LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICE VISIBILITY IN REDUCING

CRIMES IN POBLACION SUR, DON CARLOS BUKIDNON

BRANDON BOÑOL BASCON

DOTER ALBIT ABCEDE
JAYWARD ALMODIN BELDERA
JEMMY RETAZO GALGO JR.
JOHN MARK DAGOHOY APDIAN
MINER ADRIAN MERCADO ARGOSO

AN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY, DON CARLOS POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE, DON CARLOS BUKIDNON, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

FEBRUARY 2022
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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Philippine National Police (PNP) and its officials are working
cooperatively to come up a successful police visibility in the community and to
identify and deal with crime and quality of life within the community. Police
officers responding to citizen concerns relating to their security, fear of
intimidation, crime, and public safety. Implementing crime prevention
initiatives, and maintaining peace and order and quality of life was the mission
of the Philippine National Police.

Don Carlos Municipal Police Station accumulated a total of 43 crimes,

13 are index crimes and 30 are non-index crimes from January 1, 2021 to
May 30, 2022. According to Republic Act No. 8551 Section 2 of this act stated
that, the Philippine National Police (PNP) shall be a community and service
oriented agency that is responsible for the maintenance of peace and order
and public safety and the PNP shall be so organized to ensure the
accountability and uprightness in police exercise of discretion as well as to
achieve efficiency and effectiveness of its members and units in the
performance of their functions the deceptive absence of the police officer will
let criminals believe that they will be detected or caught if they execute crimes
that they planned (Low Profile Theory). The important thing is that, high police
visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think twice before
executing their plans if there is obvious presence of police officers. Thus,
patrol activity should be carried in a manner that attracts maximum attention
to the police officer or police vehicles. In the book of Thomas F. Adams which
is “Police Field Operation” he identified the Theory of Police Omnipresence
as one of the oldest but most effective ways of preventing crimes. Police
omnipresence is associated with the police visibility principle.

In an intensified drive against criminality, police visibility certainly plays

a big role in maintaining peace and order. The mere presence of a policeman
in a busy area could always deter a criminal from pulling off his trade. That is
why patrolling, even in remotest areas, has become an essentially part of
police routine to prevent lawlessness. It cannot be denied that criminality
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thrives in the absence of security. However, crimes of different types will

never succeed if safety measures are put in place. This only means
maintaining peace and order has become easier with the help of patrol cars,
motorcycles, street, and cameras, among others. There is no doubt that these
pieces of equipment are giving the authorities the advantage against
criminals. With all these resources, however, it would still boil down to
visibility. The need for police presence in every street around the city is what
counts in the heightened battle against criminality. A roving police team
cannot only deter crime. It can also create a feeling of safety and security
among the people (Freeman, 2013).

The police visibility in the community is the bi-product of police patrol

and police checkpoints, Police patrols play an important role in public service
by responding to incidents, deterring, and preventing crimes. It can give a
sense of security to people who need protection and discourage those who
may commit crimes in the absence of a patrol. Police patrolling is an
indispensable component and function of police departments. The goals and
objectives of police patrol and police checkpoints include crime prevention,
criminal apprehension, law enforcement, order maintenance, public services,
and traffic enforcement (Zhang & Brown, 2013)

Therefore, the relationship of the police between the communities

should be harmonious, because the community relies upon the police to
protect and serve, the police officers in return may rely upon the support and
cooperation given by the community in order to be effective in their services
and duties. In this study, the researchers would evaluate the level of
effectiveness of police visibility in reducing crimes in Don Carlos Sur,
Bukidnon. This would accommodate the policing of the police officials to
improve police visibility in the community that can strengthen its relationship
and even make them feel safe in their community.
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Statement of the Problem

This study would determine the level of effectiveness of Police visibility

in reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. what are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age;
b. gender; and
c. civil status?

2. what are the level of effectiveness of police visibility in Poblacion

Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon, in terms of:

a. foot patrol; and

b. mobile patrol?

Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of effectiveness of

police visibility in reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.

Specifically, this aimed:

1. to identify the demographic profile of the respondents of the study

in terms of:

a. age;
b. gender; and
c. civil status.

2. to determine the level of effectiveness of police visibility in

reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon, in terms

of:

a. foot patrol; and

b. mobile patrol.
 4

Significance of the Study

This study would determine the level of effectiveness of police visibility
in reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon. This would tend to
help to have proper enforcement of the law, enhance quality of life, reduce
fear of crime, fear of intimidation, and reduce incidence of crime. The
researchers hoped that the result of the study would be beneficial to the
Philippine National Police (PNP) of Don Carlos Bukidnon, Local Government
Unit of Don Carlos Bukidnon, community, school administrators, and to the
future researchers who would like to investigate deeper in the pursuit of this
investigation.

To the Philippine National Police of Don Carlos Bukidnon, the study

would help them to be more efficient in their duties to protect lives and
property, being recognize, terminate possible hindrances affecting their
efficiency, encourage police officers to have a friendly character to the
community and enhancing them in conducting police patrol and checkpoints
that cause to a high police visibility.

To the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Don Carlos Bukidnon, the data
gathered by the researchers would give them a back ground about the factors
affecting criminality.

To the Community, they could benefit from the result of this study in the
sense that the improved police visibility would help to reduce crimes, reduce
fear of intimidation, reduce incidence of crime and enhance quality of life.

To the School Administrators, the outcome of this study would give

them the data about the level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing
crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon. It is hoped that such data
would facilitate understanding the level of effectiveness of police visibility in
reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.
 5

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was limited to one hundred (100) respondents from Purok 1
to 20 in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon,

It was limited to one hundred (100) respondents from Purok 1 to 20 in

Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon, the research instrument was a
researcher-made questionnaire developed by the researchers based on the
suggested indicators of levelling the effectiveness of police visibility in
reducing crime in Don Carlos Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon. Statistical tools such
as frequency counts, percentage, and mean were used in the data gathering.

The data gather was limited to the perception of our respondents since
it aimed to determine the level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing
crimes in Poblacion Sur.

Definition of Terms

The terms used in the study were defined operationally for a common
understanding of the study.

Community refers to the residents of Poblacion Sur Don Carlos

Bukidnon.

Patrol refers to a person or group of people sent to keep watch over an

area.

Police refers to the civil force of a national or local government,

responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of
public order.

Police Visibility refers to the means of facilitating engagement and

intervention which, when combined, would be expected to enhance quality of
life, reduce fear of crime, fear of intimidation and reduce the incidence of
crime.

Visibility refers to a state of being able to see or be seen.

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Police Patrol refers to a group that patrols an area by walking, increase

police visibility in busy areas, enhance our citizen’s feelings of safety

Police effectiveness refers to the extent to which policing achieves its

proper officially sanctioned goals.
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deal with the past literature and studies on the effects of
police visibility in reducing crimes. The literature are taken from journals,
internet, and instructional research.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The study of Blanes (2018) entitled “Police Patrols and Crime” which
aims to increase police presence in more than 6,000 well-defined areas, by
economically-realistic amounts and under relatively normal circumstances.
The causal relationship between police street deployment and crime
represents one of the most common tests of the deterrence mechanism
underlying the standard economic model of crime.

The study of Dr Karn, (2013) entitled “Policing and Crime Reduction

the Evidence and its Implications for Practice” which aims to Police
Effectiveness in a Changing World’. Much police work is reactive and incident-
focused rather than proactive and strategic. Efforts to shift policing towards a
more effective and sustainable approach to crime reduction have been few
and far between. Long-term socio-economic and technological changes, with
concomitant changes in patterns of crime and demands for security, present
enormous operational challenges for the police service in working across
borders (both local/regional and national) and in keeping up to speed with
rapid changes in the modus operandi of criminals and their associates.

Police patrol

The study of Telep, Weisburd, Wire, Farrington (2016) entitled

“Protocool: Increased Police Patrol Presence Effects on Crime and Disorder”,
the objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the extend empirical
evidence on the effects of increased police patrol presence on crime and
disorder. Ratcliffe, Taniguchi, Graff, and Wood, (2011) evaluated the impact
of using foot patrol to increase patrol levels in high crime areas Philadelphia.
 8

Results suggested significant declines in violence in the treatment hot spots

compared to the control sites. The intervention was particularly effective for
hot spot that reached a threshold of violence (i.e. the hottest hotspots).

Durlauf and Nagin (2011) also argue that the certainly of punishment is
key to understanding the deterrent effects of police patrol. Telep, Mitchelle, &
Weisburd (2014) additional rigorious studies have focused on increasing
police patrol presence in high crime or at risk places. Nagin (2013) finds
overall support for using increased presence in small geographic units to
reduce crime. He argues “The evidence is clear that large changes in police
presence do affect crime rates. The change in presence maybe the result of
an unplanned event, such a terror alert that triggers a large increase in police
officers in public spaces, or it may be a strategic response to a known crime
problem, such as in hot spot policing deployments. In either case, crime rates
are reduced in places where police presence has been materially increased.”

Sherman (2013) moderator analysis in this review will hopefully allow

for comparisons of increased police presence in beat-based random patrol vs.
hot spots policing an important comparison for examining the relative benefit
of adopting hot spots policing over a more standard patrol model.

Christopher A. Vail, in The Professional Protection Officer, 2010. There are

two basic types of patrol: foot and mobile. With each type of patrol, different
methods may be used, depending on many factors. Mobile patrols include the
use of automobiles, bicycles, mopeds, and golf carts. Helicopters and horses
are other means of mobile patrol, but are not all that common. Foot patrols
are normally conducted by one officer “walking a beat.” Areas to be patrolled
are both indoors and outdoors. The major advantage to this type of patrol is
that officers can learn their assigned areas well. While this is not an all-
inclusive list of what a foot patrolman can learn, he or she will learn what
doors and windows are normally locked or unlocked, what lights are normally
left on at night, what personnel are authorized in certain areas, where
emergency equipment is located, and what potential hazards exist. Such
knowledge will assist the officer in determining if anything is amiss. It is also a
good opportunity for the officers to become known to the employees and to
 9

establish a positive professional relationship with everyone they contact. One

way to accomplish this is by discussing the above-mentioned items, or any
other official matter, with the people involved. Another advantage of foot patrol
is that an officer could place himself or herself at or near high security risk
areas on a frequent and random basis, making it difficult for one with criminal
intent to penetrate that area. Officers on foot patrol also have as much use of
their five senses—sight, smell, taste, feel, and hearing—as their physical
condition allows and they can actually “patrol” a larger area using one or more
of these senses.

Patrol officers generally spend their time responding to emergency

calls for service from the public, deterring crime through their presence, and
carrying out special assignments from supervisors. In recent years, it has
become increasingly recognized that police agencies can have a beneficial
impact on crime and disorder (Lum, Koper, & Telep, 2011; National Research
Council, 2004; Telep & Weisburd, 2012; Weisburd & Eck, 2004). Police patrol
officers have likely played a major role in police efforts to effectively address
crime as these officers make up a substantial portion of police resources and
are on the front lines responding to crime and citizen concerns on a daily
basis. An important question is the extent to which increased police presence
through increased police patrols impact crime and disorder. If police can deter
crime through their presence, does increasing the quantity of this presence
help reduce crime and disorder? Being present, of course, is not the only
activity patrol officers engage in, but it a major component of patrol and one
that is important to examine systematically because agencies around the
world devote such extensive resources to police patrol.

Telep, Cody W., David Weisburd, Sean Wire, and David Farrington.
2016. “Protocol: Increased Police Patrol Presence Effects on Crime and
Disorder.” The Campbell Collaboration (July). Foot patrol works more of it will
reduce violence.Foot patrols are not a silver bullet, but when implemented in
careful, thoughtful ways in violent crime hot spots, they can reduce and
prevent violence. A systematic review by Braga and others (2019) concluded
that overall, hot spots policing can be effective at reducing crime. Indeed, 62
out of 78 studies included in the review reported that crime fell in the locations
 10

targeted for police presence and activity relative to other locations that were
not targeted. One study found that property crime fell by 31% in hot spots
patrolled by marked police cars compared to hot spots where business as
usual was maintained (Ratcliffe and others, 2020). Property crime did not fall
in hot spots patrolled by unmarked police cars, highlighting the importance of
the police providing a visible deterrence. Other research has suggested that
visible patrol in hot spots may only be effective where a particular threshold of
crime already exists (Ratcliffe, 2011). The crime reduction effect of targeted
patrol might also be fairly short-lived. For example, Novak and others (2016)
found that increased foot patrol reduced violence in targeted hot spots relative
to control areas, but only for the first 30 days of the three-month intervention
period.

Importantly, systematic reviews have shown that crime displacement tends

not to happen with focused police activity in high-crime places. The crime
reduction benefits may even spread to the areas immediately surrounding the
targeted locations (Braga and others, 2019; Santos, 2014; Ariel and others,
2016). If patrols targeted on areas where crime is concentrated are most likely
to be effective, what should officers do when they are in a crime hot spot? The
systematic review by Braga and others (2019) has shown that problem-
solving in hot spots has tended to have a larger impact on crime than
increased patrol or law enforcement has.

One US study compared the effectiveness of different policing strategies by

randomly assigning 83 hot spots of street violence to receive high-intensity
foot patrol, problem-solving or the standard police response (Taylor and
others, 2011). During the 90-day intervention period, the intensive patrol hot
spots showed large initial reductions in violence compared to the other areas.
However, this effect was not sustained, and crime returned to its previous
level in the 90-day follow-up period when the intervention was withdrawn. In
comparison, while problem-solving took slightly longer to reduce crime, it had
a larger and longer-lasting effect overall. This pattern of results suggests that
a combined approach could be an effective strategy – using targeted foot
 11

patrol to bring crime down initially alongside problem-solving to have a more

lasting impact. Analysis of the Crime Survey of England and Wales has
suggested that police numbers and perceptions of police visibility are both
independently associated with public confidence in the police (Sindall and
Sturgis, 2013). There is also causal evidence to suggest targeted patrol –
particularly targeted foot patrol – can have a positive impact on public
perceptions.

Conceptual Framework

The concept of this study was based on the Theory of Police

Omnipresence which says that high police visibility discourages criminals.
Normally, criminals think twice before executing their plans if there is obvious
presence of police officers. Thus, patrol activity should be carried in a manner
that attracts maximum attention to the police officer or police vehicles. This
theory applies the principle of overt operation or high police visibility. In
contrast, low police visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals.
Deceptive absence of the police officer will let criminals believe that they will
not be detected or caught if they execute crimes that they planned (Low
Profile Theory). Hence, when a community experience a high police visibility
the crime would be reduce and it will enhance quality of life, feeling of
security, less fear of intimidation and a good relationship between the police
and the community. From the Theory of Police Omnipresence, it claims that
high police visibility discourages criminals because of their presence. Police
visibility can reduce crimes by conducting visible police patrol, but if it is
specifically targeted to crime hotspots (high crime locations) Weisburd & Eck
(2004).

It is anchored on the ideas that police visibility perceived or experience

by the community by means of conducting police patrol and police
checkpoints that leads to a high police visibility community, and by that it will
reduce crimes in the community and have a good quality of life, feeling of
securities, and removed fear of intimidation.
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METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the data gathering used in this study. Included
in the discussion are the research design, locale of the study, maps of the
location, respondents of the study, sampling procedure, research instrument,
and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study utilized descriptive quantitative research, since it aimed to

determine the level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing crimes in
Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon. A survey was an attempt to collect
information through the observation of the citizens of Poblacion Sur, Don
Carlos Bukidnon particularly about police visibility to the community.

Locale of the Study

This study were conducted at Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon,

this place is selected for knowing the effectiveness of police visibility in
reducing crimes. This study gathered the data from the citizens of Poblacion
Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon to know the effectiveness of police visibility in
reducing crimes. The research study were limited to the premises of
Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.
 13

Map of the Location

 14

Figure 1.The map shows the Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon, where the
study was conducted.

Respondents of the Study

 15

The respondents of the study were the one hundred (100) randomly
selected citizens residing in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon. The
researchers distributed the questionnaire to the respondents in order to come
up with exact data on the level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing
crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.

Sampling Procedure

The sample size were determined through the use of random sampling
method, the researchers would use the questionnaire as an instrument of the
study. The questionnaire for citizens were designed to gather data on the
level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur,
Don Carlos Bukidnon.

Research Instrument

The data gathering consist of two parts.

Part 1. This part deals with the personal profile of the respondents such
as age, gender, and civil status.

Part 2. This part focuses on the level of effectiveness of police visibility

in reducing crimes in the context of conducting police foot patrol and police
mobile patrol. This instrument was a researcher made questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

With the approval of research title, the researchers prepared a questionnaire

that covers all specific problems raised in this study. After the corrections of
questionnaire a request letter was approved by the thesis adviser and was
floated and distributed to the respondents of Poblacion Sur Don Carlos,
Bukidnon. For better comprehension of the research instrument the
questionnaire were personally distributed by the researchers to the
respondents. Their responses was tallied, tabulated and analyzed for
interpretation and to have a meaning on this study.

Scoring Procedure
 16

The researcher’s way of scoring the survey questionnaire were arranged

using the five-point-likert scale below.

Table I. Scoring Procedure

Scale Interval Qualitative Description
5 4.21-5.00 Highly Effective
4 3.41-4.20 Moderately Effective
3 2.61-3.40 Fairly Effective
2 1.81-2.60 Least Effective
1 1.00-1.80 Not Effective

Statistical Treatment

In answering problem number one (1) on the demographic profile of

respondents, frequency counts and percentage were utilized.

In answering problem number two (2) on determining the level of

effectiveness of police visibility in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon, in
terms of: Police foot patrol and police mobile patrol, frequency counts and
mean were utilized.

CHAPTER IV
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PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the result of discussion of interpretation of data

gathered from the survey conducted by the researcher relevant to the
objective of the study. Based on the first part on the survey questionnaire the
profile of the respondent was gathered. The respondents’ age and gender
were tallied.

Table 2. Percentage distribution of the socio-demographic characteristics of

the respondents. In terms of age:
Socio- Demographic N= 100 %
Characteristics
Age
21-30 years old 33 33%
31-40 years old 26 26%
41-50 years old 20 20%
15-20 years old 15 15%
51 above 6 6%

There were 100 people who took part in the study. A total of 33
people or 33% were in the age bracket of 21-30 years old, 26 or 26% people
were in the age bracket of 31-40 years old, 41 to 50, 6 or 6% were in the age
bracket of 51 above, 15 people or 15% were in the age bracket of 15 to 20
years old, 6 or 6% were in the age bracket of 51 above who participated in the
study.

The age of the respondents revealed that the youngest age count is 15
years old while the oldest age count among the respondents is 51 years old.

The perception of crime frequency varies depending on demographic

and socio-economic characteristics. A study of Thorpe and Hall, 2009)
showed that age (35 and over) is strongly related to the perception of rise in
crime frequency at the national level.
18
 19

Table 3. Percentage distribution of the socio-demographic characteristics of

the respondents. In terms of gender;
Socio- Demographic N= 100 %
Characteristics
Gender
Female 57 57%
Male 43 43%

Gender

Out of 100 respondents, 57 were female which were equivalent to 57%

and there were 43 male which was equivalent to 43% of the total
respondents. Results showed that female has a larger percentage of
respondents compared to male respondents.

Table 4: Percentage distribution of the socio-demographic characteristics of

the respondents. In terms of civil status;
Socio- Demographic N= 100 %
Characteristics
Civil Status
Married 58 58%
Single 29 29%
Separated 7 7%
Widowed/Widower 6 6%
Others 0 0

Civil Status

In terms of the information about the civil status of the respondents, 58

or 58% were married, 29 or 29% were single, separated were 7 or 7%, and
widowed/widower are 6 or 6%. The highest civil status percentage were
married respondents while the lowest percentage is the widowed/widower
which is 6 or 6%.
 20

Table 5. Mean average on the effectiveness of police visibility in reducing

crimes in Poblacion Sur Don Carlos Bukidnon in terms of foot patrol.
No. Statement Mean Description
1. It avoids bystander in the streets and store
during curfew hours. 4.63 Highly effective
2. It avoids cases of murder. 4.49 Highly effective
3. It avoids cases of robbery. 4.49 Highly effective
4. It avoids cases of drunk drivers and bikers in
roads. 4.47 Highly effective
5. It avoids cases of rape. 4.43 Highly effective
6. It avoids cases of damaged properties. 4.43 Highly effective
7. It reduce cases of illegal trespassing. 4.38 Highly effective
8. It avoids cases of street fight or riots. 4.33 Highly effective
9. It avoids cases of theft 4.24 Highly effective
10. It avoids cases of homicide 4.19 Moderately
effective
Over all mean 4.41 Highly effective
Legend: Scale Descriptive Rating
4.21-5.00 Highly effective
3.41-4.20 Moderately effective
2.61-3.40 Fairly effective
1.82-2.60 Least effective
1.00-1.82 Not effective

Table 5 shows the level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing

crimes in Poblacion Sur Don Carlos Bukidnon in terms of foot patrol. It is
shown that all were rated “Highly effective” Out of ten items, item number one,
avoid bystander the streets and store during the curfew hours, with the
highest mean of 4.63, and item number ten, avoid cases of homicide, as the
lowest mean of 4.19. In general, it has an overall mean of 4.41 which means
that level of effectiveness of police visibility are “highly effective” in patrolling
as perceived by the community.

The data shows that the level of effectiveness of police visibility is all
rated “highly effective” in reducing crime in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos,
Bukidnon. The data evaluated that high police visibility in Poblacion Sur, Don
Carlos, Bukidnon decreases the opportunity of committing crimes. Don Carlos
Municipal Police Station accumulated a total of 43 crimes, 13 are index crimes
and 30 are non-index crimes from January 1, 2021 to May 30, 2022.
 21

Table 6. Mean average on the effectiveness of police visibility in reducing

crimes in Poblacion Sur Don Carlos Bukidnon in terms of mobile patrol.

No. Statement Mean Description

1. It avoids cases of acts of lasciviousness in Highly effective
different zone (Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.44
2. It avoids cases of gambling in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.43
3. It avoids cases of assisting or promoting Highly effective
prostitution in different zone (Purok) in 4.43
Poblacion Sur.
4. It avoids cases of holdappings in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.38
5. It avoids cases of carnapping in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur 4.36
6. It avoids cases of burglary in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.29
7. It avoids cases of transaction in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.24
8. It avoids cases of kidnapping in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.4
9. It avoids cases of vandalism in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur 4.4
10. It avoids cases of arson in different zone Highly effective
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur. 4.3
Overall Mean 4.37 Highly effective

Table 6 shows the level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing

crimes in Poblacion Sur don carlos bukidnon in terms of mobile patrol. It is
shown that all were rated “Highly effective” the number 1 which was “It avoids
cases of acts of lasciviousness in different zone (Purok) in Poblacion Sur,”
obtained the highest mean of 4.44; and the lowest mean of 4.24 in item
number 7 which was “It avoids cases of transaction in different zone (Purok)
in Poblacion Sur.” In general, it has an overall mean of 4.37 which means that
the level of effectiveness of police visibility has a “highly effective”
performance in terms of mobile patrol as perceived by community.

Based on the data it shows that mobile patrol were rated “highly
effective” in reducing crime in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon. The
increase of presence in far-flung places in term of mobile patrol will decrease
the opportunity of crime from happening. When there is an increase of police
 22

officer in different places it is assume that there will be a less factor of crime
from happening.

Nagin (2013) finds overall support for using increased presence in

small geographic units to reduce crime. He argues “The evidence is clear that
large changes in police presence do affect crime rates. The change in
presence maybe the result of an unplanned event, such a terror alert that
triggers a large increase in police officers in public spaces, or it may be a
strategic response to a known crime problem, such as in hot spot policing
deployments. In either case, crime rates are reduced in places where police
presence has been materially increased.
 23

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the summary, conclusion and recommendation

on the research study of the Level of Effectiveness of Police Visibility in
reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon.

Findings

This study aimed to identify the demographic profile of the

respondents, as well as to determine the level of effectiveness of police
visibility in reducing crimes.

The respondents of this study were one hundred respondents from

Poblacion Sur Don Carlos, Bukidnon. Procedures for data collection were
completed within the time range allotted to the researcher. The researchers
employed a quantitative approach and a descriptive research design. A study
employed a self-structured questionnaire.

Results revealed that foot patrol are highly effective in police visibility in
reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon. It is shown that all
were rated “Highly effective” Out of ten items, item number one, avoid
bystander the streets and store during the curfew hours, with the highest
mean of 4.63, and item number ten, avoid cases of homicide, as the lowest
mean of 4.19. In general, it has an overall mean of 4.41 which means that
level of effectiveness of police visibility are “highly effective” in patrolling as
perceived by the community.

It is shown that all were rated “Highly effective” the number 1 which
was “It avoids cases of acts of lasciviousness in different zone (Purok) in
Poblacion Sur,” obtained the highest mean of 4.44; and the lowest mean of
4.24 in item number seven which was “It avoids cases of transaction in
different zone (Purok) in Poblacion Sur.” In general, it has an overall mean of
4.37 which means that the level of effectiveness of police visibility has a
“highly effective” performance in terms of mobile patrol as perceived by
community.
 24

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, the following are concluded:

Don Carlos Municipal Police Station accumulated a total of 43 crimes,

13 are index crimes and 30 are non-index crimes from January 1, 2021 to
May 30, 2022. According to Republic Act No. 8551 Section 2 of this act stated
that, the Philippine National Police (PNP) shall be a community and service
oriented agency that is responsible for the maintenance of peace and order
and public safety and the PNP shall be so organized to ensure the
accountability and uprightness in police exercise of discretion as well as to
achieve efficiency and effectiveness of its members and units in the
performance of their functions. It is concluded that the effectiveness of police
foot patrol and police mobile patrol are both highly effective in reducing crimes
in Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.

The table 5 shows that all were rated “Highly effective” Out of ten
items, item number one, avoid bystander the streets and store during the
curfew hours, with the highest mean of four point sixty three, and item number
ten, avoid cases of homicide, as the lowest mean of four point nineteen. In
general, it has an overall mean of four point forty one which means that level
of effectiveness of police visibility are “highly effective” in patrolling as
perceived by the community.

The table 6 shows that all were rated “Highly effective” The number
one which was “It avoids cases of acts of lasciviousness in different zone
(Purok) in Poblacion Sur,” obtained the highest mean of four point forty four;
and the lowest mean of four point twenty four in item number seven which
was “It avoids cases of transaction in different zone (Purok) in Poblacion Sur.”
In general, it has an overall mean of four point thirty seven which means that
the level of effectiveness of police visibility has a “highly effective”
performance in terms of mobile patrol as perceived by community.

The study concluded that high police visibility discourages all persons
who have the interest of committing crimes. Normally they will think twice
before they will execute the crime when there is obvious presence of police
officers. the “level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing crimes in
 25

Poblacion Sur Don Carlos Bukidnon” has rated “highly effective” in terms of
reducing crimes in Poblacion Sur Don Carlos Bukidnon. Therefore the police
must maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of their works
 26

Recommendation

Based on the data gathered procedure, we recommend the following:

To the future researcher we recommend to study on the efficiency of the

police officers on conducting police patrol and we also recommend to study
different aspects of patrol not only on foot patrol and mobile patrol but also in
jungle patrol, air patrol and sea patrol to maintain peace and order in the
community.

To the police officers of the Don Carlos Bukidnon, we would like to

recommend you to be more visible at all times in areas wherein crime rate are
high. Maintain good the good relationship and image in the community when
you in wearing uniform or not so that authority will still remain. They should
also maintain the efficiency of their mobile vehicle so that they were able to
respond immediately in all types of crimes in the community, and be more
responsible and efficient in the performance of duty.

To the community we recommend to must give your full support, obedience

and loyalty to the police officers who protect and prevent crimes. And the
community in giving their full support in different programs of the police
officers set for them.
 27

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International Policing
Interventions’. London: Home Office.
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Novak KJ and others. (2016). ‘The efficacy of foot patrol in violent places’.
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Nagin, D. (2013). “Deterrence in the twenty-first century- crime and justice”:

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pp. 199-263 (65 pages). Published By: The University of Chicago Press.
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Santos RB. (2014). ‘The Effectiveness of Crime Analysis for Crime Reduction:
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National Reassurance Policing Programme’. London: Home Office.

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in violent crime hotspot. Criminology”. Retrieved from:
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%20analysis,violent%20crime%20after%2012%20weeks.
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ournalCode=rjqy20
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editorial-how-effective-police-visibility

Ratcliffe J and others. (2011). ‘The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A

randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime
hot spots’. Criminology, 49(3), pp 795-831.

Ratcliffe J and others. (2020). ‘The Philadelphia predictive policing

experiment’. Journal of Experimental Criminology.

Santos RB. (2014). ‘The Effectiveness of Crime Analysis for Crime Reduction:
Cure or Diagnosis?’ Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2),
pp 147-168.

Sedelmaier CM and Hipple NK. (2016). ‘New Haven, Connecticut Smart

Policing Initiative: Employing evidence‐based policing strategies to
engage the community and reduce crime.’ Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Assistance.

Sindall K and Sturgis P. (2013). ‘Austerity policing: Is visibility more important

than absolute numbers in determining public confidence in the police?’
European Journal of Criminology, 10(2), pp 137-153.
Taylor B, Koper C and Woods D. (2011). ‘A Randomized Controlled Trial of
Different Policing Strategies at Hot Spots of Violent Crime’. Journal of
Experimental Criminology, 7, pp 149-181.
Tuffin R, Morris J and Poole A. (2006). ‘An Evaluation of the Impact of the
National Reassurance Policing Programme’. London: Home Office.
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Disorder and Fear?’ The Annals of the American Academy of
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reduce-crime/visible-police-patrol
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https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-8532-2-7
 30

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A – Letter to the respondents

 31

Republic of the Philippines

PROVINCE OF BUKIDNON
Municipality of Don Carlos

DON CARLOS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Purok 2, Poblacion Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
______________________________________________________________

Febuary 24, 2022

Dear Respondents,

Greetings!

We, the 4th Year Bachelor of Science in Criminology students of Don Carlos
Polytechnic College are currently conducting a research study entitled “Level
of Effectiveness of Police Visibility in Reducing Crimes in Poblacion
Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon” as a major requirement of the course, Research
2.

In this connection, we would like to ask your time to participate in answering

the attached questionnaire for the completion of our study.

Rest assured that your anonymity and the information given will be treated
with strict confidentiality and will be used for research purposes only.

Thank you very much for your kind participation to this request.

Respectfully yours,

BRANDON B. BASCON
Research Team Leader

Noted by:

FRANCES IAN B. CLIMA

Research Adviser
 32

APPENDIX B – Letter to the Barangay Captain

Republic of the Philippines

PROVINCE OF BUKIDNON
Municipality of Don Carlos

DON CARLOS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Purok 2, Poblacion Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
______________________________________________________________

Febuary 24, 2022

HON. EDSEL LABARES TEJANO

Barangay Captain
Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos, Bukidnon

Sir,

Greetings!

We, the 4th Year Bachelor of Science in Criminology students of Don Carlos
Polytechnic College are currently having research study entitled “Level of
Effectiveness of Police Visibility in Reducing Crimes in Poblacion Sur,
Don Carlos Bukidnon”, in partial fulfilment for the requirements of Bachelor
of Science in Criminology. Research 2 – Thesis Writing and Presentation.
In this connection, we would like to ask permission from your good office to
allow us to distribute survey questionnaires to the selected residents of
Barangay Sur.
Rest assure that the anonymity of the respondents and the information given
will be treated with strict confidentiality and will be used for research purpose
only.
Thank you very much for your kind participation to this request.
Respectfully yours,

BRANDON B. BASCON
Research Team Leader

Noted by:

FRANCES IAN B. CLIMA

Criminology Program Head
 33

APPENDIX – C Research Questionnaire

QUESTIONNAIRE

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF

POLICE VISIBILITY IN REDUCING CRIMES IN POBLACION SUR, DON
CARLOS, BUKIDNON.

Name (Optional): ____________________________

I. Personal Profile

Directions: Please fill out and put a shade mark on the box provided for your
answer.

1. Age: 15-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 and

above

2. Gender: Male Female Others

3. Civil status: Single Married Widow/Widower

Separated Others

II. Level of effectiveness of police visibility in reducing crimes in Poblacion

Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon.

Please rate your answer with the use of the following scale.

Scale Range Level of effectiveness Qualifying Statements

5 4.21-5.00 Highly effective Police visibility is observed at all times

4 3.41-4.20 Moderately effective Police visibility is observed most of the times

3 2.61-3.40 Fairly effective Police visibility is observed sometimes

2 1.82-2.60 Least effective Police visibility is rarely observed

1 1.00-1.82 Not effective Police visibility is observed nothing at all time

 34

Instruction: Check the appropriate answer that corresponds to the best

of your knowledge. But observed that all information you render will be kept
confidentially.

Statements: Highly Moderately Fairly Least Not

effective effective effective effective effective

5 4 3 2 1

A. Police Foot Patrol

1. It avoid cases of
theft.

2. It avoids cases of
murder.

3. It avoids cases of
homicide.

4. It avoids cases of
rape.

5. It avoids cases of
street fights or riots.

6. It avoids cases of
drunk drivers and
bikers in roads.

7. It avoids cases of
robbery.

8. It reduce cases of
illegal trespassing.

9. It avoids cases of
damaged properties.
 35

10. It avoids
bystanders in the
streets and stores
during curfew hour.

B. Police Mobile Patrol

1. It avoids cases of
acts of lasiviouseness
in different zone
(Purok) in Poblacion
Sur.

2. It avoids cases of
drug transactions in
different zone (Purok)
in Poblacion Sur.

3. It avoids cases of

kidnapping in
different zone
(Purok) in Poblacion
Sur.

4. It avoids cases of

holdappings in
different zone
(Purok) in Poblacion
Sur.

5. It avoids cases of
carnapping in different
zone (Purok) in
 36

Poblacion Sur.

6. It avoids cases of
arson in different zone
(Purok) in Poblacion
Sur.

7. It avoids cases of
burglary in different
zone (Purok) in
Poblacion Sur.

8. It avoids cases of
vandalism in different
zone (Purok) in
Poblacion Sur.

9. It avoids cases of
gambling in different
zone (Purok)
Poblacion Sur.

10. It avoids cases of

assisting or promoting
prostitution in different
zone (Purok)
Poblacion Sur.

CURRICULUM VITAE
 37

Name: Brandon B. Bascon

Contact #: 09056401613
Personal Background
Age: 24
Gender: Male
Address: P – 7, Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon
Religion: Fundamental Baptist
Date of Birth: April 27, 1998
Birth Place:Don Carlos Bukidnon
Citizenship:Filipino
Height: 5’9
Weight: 64
Father’s Name: Otello A. Bascon
Occupation:Welder
Mother’s Name: Deceased
Occupation: Deceased
Address: Poblacion Sur, Don Carlos Bukidnon
Educational Background
Elementary: Don Carlos Central Elementary School
Secondary: Kitaotao National High School
College: Don Carlos Polytechnic College

CURRICULUM VITAE
 38

Name: Doter A. Abcede

Contact #: 09364280425
Personal Background
Age: 22
Gender: Male
Address: New Nongnongan Don Carlos Bukidnon
Religion: Catholic
Date of Birth: October 21, 1999
Birth Place: New Nongnongan Don Carlos Bukidnon
Citizenship:Filipino
Height: 5’5
Weight: 75
Father’s Name: Arnulfo Abcede
Occupation: Farmer
Mother’s Name:Teresita Abcede
Occupation: Housewife
Address: New Nongnongan Don Carlos Bukidnon
Educational Background
Elementary: New Nongnongan Elementary School
Secondary: New Nongnongan National High School
College: Don Carlos Polytechnic College

CURRICULUM VITAE
 39

Name: Jayward A. Beldera

Contact #: 09658119791
Personal Background
Age: 22
Gender: Male
Address: Purok 3 San Antonio West Don Carlos Bukidnon
Religion: International One Way Outreach
Date of Birth: October 8, 1991
Birth Place: Kawilihan Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Citizenship:Filipino
Height: 5’6
Weight: 61
Father’s Name: Alberto Beldera
Occupation: Farmer
Mother’s Name: Joey Beldera
Occupation: Housewife
Address: Purok 3 San Antonio West Don Carlos Bukidnon
Educational Background
Elementary: San Antonio West Elementary School
Secondary: Bocboc National Highschool
College: Don Carlos Polytechnic College

CURRICULUM VITAE
 40

Name: Jemmy R. Galgo Jr.

Contact #: 09709225576
Personal Background
Age: 22
Gender: Male
Address: P-2 Calao Calao, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Religion: Catholic
Date of Birth: February 27, 2000
Birth Place: P-2 Calao Calao, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 57kls
Father’s Name: Jemmy R. Galgo Jr.
Occupation: Farmer
Mother’s Name: Juana R. Galgo
Occupation: OFW
Address: P-2 Calao Calao, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
Educational Background
Elementary: Calao Calao Elementary School
Secondary: Loyola High School
College: Don Carlos Polythecnic College

CURRICULUM VITAE
 41

Name: Jhonmark D. Apdian

Contact #: 09656011020
Personal Background
Age: 28
Gender: Male
Address: Purok 10 San Nicolas Banban Don Carlos Bukidnon
Religion: Catholic
Date of Birth: January 10, 1994
Birth Place: Tubod Lanao Del-Norte
Citizenship:Filipino
Height: 5’6
Weight: 72
Father’s Name: Joselito Apdian
Occupation: Electronic Technician
Mother’s Name:Maria Gema Dagohoy
Occupation: Housewife
Address: Purok 2 Natulongan Kibawe Bukidnon
Educational Background
Elementary:Kibawe Central Elementary School
Secondary: Kibawe National Highschool
College: Don Carlos Polytechnic College

CURRICULUM VITAE
 42

Name: Miner Adrian M. Argoso

Contact #: 09914992723
Personal Background
Age: 23
Gender: Male
Address: Minsalagan Don Carlos Bukidnon
Religion: Roman Catholic
Date of Birth: October 26 1998
Birth Place: P-9 Don Carlos Sur DON Carlos Bukidnon
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’6
Weight: 53
Father’s Name: Nestor M. Argoso
Occupation: Laborer
Mother’s Name: Maria M. Argoso
Occupation: House wife
Address: P-2 Minsalagan Don Carlos Bukidnon
Educational Background
Elementary: Minsalagan Elementary School
Secondary: Kibatang National High School
College: Don Carlos Polythecnic College

DOCUMENTATION
43