarao
City, and their means of transportation. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.
On the other hand, the assessment of respondents with regard to their time of travel is
shown to have a significant difference. Respondents who travel after 7:00 PM have a low
level of assessment on traffic scheme, while those who travel from 3:00-5:00 PM and 5:00-
7:00 PM have a high level of assessment of the traffic scheme. Respondents who travel
before 7:00 AM and after 7:00 PM have a low assessment of traffic enforcement
performance. Meanwhile, respondents who travel from 9:00-11:00 AM and 5:00-7:00 PM
have a high assessment of traffic enforcement performance. Hence, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
The results of the study shows that there is no significant difference on the assessment
of the respondents in the entry point, their purpose in travelling to Tuguegarao City and their
means of transportation. While on the other hand, the assessment of respondents with
regards to their time of travel is shown to have a significant difference. Respondents who
travel after 7:00 PM has a low level of assessment on traffic scheme, while the respondents
who travel from 3:00-5:00 PM and 5:00-7:00 PM has a high level of assessment on traffic

scheme. Respondents who travel before 7:00 AM and after 7:00 PM has a low level of
assessment on traffic enforcement performance. Meanwhile, respondents who travel from
9:00-11:00 AM and 5:00-7:00 PM has a high level of assessment on traffic enforcement
performance.
Table 3.1. Time of travel of the respondents and their assessment on Traffic
Scheme of Tuguegarao City
Before 7:00 AM 2.62

7:00-9:00 AM 3.04
9:00-11:00 AM 3.02
11:00-1:00 PM 2.80
3:00-5:00 PM 3.27**
5:00-7:00 PM 3.30**
After 7:00 PM 1.60*
Legend: (*) – low level of assessment; (**) – high level of assessment,
Table 3.1 shows that there is a significant difference on assessment of the traffic scheme
of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan when grouped according to their time of travel. Respondents who
travel between 3:00-5:00 PM and 5:00-7:00 PM shows a high level of assessment, while
respondents who travel after 7:00 PM indicates that there is a low level of assessment on the
traffic scheme.
The study shows a significant difference in the assessment of the traffic scheme in
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, when respondents are grouped according to their time of travel.
Specifically, respondents who travel between 3:00-5:00 PM and 5:00-7:00 PM demonstrate a
high level of assessment, indicating their positive perception of the traffic scheme. Conversely,
respondents who travel after 7:00 PM exhibit a low level of assessment, suggesting a less
favorable perception of the traffic scheme during these late hours. This disparity in assessment
can be attributed to the poor lighting conditions at night, which pose challenges for drivers.
Reduced visibility of road signs and lane markings during these times may contribute to drivers
blatantly ignoring traffic rules, such as going against the designated traffic flow on one-way
streets and using roads as parking spaces (Fotios et al., 2015) . Furthermore, the traffic lights
often switch to flashing yellow signals during late hours, leading to additional confusion among
drivers. These findings underscore the importance of addressing the issues related to poor
lighting conditions and its impact on the traffic scheme in Tuguegarao City.
Table 3.2. Time of travel of the respondent and their assessment on Traffic
Enforcement Performance of Tuguegarao City
Before 7:00 AM 2.16*

7:00-9:00 AM 2.70**
9:00-11:00 AM 2.91**
11:00-1:00 PM 2.56**
3:00-5:00 PM 2.53**
5:00-7:00 PM 3.00**
After 7:00 PM 2.20*
Legend: (*) – low level of assessment; (**) – high level of assessment

Table 3.2 shows the difference of the assessment of the traffic enforcement
performance of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan when grouped according to their time of travel.
Respondents’ who travel from 7:00 AM up to 5:00 PM has seen the effectiveness of the
traffic enforcement performance of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Meanwhile, those
respondents who travel before 7:00 AM and after 7:00 PM has seen the ineffectiveness of
the traffic enforcement performance of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. The result of the study
shows the difference of the assessment of the traffic enforcement performance of
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan when grouped according to their time of travel. This means that
significant differences exist and that respondents have assessed the effectiveness of the
traffic enforcement performance in terms of the mentioned variables to be different. This also
means that those who travel from 7:00 AM up to 5:00 PM has seen the effectiveness of the
traffic enforcement performance of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Meanwhile, those
respondents who travel before 7:00 AM and after 7:00 PM has seen the ineffectiveness of
the traffic enforcement performance of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.
In Tuguegarao City, traffic enforcers’ working shift typically is subdivided into morning
and night shifts (Tuguegarao City Traffic Management Group, 2020). However, results of the
study shows that those who travel before 7:00 AM and after 7:00 PM does not see the
effectivity of the traffic enforcers as they do not see the presence of traffic enforcers in these
times. Specially, after 7:00 PM, as traffic enforcers in the Philippines often work in shifts to
ensure round-the-clock coverage. Due to limited resources and the need to allocate
personnel to other areas, the number of enforcers assigned to nighttime duty may be
relatively smaller than during the day (Canindo, 2019). This results to motorists more likely to
disregard traffic rules and regulations, such as illegal parking, blocking intersections, and
inappropriate lane usage making road users perception low on the overall effectiveness of
law enforcement efforts.
Issues and challenges in the Traffic Management with regards to the traffic
management of Tuguegarao City
Tuguegarao City is a major urban center and the focal designation of trade and
commerce in Northern Luzon. It is also the focal point of education and regional centers of
the entire Cagayan Valley Region. It became a Component City pursuing its economic thrust
from the agricultural industry to secondary/tertiary economic activities. People from nearby
towns visit the city to process their documents in regional offices, shop in malls, and study in
numerous schools there. Thus, the rising number of vehicles and the chances of congestion
increase, so problems in traffic are also inevitable (Castle & Glenn, 2016). Hence, this study
will examine and assess the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City and provide
significant perceptions on the effectiveness of traffic management, identify the problems, and
recommend solutions to the status of traffic management in Tuguegarao City to address the
issues and challenges in traffic, create a healthy environment and promote a progressive
city.

Picture 1. Roundabout along Picture 2. SM Center Picture 3. Buntun Bridge
Balzain Highway, Balzain, Tuguegarao Downtown along located at Buntun,
Tuguegarao City Luna St, Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City
Tuguegarao City
a. Assessment on Traffic Scheme
 Impact of Roundabout on traffic management:
Roundabouts are engineered smartly to channel opposing traffic at entry and exit points.
The curvature of a roundabout forces drives to run at a slower speed. The counterclockwise
flow of traffic eliminates the conflict points, making it a unitary flow of traffic. Roundabouts,
sometimes called a rotonda, is designed to improve traffic flow by eliminating traffic lights and
signals. The circular traffic flow pattern reduces the frequency of stops and starts, which could
result in a more efficient traffic flow. The study shows that respondents think that the rotonda
provides a more efficient traffic scheme that helps in lessening or preventing traffic jams. Some
verbalizations of the respondents are as follows:
R79: “Less traffic because of the roundabout”

R54: “The Rotonda in Robinson is very efficient from the perspective of the drivers and
travelers because it regulates the flow of the traffic without the assistance of traffic
enforcers”
Therefore, the roundabouts are beneficial to the respondents as this can lead to reduced
congestion, which in effect, creates shorter travel times and improved overall traffic efficiency.
 Safety concerns for pedestrians
One of the importance of a traffic management plan is protecting pedestrians and

motorists by lessening the risks resulting from traffic movement. Establishing effective
methods is designed for safety, accessibility, and compliance with relevant legislation
(Lidasan et al., 2009). According to statistics and research conducted by University of the
Philippines-Diliman (2010), pedestrian cases are the most rapid occurrence and frequently
vulnerable. The result of the study revealed that some said it is safe to cross pedestrians
while others argue that there is a lack of pedestrian roads and undisciplined road users who
do not follow the rules imposed by the government. The fault is either on the citizen or the
local government's lack of action and precautionary measures. As some of the respondents
have stated:

R2: “Parang kulang sa training ang mga enforcer, hindi din safe dumaan sa pedestrian
lane dahil kahit naka stop naman dederetso yung sasakyan”. (Enforcer
seems to be lack in training, as it is not safe to cross in pedestrian lane as
vehicles tends to drive over).
R37: “Some people don’t use the pedestrian lane properly”
 Heavy traffic during rush hours and holidays
The US Department of Transportation has determined three key origins of traffic

influencing events: workplaces or schools. Most of the respondents are students or
employees in Tuguegarao City who have cited that they experienced heavy traffic during
rush hours. Rush hour traffic typically, lasts a few hours, peaking in the morning from 7:00
a.m. to 9:00 a.m. and in the evening from 4:00 PM to 6:00 PM or later (Heintz, 2022). Since
Tuguegarao City is the focal point of education and regional centers of the entire Cagayan
Valley Region, the number of cars during these hours is doubled, which could also result in
bottlenecks and traffic jams. Some of the verbalizations are as follows:
R87: This area is prone to traffic jams, especially around 5:00 PM.
R10: Heavy traffic is common on the entry point of the city during holidays and school
days.
R33: Traffic Jams are common here during weekends but rarely on weekdays.
b. Assessment on Traffic and Road Conditions
 Issues with road infrastructure
The lack of infrastructure affects motorization in growing countries such as the

Philippines (Ganiron, 2015). Given the population's continuous growth, the number of
vehicles in large cities will eventually outnumber the transportation infrastructures at a much
faster pace. This will cause traffic congestion and root out more concerns, especially on the
environment and society (Djahel, et al., 2015).
However, this study found that the respondents are concerned about road safety due
to poor road conditions, inadequate road signages and markings, and insufficient and narrow
road lanes. The respondents revealed that some roads are riddled with potholes, cracks, and
uneven surfaces, which could lead to accidents. Respondents have said that:
R32: I think Buntun bridge is unsafe for passers since it is ageing and there were cracks
that were also reported in the bridge
R80: Not so safe, due to road cracks caused by frequent earthquakes.
The inadequate road signs and signages are critical for guiding pedestrians and drivers.
Moreover, as populations grow to increase the increasing number of vehicles, some roads
cannot accommodate the number of vehicles that are, which could result in bottlenecks and
traffic jams. Respondents have said that:
R90: Not enough lanes for passers since this is the main entry for vehicles coming from
Solana, Piat and Isabela.

 Need for wider roads and separate lanes
Given the continuous growth in the population, the number of vehicles in large cities
will eventually outnumber the transportation infrastructures at a much faster pace. This
causes traffic congestion and will root out more concerns, especially on the environment and
society, such as accidents, economic impacts, and pollution (Djahel et al., 2015). Having
wider roads decreases the chances of congestion and reduces traffic accidents when there is
a high volume of cars on the road (Hoye, 2021). However, the results of the study revealed
that respondents suggest the need for wider roads and separate lanes for different types of
vehicles. The respondents have shared that the roads are too narrow, which could not cater
to the growing demand for transportation and the increasing number of vehicles on the road.
Separate lanes are also necessary to efficiently manage traffic flow and protect road users
from accidents. The verbalizations of some of the informants are as follows:
R98: “The rotonda is too busy and small making it hard for traffic flow.”
R23: “They should construct more different lanes for different types of vehicles.”
c. Assessment on Traffic Enforcement Performance
 Lack of enforcement of traffic rules and regulations
Vehicle crashes are inevitable but can be prevented or reduced with the help of skilled
traffic enforcers. The primary cause of traffic-related accidents is the drivers’ lack of
awareness regarding the rules and regulations of traffic and their failure to comply with such.
Thus, traffic rules and regulations must be highly implemented in urbanized cities in the
Philippines. Cruz et al., 2021). This study revealed that traffic laws and regulations are not
strictly enforced, which can lead to unsafe driving practices and traffic congestion. Drivers
are not penalized for running red lights or blocking intersections which cause delays and
bottlenecks. Moreover, the respondents shared that traffic enforcers have biases on who
they should apprehend. Verbalizations of the respondents are as follows:
R2: (Pinipili nila ang sinisita nila.takot sa four-wheels.” (They are afraid in apprehending
four-wheel private vehicles.)
R9: “Takot sitahin ni ng mga enforcer ang mga tricycle driver na abusado dahil takot
ipasita ni mayor baka mabawasan ang boto niya.” (Enforcers are afraid to confront
abusive tricycle driver because it may affect the number vote cast for the city mayor next
election).
 Disobedience of traffic laws by drivers
Traffic laws protect both the drivers and their passengers and the pedestrians. Mistakes
committed by human factors are the highest risk contributors to road accidents. Such factors are
undisciplined drivers, drivers under substance influence, tiredness, going over the speed limit,
and reckless driving (Barreda, 2023). The study's result revealed that many drivers do not abide
by traffic laws and regulations. It shows that disobedient drivers are a major contributor to the
worsening traffic in the City. Respondents have said that:
R47: In Front of SM, the drivers sometimes block the other lanes on the road which
causes heavy traffic
R5: Its hard and draining to commute coming to work or school as most of the driver are
disobeying traffic laws

R29: SM downtown is consistently causing traffic mostly when students are from
school, tricycles keep on squeezing in between vehicles
 Tricycle drivers blocking of lanes
Tricycle drivers are one of the major stress contributors to commuters, motorists, and
travelers since they are ranked first among violators of traffic rules. Tricycle drivers commit
such a mistake because their vehicles are smaller in size, thinking that they could easily
counterflow, swerve from one lane to another, and turn anytime without caution, placing their
passengers and even themselves in serious harm (Bolido, 2014). Moreover, tricycles are
smaller vehicles, and they may not have designated lanes in some areas, and they may try
to maneuver through traffic by weaving in and out of lanes, which can cause delays and
increase the risk of accidents. Verbalizations of the respondents are as follows:
R28: “So many tricycles are blocking lanes which sometimes causes traffic and delays
on our part.”
R40: “Some tricycle drivers are driving too fast even if there is a pedestrian lane and
some drivers are blocking the lanes.”
 Lack of traffic enforcers in the area
Traffic enforcers are the main agents when it comes to traffic management. They
ensure that road users and pedestrians are safe and abide by the traffic laws, and they also
make sure that the roads are in order (Fanai, 2021). However, the study illustrates that one
problem that is seen and experienced by the respondents is the lack of traffic enforcers in the
area. The lack of enforcers in this area, according to respondents, is one of the reasons that
there is a traffic jam because there are no traffic enforcers that will regulate the flow of traffic.
Therefore, traffic congestion can become more prevalent as drivers may not feel compelled
to obey traffic laws and regulations. Verbalizations of the respondents are as follows:
R97: Not enough enforcers to manage traffic flow of vehicles at the intersection after
Buntun Bridge.
CONCLUSION
Traffic management of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan is seen to be effective. Yet, they

lack in certain areas, such as traffic enforcement performance, wherein, constituents do not
see their presence at a particular time of the day. The constituents perceive it as effective,
but there is still room for improvement.
Furthermore, the findings also revealed varying perceptions and experiences among
the constituents, suggesting the need for improved road conditions, wider and separate lanes
for different types of vehicles, and addressing the issues with road infrastructures. To fulfill
the expectations of their constituents, the local government of Tuguegarao City needs to look
at its traffic scheme, which should improve the traffic flow conditions. They also need to
prioritize looking at their policies to cater to their constituents' needs.
RECOMMENDATIONS

The Local Government of Tuguegarao City can further use this study to develop traffic
management plans. It can be utilized as a basis for further improvement of the existing traffic
management plan since the data gathered are much newer and is suitable for coping with
the changing needs of transportation in Tuguegarao City. In addition, the Tuguegarao City
Traffic Management Group may use this study to determine which sectors should the
development of traffic management should they focus on first.
Aside from producing traffic management facilities and implementing rules and
regulations, the TCTMG must also look at the behavior of both pedestrians and drivers to
create safer roads for both drivers and pedestrians. There is also a need to conduct an
enforcer’s training to broaden the knowledge and maximize the skills of the enforcers.
Finally, the traffic management group of Tuguegarao City must look into further improving the
traffic management plan to give rise to more efficient and free-flowing traffic. They must
consider making new ways how to reduce traffic, especially during peak times in traffic jam
points in Tuguegarao City.
Future researchers might look into having a larger population of respondents

considering both the road users and the implementers to compare whether the perception of
each sector matches. Furthermore, the researchers may also provide new contributing
factors to help in minimizing traffic management issues.
Moreover, future researchers may also collaborate with appropriate government

agencies to help give awareness and programs to road users on the proper ways how to
utilize the different traffic management infrastructures, such as promoting public awareness
campaigns to encourage responsible driving, adherence to traffic rules, and the importance
of sharing the road safely to eliminate the undisciplined trait of the drivers and passengers.
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APPENDIX A
Literature Matrix
Bibliography Objective Variables Methods Major
Findings
De Souza, A. This article IV: Information Qualitative
M., Brennand, presents a gathering, analysis This article has
C. A., classification, Information provided a
Yokoyama, R. review, processing, comprehensive
S., Donato, E. challenges, and Service delivery study of the
A., Madeira, E. future TMSs,
R., & Villas, L. perspectives to DV: Traffic emphasizing
A. (2017). implement a management the main
Traffic traffic system. challenges and
management management shortcomings

systems: A system. of the existing
classification, systems and
review, suggesting
challenges, and some directions
future to improve the
perspectives. TMS efficiency.
International
Journal of
Distributed
Sensor
Networks
Boltze, M., & This paper aims IV: Transport Qualitative Since
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(2016). framework for sustainability, countries,
Approaches to traffic traffic including
achieve management management Vietnam, are
sustainability in and ITS certainly far
traffic applications in DV: Intelligent from being
management. urban areas to transport complete in
Procedia help address systems collecting
engineering the traffic potential
problems at approaches to
regional level. achieve
Ten potential sustainability in
approaches to traffic
achieve management,
sustainability in the ten
traffic mentioned
management approaches
are formulated may be a
based on useful
international reference.
experience.
Nellore, K., & This paper IV: Emergency Survey A real-time
Hancke, G. P. presents a Vehicle Priority, traffic
(2016). A survey of Traffic management
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traffic traffic Average be
management management Waiting Time guaranteed.
system using schemes for (AWT), Traffic Processing of
wireless sensor priority-based Parameters large amounts
networks. signalling, and of real time
Sensors reducing DV: Wireless traffic data, the
congestion and Sensor run time of the
the AWT of Networks control system
vehicles. The (WSNs) and reliability
main objective are the
of this survey is problems to be
to provide a solved to
taxonomy of ensure real-

different traffic time demand
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schemes used traffic.
for avoiding management
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intelligent
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Ettema, D., & This paper IV: Reward Stated The results
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(2006). Using first results of a survey this paper are
rewards as a pilot study, set DV: Road based on a
traffic up to pricing stated
management investigate preference
tool: alternative study.The
Behavioural pricing results will
effects of strategies. In therefore need
reward particular, the to be confirmed
strategies. SpitsMijden by a pilot study,
IATBR Kyoto (Peak in which car
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Assessment of cities with the DV: Traffic conducted in a
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Management of and clear manner (e.g.
Local Cities: picture of the joint classes
The Case of the needs of cities and exercises,

Philippines. In in the area of benchmarking,
Proceedings of enhancing sharing of best
the Eastern capacity practices, inter-
Asia Society for building in city
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traffic this, local cities
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the measures
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perspective on involved in a Traffic modern TMS,
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Dacles, E. ., researchers’ ordinance researchers the study show
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Mosqueda, traffic method. method. implementatio
Ph.D. CRIM, R. conditions in n of traffic
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Implementation find the causes the said area.

of Traffic of traffic and It can be used
Ordinance by problem and to as basis for
Department of be able to find proposed
Public Order solutions to measures to
and Safety at lessen the improve the
SM Fairview traffic and also implementatio
Quezon City. to look for ways n of the traffic
Ascendens Asia to improve ordinances of
Singapore – implemented the DPOS and
Bestlink College Department of prevent the
of the Public Order problems that
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a Campus IV: Traffic stochastic
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no1/ideal-flow-
trappic-
analysis_.pdf
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Cervero, R. the challenges transport researchers It is concluded
(2013). Linking of urban utilized a that whatever is
Urban Transport transport and IV: Developing quantitative done to
and Land Use in land use in countries design in the improve
Developing developing study. transportation
Countries. countries. and land-use
Journal of integration
Transport and must be pro-
Land Use, vol. 6, poor. The
n° 1, pp. 7-24. cardinal
https://www. features of
integrated and
jtlu.org/index. sustainable
transport and
php/jtlu/article urbanism
everywhere
accessible

/view/425 urban activities
and safe,
attractive
walking and
cycling
environs are
particularly vital
to the welfare
and prosperity
of urbanites in
the world's
poorest
countries.
Lino A. Hintural This study DV: Traffic It used

Jr., Joshua Alex aimed to management descriptive data The traffic
L. Hernandez, determine the through pre- management
Rench John M. effectiveness of IV: Batangas survey, function of San
Robles, Elmer traffic interview and Pascual,
R. Mendoza, management self-made Batangas was
Dhel F. Faner, functions of San questionnaire rated less
Ederlina B. Pascual, for Traffic effective
Escabel, 2016, Batangas. Management specifically
Traffic Group traffic
Management in Personnel, PNP economy,
San Pascual, member, ecology and
Batangas. commuters/ped traffic
https://research. estrians and education.
lpubatangas.ed motorists. Respondents
u. assessed the
ph/wp-content/ traffic
uploads/ management
2019/02/CRIM- function of San
2016-001.pdf Pascual,
Batangas
differently when
grouped
according to
age, civil status
and
educational
attainment.
Miguel, J. T., This study IV: Public utility Quantitative

Belandres, G. aimed to look at vehicle, Method The data
F. L. J., the causes of compliance, , showed that
Semaña, E. J. Road Accidents traffic the
T., Turingan, J. and the extent implementation, respondents
M., & Ugaddan, of compliance road safety fully complied
S. D. (2018). of respondents precaution with the 2011

Compliance of to the MC No.
puv operators, 2011-004 and is DV: revised terms
drivers and the Revised Memorandum and Conditions
passengers to Terms & circular of MC No.
the Conditions of 2011-004.
memorandum MC No. 2011- What have
circular no. 004 effective. been factually
2011-004 also learned are
known as the that, they were
road safety fully complying
precaution. with the Road
Safety
Precaution,
moreover, it is
concluded that
the main
factors that
contribute to
road accidents
were Reckless
Driving, over
speeding,
Drunk driving
and bad
weather. It is
therefore
recommended
that the LGU
should conduct
of more
seminars
regarding Road
safety should
be increased
and Traffic
Management
Groups should
also be versed
very well
regarding road
safety.
Agustin, C. P., This inquiry is IV: Social Descriptive- Findings of

Costales, N. C. focused on the responsibility, quantitative this study
Z. A., functionality of and discipline research include TRU's
Gadingan, M. Tricycle efficiency in
M., Francisco, Regulation Unit DV: Concept of the issuance
L. M. M., & (TRU) of efficiency in of the
Fronda, E. P. Tuguegarao governance franchise
(2018). The City particularly license,
functionality of its powers and maintaining

tricycle functions vis-à- data base and
regulation unit vis compliance resolving
of Tuguegarao of tricycle complaints
City. drivers and/or and
International operators with grievances.
Journal of existing city However, TRU
Advanced ordinances office is
Research in covering public relatively
Management safety and undermanned
and Social security. that haste in
Sciences. covering all
their tasks
leads the staff
to getting less
humanely
tactful in
dealing with
violations.
Relatively,
better staffing
as
recommended
in this study
would make
TRU more
responsive to
closely
monitoring the
transfer of
ownership of
franchise
license, and
the difficulties
among tricycle
drivers/operato
rs in complying
with the rules
and
regulations.

Canindo, J. ., The DV: Dependent The study used t recommends
Dantes, C. ., researchers Competencies a descriptive a strategy of
Lagman, A. ., aimed to get the of enforcers in method of intelligence-
Orua, J. ., perceptions of Quezon city research to based
Bautista, J. ., & the respondents show the deployments
Osorio, on the assessment of as part of a
MSCRIM (OP), competencies IV: Traffic the respondents layered
D. A. . (2019). of the traffic enforcers on the traffic security
Competencies enforces in congestion system that
of Traffic regulating traffic along San can maximize
Enforcer in congestions of Antonio Quezon the total
Regulating Barangay San City. impact to the
Traffic Antonio Quezon traffic safety
Congestion of City. and security
Barangay San missions
Antonio Quezon under
City. Barangay San
Ascendens Asia Antonio,
Singapore – Quezon City,
Bestlink and to foresee
College of the the effect and
Philippines the positive
Journal of perceptions of
Multidisciplinary the
Research, 1(1). deployment of
Retrieved from traffic
https://ojs.aares enforcers.
earchindex.com
/index.php/aasg
bcpjmra/article/
view/1516

Fotios This paper DV: To counter the Review of the
et.al(2015) concerns road Pedestrians unintended characteristics
Road lighting lighting for potential for of lighting
and pedestrian pedestrians and IV: focused, suggests an
reassurance how this aids Road lighting quantitative optimum
after dark: A reassurance, methods to lead illuminance of
review retrieved their confidence towards such a 10 lux, of high
from: when walking finding. S/P ratio, and
https://journals. alone after aimed toward
sagepub.com/d dark. the pedestrian
oi/10.1177/1477 and natural
153514524587 elements of
the
environment,
will enhance
reassurance.

APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I. Pre-Survey Questionnaire
Direction: Fill out the following information needed and/or shade/check the circle
corresponding to your answer.
Name (optional): ______________
Which range does your age belong?

o Below 18 years old
o At least 18 years old
Where is your entry point?

o Buntun
o Carig
o Namabbalan Sur
o None of the above
How often do you travel in Tuguegarao City?

o Daily
o Thrice a week
o Twice a week
o Once a week
PART IIA. Respondent’s Profile
Direction: Fill out the following information needed and/or shade the circle corresponding to
your answer.
Name (optional): ______________
1. What is your main purpose of taking a trip to Tuguegarao City?

o To work or study
o For leisure
o Others. Please specify __________________
2. Means of transportation
o Private transport. Please specify _____________
o Public transport. Please specify _________________

3. Time of travel
o Before 7:00 AM
o 7:00 – 9:00 AM
o 9:00 – 11:00 AM
o 11:00 – 1:00 PM
o 1:00 – 3:00 PM
o 3:00 – 5:00 PM
o 5:00 – 7:00 PM
o After 7:00 PM
PART IIB. Assessment on the Traffic Management of Tuguegarao City
(4) – Strongly Agree (3) – Agree (2) – Disagree (1) – Strongly

Disagree
15-item Questionnaire
Assessment on Traffic Schemes 4 3 2 1
1 I am only dropped off at the designated loading/unloading station
2 I could be loaded/unloaded anywhere
3 I experience traffic jams
4 I can utilize traffic facilities
5 I can efficiently travel with the existing route plans
Assessment on Traffic and Road Conditions 4 3 2 1
1 I experience bumpy roads
2 There are no visible traffic signages/tarpaulins
3 There is enough road lanes
4 There is enough parking spaces
5 I can walk or ride bikes safely in public roads
Assessment on Traffic Enforcement Performance 4 3 2 1
1 There is sufficient traffic enforcers in the road
2 They are strictly enforcing traffic laws
3 There is a quick response to the accidents in the roads
4 They are assisting pedestrian when crossing
5 They provide information and assistance
PART IIC. INTERVIEW QUESTION
What are the issues and challenges experienced by the respondents with regards to the
traffic management of Tuguegarao City?
__________________________________________________________________________
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ______

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

Appendix C
Adviser’s Acceptance Form
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH Document FM-URD-
AND DEVELOPMENT No. 020
CENTER Revision No. 00
Effectivity November
RESEARCH ADVISER’S Date 3, 2020
ACCEPTANCE FORM
Page No. 33 of 1
September 3, 2022
󠄂I hereby accept the proponent/s:
1. Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

2. Malanot, Dexter M.
3. Romero, Giancarlo B.
as research advisee/s for the study,
Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

(Title of Study)
for the School Year 2022-2023.
I promise to abide by my duties and responsibilities and ascertain that my advisees finish their
research output on schedule and according to the rules set by the University Research and
Development Center.
Conforme:
Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen, Ph.D

Name and Signature of Instructor/Professor
󠄂I cannot accept the above thesis/research advisership due to the following reasons:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________
___________________________________
Name and Signature of Instructor/Professor

Appendix D
Letter to Vice President for Academics

Appendix E
Letter of Endorsement
Date: May 18, 2023
Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen, Ph.D.

Data Analyst
Dear Sir:
After thoroughly reviewing the manuscripts of the Research Proponents and their transcripts,
I respectfully endorse the same to your office for evaluation.
It is our understanding that whatever revisions are necessary to be integrated will be referred
to the evaluating panel for their approval, and after which, will be complied with by the
research proponents, and that a certification for defense can only be issued when the data
are in place.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D

Name and Signature of Head CSILKER

Appendix F
Data Analysis Certification
Research Proponents: Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

Malanot, Dexter M.
Romero, Giancarlo B.
Program: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies
Research Title: Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
This is to certify that the quantitative analysis was done at the University Research
and Development Center of University of Saint Louis and by a duly accredited
quantitative data analyst.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D. 05/31/23

Name and Signature of Data Analyst Date

Appendix G
Certification of Plagiarism Check
This is to certify that the research paper entitled:
Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

Research Title
Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

Malanot, Dexter M.
Proponents
Has undergone the initial plagiarism check with an originality score/grade of %
This signifies that the proponents may proceed to the final defense and that the official
plagiarism clearance will be issued as soon as the integration of final suggestions by the
panel is complied with.
DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D 05/31/23

Name and Signature of the Evaluator Date

Appendix H
Certification of Language Editing
Research Proponents: Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

Malanot, Dexter M.
Romero, Giancarlo B
Program: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies
Research Title: Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
This is to certify that I have thoroughly edited the final draft of the Research of the
students listed above in terms of grammar and organization, and compliance with the
APA format and style.
KRISTINE MAE E. AUYUANG ,LPT 05/31/23

Name and Signature of Language Editor Date

Appendix I
Minutes Of Thesis Proposal Defense
December 13, 2022, 3:00 P.M., Defense Room
Researcher : Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

Malanot, Dexter M.
Dissertation Title : Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Adviser : Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen
Members of Technical Panel

Ma’am Jennifer Bangi
Sir Herbert Corpuz
Sir Christian Bosch Taylan
Sir John Kennette Dado
Proceedings
Presentation of the Research proposal by the Proponent
Review and Critiquing of the Paper
Comments and Suggestions

Section/Page Suggestions/Recommendations
Title Variables: Traffic Management Plan
Working title
Status of Traffic Management Plan of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Introduction 1. Traffic management
2. Discuss Tuguegarao City as educational center
Research 1. What are the profile of the respondents according to:
Questions a. purpose
b. entry point
c. mode of transportation
2. What is the assessment of the respondents on the
implementation of traffic management in Tuguegarao?
3. Is there significant difference on their assessment on the
implementation of traffic management in Tuguegarao when
group according to profile variables?
4. What are their issues and challenges?
Significance of the It will assess the effectiveness of traffic management plan
study
Research It will change based on the new research question
Hypothesis
Review of Related - Assessment on the traffic management plan
Literature - Traffic scheme
- Implications of traffic management plan
Research Paradigm - Inferential questions

Methods Mixed method
- Qualitative using photovoice (experiences of constituents)
- Quantitative (survey on effectiveness of traffic management)
Respondents Commuters in and outside Tuguegarao City
Research - survey questionnaire
Instruments - photovoice
Data Analysis
Questionnaires
References
Prepared by: Attested by:
____________________________ _____________________
Jedidiah Clement B. Sta. Monica Darin Jan Tindowen
Secretary Research Adviser
General comments
 What is new to the conduct of public transportation as research?
 Review of Related Literature is too broad and contradictin
 Change the study into “Traffic Management” instead of Public Transportation
 What do you want to conduct this study?

Minutes Of Thesis Final Defense
May 18, 2023, 2:00 P.M., Defense Room
Researcher : Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

Malanot, Dexter M.
Romero, Giancarlo B
Thesis Title : Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Adviser : Dr. Darin Jan C. Tindowen
Members of Technical Panel

Ma’am Jennifer Bangi
Sir Christian Bosch Taylan
Sir Herbert Corpuz
Proceedings
Presentation of the Research proposal by the Proponent
Review and Critiquing of the Paper
Comments and Suggestions

Results and Check the computations if the negative statements are not reversed.
Discussion
Tool (Where is your entry point is repeated) so it should be removed.
No discussion to the significant difference so there is a need to

include.
Remove the fare price to the discussion because it is not part of the
traffic management.
Another profile of resident or non-resident of Tuguegarao.
Buntun, Carig, Namabbalan would be the non-residents and the non

would be the residents.
Results of the qualitative study should be along the three areas.
Short of literatures, include more.
Include the context where the data was gathered, what is the
characteristic, in order to have a picture why in these certain times
only that they have a low assessment.
Conclusion Not a conclusion but a summary of the findings

It has to be a combination of the results and discussion and other
literatures that support the study.
What is the assessment in the status of traffic management in

Tuguegarao City.
Determine what are the causes of issues of the commuters. Be more

specific. Because this will help the administration to devise possible
solution to that problem in the recommendation.
Prepared by: Attested by:
____________________________ _____________________
Jan Michael Vince M. Oñate Darin Jan Tindowen
Secretary Research Adviser

Appendix J
Progress Report
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH Document No. FM-URD-

AND DEVELOPMENT 021
Revision No.
CENTER 00
Effectivity Date
Page No. November
PROGRESS REPORT FORM 3, 2020
67 of 1
Name of the 1. Cabalsi, Emil Joshua S.

Proponent/s 2. Malanot, Dexter M.
3. Romero, Giancarlo B.
Working Title Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Research Adviser Dr. Darin Jan Tindowen
DATE ACTIVITIES
September 4 Identification of main topic and sub-topics and selection of main topic
September 17 Researching of at least three different problems per topic cited by at least three
different literatures of each problem
September 27 Approval of main topic and creation of working title
October 9 Creation of research adviser’s acceptance letter
October 20 Formulation of Introduction, Research Questions, Hypothesis, and Significance

of the study
November 8 Revising and editing of Introduction, Research Questions, Hypothesis, and
Significance of the study
November 10 Identifying different literature review themes
November 16 Creation of Literature Review and Matrix
November 17 Researching and formulation of Conceptual Framework
November 20 Construction of Research Methods
November 24 Revision of Research Methods
November 25 Formulation of Interview Guide Questions
December 6 Checking of the manuscript by the research adviser to be sent to the panelists
for proposal defense
December 18 Proposal Defense
December 25 Submission of revised paper
January 11 Checking of revised paper by the research adviser

January 14 Submission of letter of permission to the office of the Vice President to conduct
the study
February 8 Checking of plagiarism through turnitin
February 16 Validation of the interview guide questions
March 28 Submission of letter to conduct the study to the SK chairmans of the selected
barangays
April 22 Submission of the questionnaires to the SK councils of the selected barangays
and sending of online interview to constituents
May 3 Transcription of results
May 10 Formulation of results and discussion
May 18 Final defense
May 26 Final revisions
May 29 Language edit
May 30 Submission
Dr. Darin Jan Tindowen

Name and Signature of Adviser/ Date
Appendix K
Photo Documentation

Appendix L
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Emil Joshua S. Cabalsi

Date of Birth: February 23, 2003
Place of birth: Tuguegarao city
Current address: 33i Bassig st. Ugac Norte, Tuguegarao City
Educational background
College: Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with Legal Studies

University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao
Mabini Street. Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City Cagayan
2020-present
Senior High School: Humanities and Social Sciences strand

Mabini Street, Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
S.Y. 2018-2020
Junior High School: University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao

Mabini Street Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
S.Y. 2014-2018
Elementary: San Juan Elementary School

Balauini Amulung, Cagayan
S.Y. 2008-2014

Name: Dexter M. Malanot
Date of Birth: April13, 2002
Place of Birth: Tuguegarao City
Current Address: 138-A Adducul St. Cataggaman Nuevo
Educational Background

Mabini St., Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
2020-Present
Senior High School: Humanities and Social Science Strand

St. Paul University Philippines
Mabini Street Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
S.Y. 2018-2020
Junior High School: Cataggaman National High School

Cataggaman Pardo, Tuguegarao City
S.Y. 2014-2018
Elementary: Cataggaman Elementary school

Cataggaman Viejo, Tuguegarao City Cagayan
S.Y. 2008-2014

Name: Giancarlo B. Romero
Date of Birth: June 06, 2002
Place of birth: Tuguegarao City
Current address: #1 Reyes Street Barangay Leonarda Tuguegarao City Cagayan
Educational background

Mabini St. Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City Cagayan
2020-present
Senior high school: Humanities and Social Sciences strand

St. Paul University Philippines
Mabini Street, Tuguegarao city, Cagayan
S.Y. 2018-2020
Junior High school St. Paul University Philippines

Mabini Street. Tuguegarao city, Cagayan
S.Y. 2014-2018
Elementary Montessori de Cagayan

Leonarda, Tuguegarao city, Cagayan
S.Y. 2008-2009
St Paul University Philippines

Mabini Street. Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
2009-2014

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STATUS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH LEGAL STUDIES

DARIN JAN C. TINDOWEN, Ph.D

KRISTINE MAE E. AUYUANG ,LPT

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____

JENNIFER C. BANGI, MARS

CHRISTIAN BOSCH S. TAYLAN HERBERT S. CORPUZ

HERBERT S. CORPUZ, Ed.D

Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan| ii

It is because of you that we thrived to continue this study.

Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan| iii

Status of Traffic Management in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan| iv

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | v

Upon assessing key factors contributing to traffic congestion, the US Department of

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 1

In Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, congestion is a major concern of commuters (Banga et

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 2

This study is anchored on the Approaches to Achieve Sustainability in Traffic

Government Policies in Traffic Management

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 3

Authorities have implemented a variety of policies in response to this phenomenon.

Role of Traffic Management Plan on Urban Development

Effects of Poor Traffic Management in the Philippines

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 4

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 5

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Figure 1. Diagram of the Research Paradigm

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 6

Locale of the Study

Respondents of the Study

Two methods will be used to cater data— Questionnaire and Photovoice.

1. Photovoice – An interview will be conducted by showing them a set of pictures to the

Data Gathering Procedure

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 7

Mean Range Qualitative Description

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine is there existed significant

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 8

Table 1. Profile of the respondents

Variables Frequency Percentage

Table 2: Assessment on the Traffic Management of Tuguegarao City

Variables Mean Qualitative Descriptive

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 9

Well-planned and implemented traffic management schemes are used to solve

Traffic enforcement mirrors the capability of authorities to supervise road user’s

Table 3. Test of Significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on the

Category t-value p-value Decision

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 10

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 11

Before 7:00 AM 2.62

Before 7:00 AM 2.16*

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 12

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 13

a. Assessment on Traffic Scheme

 Impact of Roundabout on traffic management:

R79: “Less traffic because of the roundabout”

 Safety concerns for pedestrians

One of the importance of a traffic management plan is protecting pedestrians and

Administrative Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan | 14

 Heavy traffic during rush hours and holidays

The US Department of Transportation has determined three key origins of traffic

b. Assessment on Traffic and Road Conditions