CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The significance of the current study is highlighted in this chapter by outlining the

pertinent literature and studies that the researcher considered. For the benefit of the

reader, it also provides a summary of the pertinent literature.

Relevant theories

The theory made by Cominelli (2019) entitled “Road Rules: Analyzing Traffic

Signs Through a Socio- Cognitive Approach”. Road traffic accidents are to blame for the

deaths of almost 1.3 million individuals each year. Although there have been substantial

advancements in safety regulations, vehicle standards, and post-accident medical care,

the number of casualties has increased due to population growth and rapid motorization.

One of the things mentioned is road safety the Sustainable Development Goals, but the

deadline of 2020 to cut down on traffic fatalities by half dejectedly missed. There are

numerous strategies that could be used in light of the increased focus on road safety. One

is strengthening sanctions to encourage more responsible conduct. The second is to

upgrade cars and safety equipment. The third is to modify road layout, particularly side-

of-the-road signs, to accommodate modern roads, vehicles, and behavior. I believe that

this final strategy in particular will be most effective.

A probe as in authorized “Ergonomic Factors Affecting Comprehension Levels of

Traffic Signs: A Critical Review”, takes into account what PhD candidates by Dell' Olio

et al. (2017), thought about Public Transportation First-Class of Service. Public

Transportation First-Class of Service: Elements, Models, and Applications is the first

book that will aid researchers in better understanding the underlying factors that can

enhance how customers perceive public transportation. The e-book collects

measurements that are currently scattered throughout journal papers, government courses,

and book chapters in one place. It examines in-depth the Ordered Logit/Probity version

and models for Structural Equations, among other currently available modeling

approaches, pointing out both their advantages and limitations. In addition to examining

the differences between preferred and perceived nice, the book discusses first-class

fashion trends from the perspectives of users and non-users.

The hypothesis advanced beyond Yuda et al. (2020) ratified “Identifying

antecedents of loyalty to public transportation A case study of the online taxi motorbike

service Grab Bike”. Numerous scholars have performed considerable research on the

attitudes and behaviors of public transportation users. On the other hand, there is little

research on the WOM of public delivery passengers. This study aims to expand and test a

WOM model for public transport users in Indonesia in order to cover the gaps in the

literature. The buyer pride theory, the private norm concept, and the planned conduct

principle are all integrated in our research version. This study employed a quantitative

research methodology. Information was gathered through an online survey. The survey

was carried out in West Java, Indonesia, in the cities of Bogor, Bekasi, and Depok. The

survey involves 844 participants. The findings of the study demonstrated that our

suggested model has adequate.

Related Literature

In accordance with a study that emphasizes the significance of traffic signs and

traffic regulations that support the awareness of people, particularly students who do not

have support for their understanding of traffic signs and regulations, people cannot

disregard the other consequences of the dynamic decision made by the leaders when it

comes to transportation. This shows the students' degree of knowledge and their

experiences using the designated form of transportation.

The “Motorcyclists' awareness and understanding of traffic signs for traffic safety

in Yogyakarta”, by Purnamasari (2019). The purpose of this study, which involved

delivering 190 questionnaires to regular people, online-transportation drivers, and

students who ride motorbikes, was to assess participants' comprehension of the current 32

traffic signs and track how well they obey existing prohibition signs. Due to these causes,

annual increases in road use are large. The length of the road, however, was unable to

keep up with this development. It should be mentioned that motorcycles make up more

than 75% of the city's road users. To travel safely, one needs have strong awareness and

obey the traffic signs.

“Traffic safety competencies in Peruvian high school students”, Palomino et al.

(2020) invented. The purpose of this study is to understand the traffic safety

competencies of high school students from two particular locations of Peru and to

compare the two groups. Grounded theory and axiomatic set theory components were

used in the analysis of the data that had been gathered. The major conclusions show that

most participants have a basic comprehension of traffic laws and how to operate the

traffic safety equipment. As a result, they perceive traffic laws as signs on the road that
govern how pedestrians and drivers should behave. Participants also understand how to

utilize seat belts and follow the right procedures at traffic lights and crosswalks. They list

the use of alcohol and drugs, as well as the driver's fatigue or drowsiness, as additional

potential contributing causes to traffic accidents. On the other hand, participants claim

that in real-world circumstances they act riskily and break transportation laws. They use

inadequate infrastructure, car problems, and the necessity to move rapidly to accomplish

tasks to excuse their actions. Rezaei et al. (2020) article titled “The Effect of Parenting

Styles on Children’s Familiarity with Traffic Signs”. The neighborhood and families in

particular have an impact on children's traffic safety. Children's present and future traffic

behaviour are influenced by their parents. Several studies have shown a connection

between parenting style and behavioral issues in kids, like antisocial behavior and

delinquency, therefore changing parenting styles may have a positive effect on how

parents and kids interact. Although parent-related aspects are mostly unknown, parental

influence has long been acknowledged as a significant part of research in the literature on

children's traffic safety. Moreover parenting style in particular can have an impact on

how parents feel about road safety and how children perceive it. As a result, the purpose

of this study is to assess kids' understanding of traffic signs from the standpoint of

parenting methods.

“An Analysis of Understanding of Traffic Signs among Drivers and Pedestrians in

Dhaka, Bangladesh”, Ahmed et al. (2022) formed. This study shows the proportion of

pedestrians and drivers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, who can read traffic signs. 634 drivers

both inside and outside of Dhaka city were polled. In addition, 508 pedestrians in the city

of Dhaka took part in the poll. Comparatively, out of 1142 respondents, there were 279
female respondents and 863 male respondents. The poll was in the form of multiple-

choice questions, and each question included a picture of a sign next to it. The results

revealed that the drivers' comprehension of the significance of the traffic sign was

moderate. The study's findings, however, indicated that more needs to be done to inform

drivers and pedestrians about how to interpret and respond to traffic signals correctly.

The study of Shaaban (2020) entitled “Impact of Experience and Training on

Traffic Knowledge of Young Drivers”. Any driver who wishes to operate a vehicle on a

public road must possess a reasonable degree of traffic rule awareness. Typically, a

younger person will learn this information while getting their driver's license. The goal of

this study is to determine how young drivers' level of understanding can be increased.

The study also analyzes the correlations between driving experience and knowledge

scores as well as between driving training and knowledge scores for young drivers. Based

on the percentage of right answers, the participants generally displayed a level of

knowledge that was adequate. The participants demonstrated above-average traffic sign

knowledge, appropriate understanding when managing various driving circumstances, but

they lacked expertise when it came to questions about fines and demerit points. Prior to

receiving their license, drivers who took a driving course performed better than those

who did not. Similarly, experienced drivers outperformed inexperienced drivers in terms

of performance.

One of Berrio et al. (2019) study entitled “Ergonomic factors affecting

comprehension levels of traffic signs: A critical review “. Road safety depends on drivers

being able to understand traffic signs. In order to determine which ergonomic principles

in traffic sign design can effect understanding levels, this review intends to investigate
the degree to which road users in various nations can understand traffic signs. Traffic

sign design that incorporates ergonomic concepts can increase reader comprehension. In

addition to the familiarity, there is uncertainty on the ergonomic principles that might

improve the ability to understand traffic signs. To guarantee that all groups of road users

adequately understand traffic signs, efforts should be made.

“Removing regulatory features of traffic control in school zones”, Cvitković et al.

(2022) contrived. Streets need to be carefully planned and equipped for slower traffic if

the notion of shared space is to be applied. This necessitates the use of numerous project

solutions, for which various researches are conducted. This essay will analyze the

existing state and traffic-calming measures for a section of a street in Varazdin, Republic

of Croatia, where more than 5,000 students arrive each day. Given all the negative effects

that today's traffic has, there is a growing movement for improvement. Noise levels were

evaluated in the coverage area since exposure to higher noise levels in humans causes

weariness, poor focus and capacity to work, and hindered communication. To investigate,

the One of the innovative concepts and procedures that could reduce traffic's detrimental

effects in the future will be presented.

The study of Adebimpe et al. (2020) entitled “Knowledge of Road Signs and

Attitude to Safety Measures Among Public Secondary School Students in Jos Nigeria”.

Throughout the world, road collisions are frequent. Nonetheless, secondary and tertiary

prevention have received the majority of attention in terms of RTA prevention. This

study was conducted to evaluate secondary school students in Jos, Nigeria's, attitudes

toward safety measures and their awareness of traffic signals. 800 secondary school

pupils were chosen for this descriptive cross-sectional study utilizing a multistage sample
technique. Semi-structured interviewer-administered pre-tested questionnaires were the

research tools employed. Using SPSS software version 23.0, data were examined. The

two main outcome variables—knowledge of traffic signs and knowledge and attitude

toward safety measures—had mean scores generated. However, there are still knowledge

and attitude gaps, so stakeholders in RTA prevention should give student sensitization

priority over other fundamental prevention measures.

The "Understanding of traffic signs by drivers in the city of Manila,

Philippines", Fernandez et al. (2020) authored, presents that these should be clear to

convey the intended message for road users to understand. The purpose of the study is to

identify the distinctive qualities of drivers who interpret traffic indicators. To stop the

number of incidents in the area from escalating, it is crucial to conduct research on how

drivers in Manila interpret traffic signs. 535 drivers in the city of Manila participated in

the poll. Nevertheless, the findings showed that the driver comprehension of the

significance of traffic signs was lacking. The frequency of traffic signs in the area where

the responder typically travels and the clarity of their design, which allows other road

users to quickly understand their meaning, are the key factors influencing how familiar

the drivers are with them. According to the study, driving habits and factors like

educational attainment and type of driving instruction have a big impact on how well

drivers understand traffic signs.

A study entitled " Ignoring Safety Aspects that Could Reduce Traffic Accidents"

Tampubolon (2021). Every road user should prioritize their safety when driving. Many

types of traffic signs can be used, and they are all meant to reprimand drivers and

increase their safety. Nevertheless, these warning signals are regularly ignored by
Indonesian drivers. This is especially important because Indonesia is adding more and

more vehicles, and as there are more cars on the road, there are also more accidents. This

paper examines this association and its implications using quantitative research

techniques.

The researcher study found the significance of residents' and students' level of

awareness in their transportation method. It is necessary to examine commuter abilities,

particularly those of high school students, in order to properly determine which mode of

public transportation is ideal for all Lamao National High School students' level of

awareness on transportation traffic indicators and regulation signs. This also

demonstrates the significance of transportation traffic and regulation indicators in

assisting students who are unable to analyze the rules.

“Orderly Traffic Attitude of Students Junior High School Laboratory Universitas

Negeri Surabaya “, by Listyaningsih et al. (2019In the student world, traffic offenses are

on the rise. This traffic offense will endanger both pupils and others. To create traffic

safety, as outlined in Article 1 number 31 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia

Number 22 Year 2009 Concerning Road Traffic and Transport (LLAJ Law), every road

user must maintain a calm demeanor. The goal of this research was to determine the

orderly attitude of traffic at Surabaya State University Laboratory Junior High School.

Data was collected via a questionnaire sent to Junior High School Laboratory students at

Universitas Negeri Surabaya Laboratory (SMP UNESA). According to the study's

findings, kids at the institution have a positive attitude about learning. This survey

entitled "The Analysis of Driver’s Recognition Time of Different Traffic Sign

Combinations on Urban Roads via Driving Simulation" by Liu and Deng (2021), The
results demonstrate that, based on the analysis of the experimental data, the driver's

identification time of the traffic sign combinations of the urban route increased

adequately. Different traffic sign combinations have a substantial effect with the driver's

recognition time. The driver's recognition time increases dramatically as the number of

traffic signs increases. Furthermore, under specific conditions, gender, age, and driving

experience all have an effect on the driver's recognition time during traffic sign

combinations. The research findings can give a useful theoretical basis for the placement

of urban traffic signs, a compelling reference for the modification of various traffic sign

placement standards and norms, and recommendations for future sign system research.

The “Traffic safety program for school children through safe action and safe

condition”, by Yulianto et al. (2017). This study was carried out through a variety of

actions, including the distribution of questionnaires to acquire the perceptions of road

users. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents comprehended the

definition, goal, and usefulness of ZoSS. Unfortunately, it was discovered that the

respondents did not recognize the traffic sign and technique of crossing the road (Four-

T). The ZoSS program was mostly ineffectual because people felt unsafe crossing the

street because of the high-speed automobiles.

In “Effectiveness of video-assisted teaching on knowledge regarding road traffic

rules among college students, Puducherry”, by Chakali (2020Road traffic accidents are

regarded as a public health issue since they result in significant death and morbidity. This

is especially true among adolescents and young adults. We wanted to see how effective

video-assisted instruction was improving college students' understanding of traffic rules

and the variables that contribute to differences in knowledge. After the intervention, there
was a significant difference in students' knowledge scores. Continuous Reinforcement

and education on safety precautions can inspire and influence people in a positive way.

obeying traffic laws.

“The Use of traffic Sign Pictures to Improve the Students’ Ability in Constructing

Imperative Sentence at the Seventh Grade Students of SMPN 2 Tellu Limpoe Kabupaten

Sidenreng Rappang”, by Nurhalijah (2018). The study sought to determine whether

employing traffic sign images may improve students' capacity to generate imperative

sentences. This study's population consisted of 56 seventh-grade students from SMPN 2

Tellu Limpoe Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. The data analysis revealed that the students

scored 37,41 on the pre-test and 58,15 on the post-test. It meant there was a considerable

difference between before and after therapy. After assessing the data with the t-test

formula, the t-test value (4,88) was bigger than the t-table value (2,056). This suggested

that the research hypothesis was accepted. Finally, the utilization of traffic sign images

improved the pupils' capacity to create imperative sentences at SMPN 2 Tellu Limpoe

Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang's seventh grade students.

Public transit is critical for students who do not have access to personal mobility.

Understanding traffic signs and transportation restrictions. This is a huge aid for pupils

who are unaware of the hazards that may befall them.

Related studies

The safety of students on the service of public transportation. For households

without reliable awareness in transportation, getting their children to high school can

present new challenges and make these schools unattainable options. Student tour
subjects are chosen for a variety of reasons. Spending a significant amount of time

traveling and from school may have a negative impact on student health, safety, and

educational outcomes.

Guanetti et al. (2019), "Control of connected and automated vehicles: State of the

art and future challenges". Safety, convenience, and energy savings are all promised by

autonomous driving technology. Its challenges include unknown intentions of other road

users: communication between vehicles and with road infrastructure is one technique to

increasing awareness and enabling cooperation. CAVs have the potential to disrupt

transportation by going beyond what is now feasible with driving automation and

connectivity alone. Real-time control and planning with greater awareness, routing with

micro-scale traffic information, coordinated platooning using traffic signal information,

and eco-mobility on demand with assured parking are some of the applications.

Furthermore, this study provides a control and planning architecture for CAVs and

analyzes the state of the art on each functional block; the main focus is on energy

efficiency strategies. Researcher discuss promising optimization-based approaches to

CAV control and outline future problems, as well as an overview of existing algorithms

and their mutual interactions.

"The first page settings Order Article Reprints Open Access Article Traffic Sign

Comprehension among Filipino Drivers and Non- drivers in Metro Manila" of Robielos

and Lin (2017). The cognitive design features that were used to judge the design of a sign

were familiarity, concreteness, complexity, and semantic distance. Cognitive design

aspects were found to be positively connected with both regulation and warning sign

matching accuracy, but adversely correlated with warning sign matching time. Cognitive
design aspects were also found to be associated to matching accuracy and matching time

for signs expressed in symbols. To improve comprehension and driving safety, traffic

sign designers must consider semantic distance, concreteness, and familiarity as crucial

cognitive design aspects. In addition, the Department of Transportation (Philippines) may

implement the matching exam from this study as an obligatory retraining requirement for

driver license renewal.

A study entitled “Awareness on Road Signs and Markings of Drivers and

Passengers along Maharlika Highway in Nueva Ecija”, by Castillo et al. (2019). Road

signs and markings are an essential component of transportation networks. Rationally

developed and implemented to offer critical road information for commuter safety and

convenience

protection. The survey assesses drivers' and passengers' knowledge of road signs and

markings markers along the Maharlika Highway in Nueva Ecija, mainly between the

cities of Cabanatuan and San Jose. Drivers' comprehension and perception of road signs

and markings. The perceptions of common travelers were included in the study since they

were quite significant are frequently the victims of traffic accidents. Passengers, on the

other hand, were oblivious to the dangers of the road. Since they rely primarily on

drivers' abilities, safety elements like as road signs and markings have been implemented.

Drivers appeared to be following the laws and regulations posted on traffic signs and

markers. A study called " Driving Students' Level of Awareness of Road Sign" by

Acuzar et al. (2019). The study found no significant difference between the demographic

profile of MuntingIlog National High School pupils and their level of awareness of road

signs. The regulatory and informative categories had nearly identical means, 5.6 for male
drivers and 5.8 for female drivers, and 6.23 for male drivers in regulatory signs and 6.13

for female drivers in informative signs, both with a descriptive rating of very good.

Whereas warning road signs have a satisfactory rating of 5.15 for male drivers and 5.10

for female drivers. The " Prohibitory traffic signs violation by well-educated young

drivers based on situation scenarios" of Suhardi et al. (2021). Each sign's influence

differed. Both conditions contributed to no u-turn, no parking, and no stop signs. Human

factors affected the maximum speed limit sign, while environmental factors influenced

the stop sign. This study has provided a beneficial preliminary understanding of

adolescent drivers' conduct in disregarding these prohibitory traffic signals. It can be

applied to additional indicators with varied response profiles in future investigations.

Aside from that, the link between indicators might be studied.

According to Cabanillas et al. (2019), “Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward road

safety regulations among college students in Telangana state ”. The objectives of this research

were to measure knowledge of road safety regulations as well as attitudes and practices

toward road safety standards.

“ROAD RULES: ANALYZINGTRAFFIC SIGNS THROUGH A

SOCIOCOGNITIVE APPROACH”, by Kim et al. (2019). One of the most intriguing

features of rule impact and efficacy, may be comprehended by concentrating on the

cognition process of the regulation integrated into a road sign, and how this cognition

might be phrased to increase voluntary cooperation. Road signs have been installed.

Explanatory images were always used extensively. Yet, it is also the result of unspoken

social pressure.
Driving conduct is being monitored, which results in compliance. A normative-semiotic

viewpoint should be adopted. A cognitive viewpoint is used to combine ideas from both

the natural and social sciences. Gain more precision and predictability.

This research entitled, “Novel Highway Signs Study to Support Infrastructure-

Based Motorcycle Crash Countermeasures—Phase II”, Weaver et al. (2021) authored.

The research team created a preliminary set of unique indicators that were specifically

targeted to target the needs of motorcyclists. Motorcyclists were asked for feedback on

this preliminary sign set. using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire results were

utilized to limit and refine theThe stimulus has been established. Lastly, a human factor-

based experimental evaluation of novel signs is presented.Both motorcyclists and

nonmotorcyclists were used in the study of comprehension and readability. As a result, a

prioritized list of five innovative indicators that may serve as effective motorcycle-crash

warnings is produced. Countermeasures.

In scrutiny entitled, “Ignoring Safety Aspects that Could Reduce Traffic

Accidents “, Tampubolon (2021) invented. Understanding passenger loyalty to public

transport is critical as it is a fundamental indicator of sustainability in cities and transport.

In this study, we conceptualize and empirically explore an integrated framework for

studying loyalty by integrating gratification-loyalty theory and expectation-confirmation

theory (ECT). The development of this comprehensive framework for customer loyalty

has shown significant relationships between components, good model fit, and a higher

proportion of the variance explained for loyalty than the model without the two ECT

concepts. Justified by the high and the difference in confirmation. - Satisfaction A loyalty
paradigm between male and female groups. It is expected to contribute to the

understanding of customer loyalty regarding public transport services.

The main purpose of this white paper is to assess and better understand the level

of awareness in sustainable mobility entitled “Effectiveness of Early Traffic Awareness

Socialization Program (SALUD) Through Technical Guidance”, Hidayati et al. (2022)

formed. Each transportation actor must expand the safety of the road in the form of

honesty or desire to build further knowledge or awareness of the safety of road transport

traffic. It requires a counseling strategy that can transform mindsets and instill the road

safety culture's thinking from a young age. Many places have introduced traffic

awareness at an early age (SALUD) using the "golden age" period.

The “Understanding the Impact of Road Design Characteristics on Fatal Crash

Involvement Risks Among Teen Drivers”, by Woon et al. (2019). This study implies that

suitable education and safety awareness initiatives connected to road design

characteristics may be required to enlighten young drivers on the role, implications,

safety benefit, and limitations of various road design components. Furthermore, more

research is required to determine how road design variables influence crash risks among

teen drivers and what remedies should be created to address relevant issues.

Harms et al. (2021), “The role of route familiarity in traffic participants’

behaviour and transport psychology research: A systematic review”. Familiarity appears

to have a significant impact on how people attend to and understand their surroundings.

Given the quantity of time people spend traveling in familiar surroundings, this low

attention, high familiarity condition should be considered the default mode and a more
integral framework for experimental, naturalistic, and observational transport psychology

research.

“Methodology and evidence from a case study in Rome to increase pedestrian

safety along home-to-school routes”, Corazza et al. (2020) invented. Detours when

reaching school grounds were investigated due to high degrees of discomfort and poor

comfort and safety. Because the mutual influence of the built environment on road safety

and maintenance requirements for home-to-school paths has not been extensively studied,

the purpose of this study is to provide advanced knowledge for future studies and

applications.

According to Sofi and Sen (2020), “Challenges of Traffic Controlling and Urban

Traffic Management in Srinagar City”. A maintainable transport system provides

flexibility and availability to all its residents; and a safe and atmospheric friendly mode of

transport. The road safety does not only depend on the drivers but also on the awareness

and behavior of public on the roads and its stability with the traffic rules. Unnecessary to

statement that there is an adverse health effect of city transportation in India due to poor

planning and management of transportation and raising demands due to rapid

urbanization. Appropriate Traffic Management can be seen as a beneficial measure of the

state of governance in any city or nation. This study tries to explore the challenges of

Urban Traffic Management and the role of Traffic Police in Srinagar city.

A study called “Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of

Cambodia's traffic accidents involving motorcycles”, Kitamura et al. (2020) contrived.

The researchers underline the need of executing the "three Es," namely engineering,

enforcement, and education, in developing countries such as Cambodia in this essay. The
authors specifically claim that the function of education in increasing people's road safety

awareness is undervalued when compared to the other two dimensions, and so it is

critical to raise people's road safety awareness through education among young people.

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Distributing survey

questionnaires via

messenger app to the The study

•Demographic
profile of the 38 aforementioned focuses on
respondents in
terms of; Lamao National High valuing the
- Grade Level
School commuters. Level of
- Strand
Utilizing the factor Awareness of
- Sex
analysis Using MS Senior High
- Home Address/
Location. Excel software, and School Students
• Level of
Awareness of G-form for survey On
respondent in terms
responses are Transportation
of;
-Traffic Signs encoded, the Traffic and

- LTO Regulations statistical gathered Regulatory

- Traffic Violations
will be collated, Signs

evaluate, and

statistically process.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

 The input-process-output paradigm (IPO) of this project is shown in the work's

figure. The first table, which identifies the test variables and presents the input,

demonstrates that the input is the level of awareness of students as well as the standard of

regulatory signs and the respondent's profile. The second table, which presents the

methodologies the researcher utilized for the study, includes a description of the

procedure for obtaining variables. One of these is sending online surveys via the G-form

that provides sources for crucial information. Additionally, it offers a statistical method

called factor analysis, which presents the findings of data collection from all 38

respondents. The conclusion, or third table, presents the project's or the study's ultimate

results. It emphasizes the level of awareness of Lamao senior high school students on

transportation traffic and regulatory signs.

Definition of Terms

NOTES IN CHAPTER II