iSAH: Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater

A Research Paper

Presented in Partial Fulfillment

for the Requirement in Research II

Physical Science – Group Category

*Tristan Angelo Relucio Nabong

Trisha Rose Silvestre Baclig

Rhyssa Agnes Bacani

Ace Nicole Maxine Juliano

Proponents

X-Einstein

Section

Mrs. Abegail Latonio Macayan-Alejandro Ph.D.

Project Adviser
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “iSAH: Tin Can Solar Generated Air

Heater” as prepared and submitted by Tristan Angelo R.

Nabong, Trisha Rose S. Baclig, Rhyssa A. Bacani, & Ace

Nicole Maxine Julian in partial fulfillment in Research II

is hereby accepted.

ABEGAIL L. MACAYAN-ALEJANDRO Ph.D

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee for Oral Examination on _____________

with a grade of _________.

ABEGAIL M. ALEJANDRO, Ph.D. JENNY ROSE ANDRES

MEMBER MEMBER

Accepted and JAYSON LAZARO, Ph.D. approved in

CHAIRPERSON
partial fulfillment

for the requirements in Research II Investigatory Project

CLARISSA M. MARIANO

Head Teacher VI, Science

NORA S. DAQUIZ, Ph.D.

Principal IV

DEDICATION
 First and foremost, this study is wholeheartedly

dedicated to our creator, Almighty God, who gives us

strength, wisdom, guidance and power of thinking to finish

this study.

To our beloved parents - Mrs. Nimfa R. Nabong, Mr.

Teodorico V. Nabong, Mrs. Jovita S. Baclig, Mr. Rogelio A.

Baclig, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Bacani, Mr. Rocky A. Bacani, Mrs.

Lolita L. Julian, and Mr. Lamberto T. Julian Jr. who never

fails to provide moral, spiritual and financial support.

They have never left our side throughout the process and

gave us strength and hope that keeps us going. And also, we

extend our dedication to the other family members who

showed their help and effort.

To all those who contributed to our success,

particularly our cherished friends and comrades who gave us

time, patience and encouragement all throughout our

journey.

Moreover, to our teachers, for all the hard work and

effort, for the unending inspiration and encouragement

And lastly, we dedicate this to everybody. All of this

would not be possible without each and every one of you. We

love you and thank you from the bottom of our heart.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers face a lot of challenges and pour their

sweat and tears in order to conduct the study. Behind those

researchers’ names on the cover, many people have

contributed to the research in their particular ways, and

with that the researchers would like to express their

heartfelt gratitude.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to

thank their school principal, Dr. Nora S. Daquiz who

supported them all throughout the journey of the

researchers.

The researchers are at a loss for words to express how

grateful they are to their research adviser, Ma’am Abegail

Alejandro for willingly sharing her knowledge and expertise

in conducting the study. And especially for her guidance,

patience and constant support throughout the study.

Lastly but definitely not the least, to their amazing

families and friends who never fail to show their love and

guidance to the researchers. And especially for giving their

time and full cooperation and for continuously supporting

them financially from the start to the completion of the

study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE

Approval sheet i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgment iii

Table of Contents iv-v

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER PAGE

I INTRODUCTION 1-20

Rationale 1-2
 Literature Review 3-14

Research Question 15

Statement of Hypotheses 15

Conceptual Framework 16

Scope and Delimitation 17

Significance of the Study 17-18

Definition of Terms 18-20

II Methodology 21-23

Gathering of Materials and Equipment 21

Construction of the Device 21-22

Application of Treatment 23

Data Collection 23

Data Analysis 23

Results and Discussions

III 24-33

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

30-33

Bibliography 34-37

Appendices 38-58
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Description Page

1 Thermal Performance 24

2 Area Concentration 27

3 Released Heat 28

4 One - way ANOVA 29

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Description Page

1 Paradigm of the Study 16

2 Exterior Set-up 22

3 Interior Set-up 22
 ABSTRACT

This study focused on the development of a device aimed

at offering an alternative solution for solar air heating.

The primary objective of this project was to create a highly

efficient and affordable method to warm air, catering to a

wide range of applications including crop drying, space

heating, and ventilation.

In the evaluation of the performance of the iSAH,

comprehensive testing was conducted using a combination of

hygrometer and thermometer strips. These instruments were

strategically placed within the area to measure and monitor

the heat released during the operation of the device.

The researchers discovered and observed that this

device can be a good replacement or substitute for the Solar

Air Heater or the commercial product. The device is more

affordable and very easy to assemble than the commercialized

one.

Analysis of the data shows that there is a significant

difference between the generated heat of the different

trials with different area sizes. Whereas the findings

revealed that the device works well in smaller areas, and

works poorly in larger areas.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The rising concern for climate change and global energy

demand has led to a rise in greenhouse gas emissions and a

decrease in the availability of non-renewable energy

sources. Therefore, to fulfill this rising demand, there is

a need for alternative, clean energy sources and solar

energy has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives

to conventional energy sources that can be harnessed for

various applications, including space heating, crop drying

and composting.

This device and innovation that the researchers came up

with can be an alternative for solar air heaters which can

provide a cost-effective way to heat air for various

purposes such as space heating, crop drying, composting and

ventilation. The use of an alternative solar air heater has

also many benefits, including lower energy bills, reduced

reliance on fossil fuels, reduced carbon emissions and

increased energy independence. Additionally, this device

uses a different type of collector, such as tin cans, to

increase the efficiency of the system. Tin cans that are

made up of aluminum or steel provide an effective and

inexpensive material that is used as an absorber plate for

these alternative solar air heaters.

This study is beneficial because the device is a

sustainable and environmentally-friendly solution that can

contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of buildings and

homes. This study would also benefit farmers, homeowners and

businesses because they will have solar air heaters that are

not expensive and can assemble by themselves.

Literature Review

Tin Can as Waste

Beverage waste such as Tin Cans contributes

significantly to environmental damages, aggregating to 40-

60% of roadside litter, 42% in state waterways, and 49% of

litter at all sites, with about 425 cans per capita per year

(Diaz, et al., 2016).

During the production process, the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) has found the coatings of the cans

to contain volatile organic compounds. These are

carcinogenic compounds released into the air that can

contaminate local wildlife and communities. The process of

mining Bauxite (the material to make aluminum) has also been

found to lead to water and air pollution (International

Rivers, 2006).

On the other hand, Tin Cans are an advantage because

aluminum can be broken down and used to create a new can.

Compared to other forms of beverage containment, such as

bottles, glass, or paper cartons, aluminum is completely

reusable for the same purpose. When other materials are

recycled, they are broken into finer materials and used for

other products. According to the Aluminum Association, steel

cans are by far, the most recycled beverage container. An

average can contains 70 percent recycled metal and are

recycled over and over again in a true ‘closed loop’

recycling process. (Aluminum Association, 2016)

Tin boost Solar Water Heater Efficiency

Scientists at the National Research Centre, Egypt have

demonstrated that black tin anodized aluminum is 17% more

heat efficient for flat panel solar water heaters than

standard black paint coatings. Solar water heaters, using

sunlight to heat domestic water, are expected to be an

important step towards tackling climate change, supplying up

to 35% of demand by 2050. Around 250 million dwellings used

solar water heaters on rooftops in 2020, including flat

panel and evacuated tube designs, both of which are used in

different types of climate.

Flat panels traditionally use a black paint such as

Thurmolox, or ‘selective’ coatings typically based on chrome

or nickel that may be undesirable or expensive. Black paint

coatings absorb more heat but also release more energy. More

efficient, sustainable and cost-effective solutions are

needed. The Egyptian team compared the performance of the

tin anodised aluminum panel, made using stannous sulfate, to

a black paint panel across a range of daytime temperatures

and found a significantly higher efficiency for tin.

Temperatures achieved were up to 10°C higher. (Shaffei, et

al., 2021)

The present work may provide an important new route

towards making solar water heater systems more cost-

effective and able to contribute a greater share of domestic

heat demand per household. This study also aims to make a

solar air heater that is more cost-effective. Both devices

use tin in making the solar heater.

Solar Air Heater

Solar air heating systems absorb thermal energy from

direct sunlight to heat air; this heated air can then be

circulated through buildings to provide heat. Solar air

heating technologies use only free, renewable, and clean

energy, and can help defray the rising cost of conventional

energy. solar air heating systems should face within 30° of

true south to maximize their exposure to the sun.

 In barns and outbuildings where ventilation is

important, an active solar heating system that uses

perforated metal cladding can guarantee an inflow of heated

fresh air, improving indoor air quality. It can be easily

incorporated into plans for a new building or retrofitted

onto an older building, replacing the normal cladding. In

warmer climates, solar air heating can be used for more

intense work, like drying crops. Apart from the upfront

costs, solar air heating requires only routine maintenance—

the energy it generates is free. (Juneau, 2023)

In this study, we will create a solar air heater made

out of tin cans. Despite the change of components, both

devices work the same way. However, a tin can solar

generated air heater is eco-friendlier and more cost-

friendly than the usual solar air heater.

Solar Water Heater

Solar water heater is a device that uses solar heat

energy to produce hot water. It consists of a solar

collector mounted on the roof of a building or a house.

Depending on the system, unheated water can either be heated

directly by being circulated from the tank through the

collector or by a high-capacity heat-exchange fluid that has

been warmed in the collector and transmits its heat through

tubes in the water in the tank. (Swati, 2016)

The advent of ‘green energy’ has helped people to adopt

efficient and sustainable methods to carry out daily

activities. Ideally, the solar water heater offers numerous

advantages in a cost-effective manner. Solar water heaters

do not require high maintenance, it is a renewable source of

energy meaning it is completely free. This device is also

efficient as it converts almost 80% radiation into heat

energy without making use of any external fuels. (Clark,

2019)

On the other hand, the effectiveness of the collector

and the overall system design largely determine the output

of a solar hot water system. An efficient solar hot water

system must be designed with the collector and storage tank

sized appropriately for the amount of hot water that will be

used. All solar water heaters must also include temperature

restriction and overheating mitigation features, especially

if they are deployed in warm locations.

Solar Thermal Collector

 Solar energy collectors are special kind of heat

exchangers that transform solar radiation energy to internal

energy of the transport medium. The major component of any

solar system is the solar collector. This is a device which

absorbs the incoming solar radiation, converts it into heat,

and transfers this heat to a fluid flowing through the

collector. The solar energy thus collected is carried from

the circulating fluid either directly to the hot water or

space. (Kalogirou, 2004)

The major advantages of solar thermal collectors are

that they can generate high temperature heat, have high

concentration ratio, have high thermal efficiency, and are

cost effective to maintain.

On the other hand, the disadvantages associated with

this system are that they can utilize a small amount of

diffuse radiation and have additional operating components

in the form of a tracking motor. (Ratlamwala, 2014)

Solar Panel

A solar panel is a component of a photovoltaic system

that is made out of a series of photovoltaic cells arranged

to generate electricity using sunlight. The main component

of a solar panel is a solar cell, which converts the Sun’s

energy to usable electrical energy. The most common form of

solar panels involves crystalline silicon-type solar cells.

(Britannica, 2023)

Solar panels have enjoyed a meteoric rise in popularity

in recent decades. That’s thanks in part to an increase in

environmentally responsible behavior and the desire to

reduce energy bills by exchanging traditional sources of

heating, cooling, and electricity with cleaner, more natural

sources. But solar panels won’t draw the sun’s energy at top

capacity all the time. (Perry, 2023)

Solar heaters and solar panels both use solar to work.

Both devices are turned to face the Sun and may require

regular realignment to ensure that it receives the optimum

solar gain. But in this study, the solar heater was made

from recyclable materials.

Solar Energy

Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the

sun. Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes

place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen

atoms violently collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create

a helium atom. Since sunlight only shines for about half of

the day in most parts of the world, solar energy

technologies have to include methods of storing the energy

during dark hours. Thermal mass systems use paraffin wax or

various forms of salt to store the energy in the form of

heat. Photovoltaic systems can send excess electricity to

the local power grid, or store the energy in rechargeable

batteries.

A major advantage to using solar energy is that it is a

renewable resource. We will have a steady, limitless supply

of sunlight for another 5 billion years. In one hour, the

Earth’s atmosphere receives enough sunlight to power the

electricity needs of every human being on Earth for a year.

Solar energy is clean. After the solar technology equipment

is constructed and put in place, solar energy does not need

fuel to work. It also does not emit greenhouse gasses or

toxic materials. Using solar energy can drastically reduce

the impact we have on the environment. Homes or businesses

that install successful solar panels can actually produce

excess electricity. These homeowners or business owners can

sell energy back to the electric provider, reducing or even

eliminating power bills.

The main deterrent to using solar energy is the

required equipment. Solar technology equipment is expensive.

Purchasing and installing the equipment can cost tens of

thousands of dollars for individual homes. Although the

government often offers reduced taxes to people and

businesses using solar energy, and the technology can

eliminate electricity bills, the initial cost is too steep

for many to consider. Solar energy equipment is also heavy.

In order to retrofit or install solar panels on the roof of

a building, the roof must be strong, large, and oriented

toward the sun’s path. Sunlight must be abundant and

consistent for solar energy to be an efficient choice. In

most places on Earth, sunlight’s variability makes it

difficult to implement as the only source of energy.

(Turgeon & Morse, 2022)

Compact Disc Solar Panel

A compact disc is used for storing media, recorded

music, audios, videos, and other data. In some cases, people

tend to just throw these discs away because they think they

are no longer useful, but little did they know that CDs are

not biodegradable, and it is predicted that a disc will take

over a million years to degrade entirely in a landfill. The

global electronic sector is severely hampered by the absence

of recycling of e-waste, a problem that gets worse as

gadgets become more numerous, smaller, and complicated.

Currently, extracting minerals and metals from various types

of e-waste and recycling them costs money. According to

Millennium Waste Inc., CDs are difficult to decompose, that

is why landfills are not a practical disposal solution. CDs

may also eventually leak Bisphenol A (BPA), which can harm

people's health.

Compact Discs are good reflectors of the sun because of

its shiny surfaces. It can help to enhance the quantity of

light that enters the solar cell by reflecting more of the

sun's rays, which can help to boost the solar cell's

efficiency. In this study, a compact disc made out of

silicon, will be used in creating a solar panel.

This device is affordable and eco-friendly. This study

would benefit consumers because they will have a solar panel

that is not expensive and they can assemble it themselves.

This would also benefit the environment because the CDs that

we will use are recyclables.

Soda Can Solar Air Heater

Part of economic recovery is to recycle and to reuse

materials thereby saving the environment and also providing

raw materials for production. Use of soda cans can address

these issues. Conventional solar panels contain photovoltaic

cells that use materials such as silicon to convert energy

from sunlight into electricity. Soda cans can't convert

sunlight to electrical power, but they can be used to

capture solar energy to heat air. (CareerTrend, 2017)

Solar air heating is a solar thermal technology in

which the energy from the sun is captured by an absorption

medium and used to heat air for buildings or process heat

applications. It has been in operation since the World

War II (Patel et al., 2014)

It has been found that soda cans can serve as solar

collector receivers of air heaters which is of higher

importance in the value chain. The usage provides a cheap

way of making an air heating system. The soda cans are used

as the absorber plate of a solar collector air heater and

with the sun as the heat source. This therefore qualifies it

as a solar air heating system. (Jacobs et al., 2017)

Solar Cookers

A solar oven, also called a solar cooker, is a device

that harnesses sunlight as a source of heat for cooking

foodstuffs. The solar oven is a simple, portable,

economical, and efficient tool. Especially in the developing

world, solar ovens are much preferred over other methods of

cooking.

Of the many advantages of solar ovens, the greatest is

their freedom from the necessity for fuel. Solar ovens thus

not only remove any persistent labor or monetary costs

associated with cooking, but by conserving often scant

resources in the long run they prevent deforestation and

desertification. Solar ovens are also useful in the

developed world whenever electricity is unavailable and

traditional open fires are undesirable, such as while

camping. (Harper, 2015)

Solar heaters and solar cookers, obviously, both use

solar to heat things up. Both devices are turned to face the

Sun and may require regular realignment to ensure that it

receives the optimum solar gain. However, in this study, the

solar heater was made from scratch.

Research Question

The study seeks to address the following questions:

1. What can be the effect of Tin Can Solar Generated Air

Heater as an alternative Solar Air Heater, in terms of:

a. Thermal performance (per 30 minutes)

b. Air Concentration

c. Released heat (°C)

2. Can a tin can solar air heater be capable of warming

room temperature?

3. Is there a significant difference between the generated

heat of the different trials with different area sizes?

Statement of Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated in response to

the study’s aim and objectives.

 1. There is no significant difference between the

generated heat of the different trials with different

area sizes.

2. There is a significant difference between the generated

heat of the different trials with different area siz

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the sequence of methods and schemes on

how the device works. It also illustrates how the testing of

the device is done.

TIN CAN

PREPARATION OF
MATERIALS

ASSEMBLING TIN CAN

SOLAR GENERATED AIR
HEATER
 TESTING OF DEVICE IN TERMS OF:

a. Thermal performance

b. Air Concentration

c. Released heat

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to make a solar air heater made out of

a tin can and produce heat by it. This study aims to make a

solar air heater that is affordable and eco-friendly. This

study was done in June to September 2023 at Maestrang Kikay,

Talavera, Nueva Ecija.

The results of this study are applicable to warm room

temperature and in crop drying. This study is limited only

in finding the materials to gather and duration to test the

device. This study focuses on making tin can air heaters to

produce heat.
Significance of the Study

This study yields to benefit the following:

Community - This study offers consumers significant electric

bill savings because they will have solar air heaters that

are not expensive and can assemble by themselves.

Energy Sector - This study introduces an alternative way in

creating solar air heaters which can ensure security of

supply, meet the energy demand, and promote clean energy

resources and technologies.

Businessman - This study opens new opportunities to them to

try and test this solar air heater and promote it to the

public.

Farmers - This study benefits farmers from using solar air

heaters to dry crops as it can help them to increase their

crop yields and even improve their incomes.

Researchers - This provides new knowledge to the

researchers.

Environment - This study serves as an environmentally

friendly air heater as it can contribute to reducing the

carbon footprints, greenhouse emission and mitigate climate

change.
Definition of Terms

For the better understanding of the study, the

following terms are defined in the context of this research.

Aluminum - is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical

formula expressions is “Al”) that is used to absorb and

transfer heat from a heat source, and often chosen for its

high thermal conductivity, light weight and resistance to

corrosion.

Cephalocaudal – a pattern that is upper to lower.

Crop Drying - reduces grain moisture content to a safe level

for storage. Solar air heating is a renewable energy heating

technology used to dry agricultural products effectively and

efficiently.

Generate - To produce, create, or bring into existence.

iSAH - This is inspired by the apple products ‘i’ in iPhone,

iPad, and iMac that means 'internet, individual, instruct,

inform and inspire’. In this study, ‘i’ means innovated, as

this study shows a new way in making a Solar Air Heater

(SAH).

Proximo-distal – a pattern that is left to right.

Solar Air Heater - a device that uses solar energy to heat

air

Solar Energy - the radiation from the Sun capable of

producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating

electricity.

Steel - a metal alloy made mostly of iron and carbon, and is

often chosen for its high thermal conductivity and

durability.

Thermal Performance - a factor that is concerned how well

can the room retain heat.

Tin - a soft faintly bluish-white lustrous low-melting

crystalline metallic element that is malleable and ductile

at ordinary temperatures and that is used especially in

containers, as a protective coating, in tinfoil, and in soft

solders and alloys.

Tin Can - a container made up of metal, typically steel or

aluminum, that is used to store and preserve food.

 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Gathering of Materials and Equipments

The materials gathered are 32 pieces of 155 grams Tin

Can, 2 pieces of 110 cm long x 8 cm wide and 2 cm thick

wood, 2 pieces of 38x58 in cardboard, 40x49 cm Fiberglass,

Hair Blower, exhaust hose, 12v Regulator, 40 pieces 4in

Nails, 43 cm long x 8 cm wide fly screen, flat black spray,

wood glue. Almost all materials were bought from local

stores and junk shops. Some are from the researcher's home.
The necessary equipment that is used in the making of the

device are drill, measuring tape, saw, and hammer.

Construction of the Device

The base and frame of the device was made up of 2 cm

thick wood with a size of 53 x 44 cm. Then two 49 cm long x

7 cm wide cardboard and two 40 cm long x 7 cm wide cardboard

are placed inside the edge of the wooden frame. Then 7 holes

were made at the lower part of the wooden frame with the use

of the drill. Fly screen is attached at the bottom of the

device to cover the holes to protect the interior of the

device from the insects going inside.

Thirty-two (32) pieces of 155 grams Tin Cans or 7x5

cans are attached inside the frame respectively, the cans

and cardboards are painted using a flat black spray. At the

upper part of the back frame, one hole was made and the hair

blower was installed, the exhaust hose is then connected to

the blower. For the cover of the device, a 40x49 cm

fiberglass is attached. The device is finally done and ready

for testing.
Figure 2. Exterior Set-up

Figure 3. Interior Set-up

Schematic Design of the Device

Application of Treatment

The device is turned to face the Sun and may require

regular realignment to ensure that it receives the optimum

solar gain. The area used in this study is 12x8 feet, 6x4

feet, and 6.6x3.11 feet wide. The device is tested whether

the area has sufficient heat done by the device. The device

is tested in terms of its thermal performance every 30

minutes, area concentration in a room, whether it is

proximo-distal or cephalocaudal in pattern, and released

heat at °C.
Data Gathering Procedure

The data was collected right after the experiment. The

device is tested in terms of its thermal performance every

30 minutes, area concentration in a room, whether it is

proximo-distal or cephalocaudal in pattern, and released

heat at °C. The experimentation is performed in Maestrang

Kikay, Talavera, Nueva Ecija.

Data Analysis

The researchers examined the results of the

experimentation by using a One-way ANOVA Test. This was used

to interpret and determine if there were any significant

differences between the generated heat of different trials

with different area sizes.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the test result of the thermal

performance of Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater in a room.

Table 1. Thermal Performance

Trial Area Initial °C/30 °C/60 °C/90 °C/120 °C/150 °C/180

(ft) Tempera minut minut minut minute minute minute
ture es es es s s s
(°C)
 1 12x8 35.2 34.3 34.3 35.1 35.2 35.1 34.9

2 6x4 35.1 32.4 32.4 32.1 32.3 32.3 32.3

3 6.6 34.1 34.1 35.5 35.5 39.3 37.5 36.4

x
3.11

The device is exposed in direct sunlight to be able to

receive heat. The data was recorded every 30 minutes. In

trial 1, at 12x8 feet wide area, the researchers gathered

the initial temperature using a hygrometer at 35.2 °C, after

30 minutes, the temperature dropped to 34.3 °C, and the

temperature remained after 60 minutes. 90 minutes had

passed, and the temperature rose to 35.1 °C. 120 minutes

later, the temperature rose to 35.2 °C. After 150 minutes,

the temperature dropped to 35.1 °C. Lastly, after 180

minutes, the temperature dropped to 34.9 °C. One of the

causes of the temperature drop is the device’s sunlight

exposure. When a cloud blocks the sun, the device receives

no heat making it release insufficient heat to warm an area.

Since the temperature did not exceed the initial

temperature, the device did not warm the area. The device is

also too small to warm the area.

In trial 2, at 6x4 feet wide area, the researchers

gathered the initial temperature using a hygrometer with

35.1 ° C. After 30 minutes, the temperature dropped to 32.4

°C, and the temperature remained after 60 minutes. 90

minutes had passed, and the temperature dropped to 32.1 °C.

120 minutes later, the temperature rose to 32.3 °C, and

after 150 minutes, the temperature remained the same.

Lastly, after 180 minutes, the temperature still remained

the same at 32.3 °C. One of the causes of the temperature

drop is the device’s sunlight exposure. When a cloud blocks

the sun, the device receives no heat making it release

insufficient heat to warm an area. Another one is the room

that is almost fully covered with tiles, since tiles repel

heat, keeping the room cool. The hose is also too long

making more air pressure lost on route. Since the

temperature did not exceed the initial temperature, the

device did not warm the area.

In trial 3, at 6.6x3.11 feet wide area, the researchers

covered the tiles with plastic-coated aluminum foil for

better testing. The researchers gathered the initial

temperature using a hygrometer with 34.1 °C, and after 30

minutes, the temperature remained the same. 60 minutes

later, the temperature rose to 35.5 °C. 90 minutes had

passed, and the temperature remained the same. 120 minutes

later, the temperature rose to 39.3 °C. After 150 minutes,

the temperature dropped to 37.5 °C. Lastly, after 180

minutes, the temperature dropped to 36.4 °C. One of the

causes of the temperature drop is the device’s sunlight

exposure. When a cloud blocks the sun, the device receives

no heat making it release insufficient heat to warm an area.

The temperature also exceeds the initial temperature, making

the device functional in the area.

Table 2 shows the test result of the area concentration

of Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater in a room.

Table 2. Area Concentration

 This was gathered after the experiment in thermal

performance. Since trial 1 and 2 thermal performance did not

exceed the initial temperature, meaning, the device is not

functional in the area, the testing for area concentration

is not conducted. The temperature was gathered using

temperature strips that are attached to the wall while the

device was on for 180 minutes. The data was gathered right

after the testing in thermal performance. In the upper

portion, the temperature is 35 °C. In the mid portion,

temperature is 36 °C, same with the lower portion. The left,

mid, and right portion shows the same temperature range of

35-36 °C. Therefore, the area concentration is proximo-

distal, since from the left to right in mid and lower

portions shows the same temperature, 36 °C, which is higher

than the left to right in the upper portion, 35 °C.

Table 3 shows the test results of the released heat of

Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater.

Table 3. Released Heat

°C/30 °C/60 °C/90 °C/120 °C/150 °C/180 Averag

Trial minute minute minute minute minute minute e (°C)
s s s s s s

3 34.1 35.5 35.5 39.3 37.5 36.4 36.38

The released heat of the device is the average

temperature of the test results of thermal performance in

trial 3, the one that exceeds the initial temperature, since

the results of it shows the heat released from the device.

Trial 3 is used because it is more exact than other trials.

The average released heat of the device is 36.38 °C.

Since the device exceeds the initial temperature, the

device is capable of warming the room temperature. This was

shown at trial 3, where initial temperature, 34.1 °C, raised

as high as 39.3 °C.

Table 4. One - way ANOVA of the heat generated of the trial

1, trial 2, and trial 3 test.

Based on the table, the F critical value which is

3.55456 is lower than the F value of 12.7027 which indicates

that the null hypothesis must be rejected. Therefore, there

is a significant difference between the generated heat of

the different trials with different area sizes that is

tested using a hygrometer.

Summary of Findings

The data gathered from the different tests indicates

that the generated heat of the different trials and the

different area sizes had a significant difference.

Thermal Performance
 The data infer that the smaller the area, the higher

the temperature the device is capable of. The thermal

performance also shows that the temperature drops as soon as

the clouds block the sun.

Area Concentration

The area concentration follows a proximo-distal

pattern, meaning that from the left to right in the mid and

lower portions of the area the temperature remains

consistently at 36 °C.

Released Heat

The data shows that the average released heat of the

device is calculated to be 36.38 °C.

Conclusions

The following statements are presented as conclusions

on the observations conducted based on the results and

discussions of the study.

1. The Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater can be a good

replacement or substitute for the Solar Air Heater or

the commercial product. The device is more affordable

and very easy to assemble than the commercialized one.

1.1 Thermal Performance

The results show that the area can affect the

thermal performance of the Tin Can Solar Generated Air

Heater. The thermal performance of the device depends

on how wide the area is. The device works well in

smaller areas, and works poorly in larger areas.

1. 2 Area Concentration

Results show that the air is concentrated from

left to right in mid and lower portions of the wall.

From the left to right in mid and lower portions show

the same temperature which is higher than the left to

right in the upper portion. Therefore, the area

concentration of the device is proximo-distal.

1.3 Released Heat

Results show that the device is capable of

releasing heat as high as 39.3 °C. The device is also

capable of releasing heat as low as 34.1 °C. The

average released heat of the Tin Can Solar Generated

Heater is 36.38 °.
 2. The Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater is capable of

warming room temperature as it exceeds the initial

temperature in trial 3. However, it depends on the area

as the device did not exceed the initial temperature in

trial 1 and trial 2.

3. There is a significant difference between the generated

heat of the different trials with different area sizes

that is tested using a hygrometer.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study, the following are

hereby recommended for future assessments:

 1. For more efficiency and durability, the commercialized

Solar Air Heater can be used.

2. Use stronger materials if the Tin Can Solar Generated

Air Heater would be used in the communities.

3. Use an aluminum duct with 3 inches of hole instead of a

washing machine drain hose for more heat released in a

room.

4. Use a Scythe gentle typhoon cooling fan instead of a

hair blower to maximize heat generation.

5. Use different testing methods (i.e. crop drying) for

more precise results.

6. Increase the size of the device for better performance

in larger areas.

7. To improve benefits brought from the study, further

research is advised.

Bibliography

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APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “iSAH: Tin Can Solar Generated Air

Heater” as prepared and submitted by Anika Joy S. Valino &

Julia Czarina A. Eser in partial fulfillment in Research II

is hereby accepted.

ABEGAIL L. MACAYAN-ALEJANDRO Ph.D

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee for Oral Examination on

_____________ with a grade of _________.

ABEGAIL M. ALEJANDRO, Ph.D. JENNY ROSE ANDRES

MEMBER MEMBER

JAYSON LAZARO, Ph.D.

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment for the
CHAIRPERSON

requirements in Research II Investigatory Project

CLARISSA M. MARIANO

Head Teacher VI, Science

NORA S. DAQUIZ, Ph.D.

Principal IV

Appendix A

ISEF Forms

Checklist for Adult Sponsors (1)

 This completed form is required for ALL projects.

To be completed by the Adult Sponsor in collaboration with

the student researcher(s):

Student’s Name(s): Tristan Angelo Relucio Nabong, Trisha

Rose Silvestre Baclig, Rhyssa Agnes Bacani, Ace Nicole

Maxine Juliano

Project Title: iSAH: Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater

1. □ I have reviewed the Intel ISEF Rules and Guidelines.

2. □ I have reviewed the student’s completed Student

Checklist (1A) and Research Plan/Project Summary.

3. □ I have worked with the student and we have discussed

the possible risks involved in the project.

4. □ The project involves one or more of the following and

requires prior approval by an SRC, IRB, IACUC or IBC:

□ Humans □ Potentially Hazardous Biological

Agents

□ Vertebrate Animals □ Microorganisms □ rDNA □ Tissues

5. □ Items to be completed for ALL PROJECTS

□ Adult Sponsor Checklist (1)

□ Research Plan/Project Summary

□ Student Checklist (1A)

□ Approval Form (1B)

□ Regulated Research Institutional/Industrial Setting Form

(1C) (when applicable; after completed experiment)

□ Continuation/Research Progression Form (7) (when

applicable)

□ Risk Assessment Form (3)

Additional forms required if the project includes the use

of one or more of the following (check all that apply):

□ Humans, including student designed inventions/prototypes.

(Requires prior approval by an Institutional Review Board

(IRB); see full text of the rules.)

□ Human Participants Form (4) or appropriate

Institutional IRB documentation

□ Sample of Informed Consent Form (when applicable

and/or required by the IRB)

□ Qualified Scientist Form (2) (when applicable and/or

required by the IRB)

□ Vertebrate Animals (Requires prior approval, see full text

of the rules.)
 □ Vertebrate Animal Form (5A) for projects conducted in

a school/home/field research site (SRC prior approval

required.)

□ Vertebrate Animal Form (5B) - for projects conducted

at a Regulated Research Institution. (Institutional

Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval required

prior experimentation.)

□ Qualified Scientist Form (2) (Required for all

vertebrate animal projects at a regulated research site

or when applicable)

□ Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents (Requires prior

approval by SRC, IACUC or IBC, see full text of the rules.)

□ Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Risk

Assessment Form (6A)

□ Human and Vertebrate Animal Tissue Form (6B) - to be

completed in addition to Form 6A when project involves

the use of fresh or frozen tissue, primary cell

cultures, blood, blood products and body fluids.

□ Qualified Scientist Form (2) (when applicable)

□ The following are exempt from prior review but

require a Risk Assessment Form 3: projects involving

protists, archaea and similar microorganisms, for

projects using manure for composting, fuel production

or other non-culturing experiments, projects using

 color change coliform water test kits, microbial fuel

cells, and projects involving decomposing

vertebrate organisms.

□ Hazardous Chemicals, Activities and Devices (No SRC prior

approval required, see full text of the rules.)

□ Risk Assessment Form (3) (have up with potentially

hazardous biological agents.)

□ Qualified Scientist Form (2) (required for projects

involving DEA-controlled substances or when

applicable)

□ Other

□ Risk Assessment Form 3

□ I attest to the information checked above and that I have

read and agree to abide by the science fair ethics

statement.

Adult Sponsor’s Printed Name: Teodorico Nabong, Mr. Rogelio

A. Baclig, Mrs. Elizabeth A. Bacani, Mrs. Lolita L. Julian

Signature:

Date of Review (mm/dd/yy): 09/12/23

Phone: _____________

Email: _____________
 Student Checklist (1A)

This form is required for ALL projects.

1. a. Student/Team Leader: Tristan Angelo R. Nabong

Grade: Grade 10_

Email: nabongtristanangelo@gmail.com

Phone: 0977 663 3016

b. Team Member: Trisha Rose S. Baclig

c. Team Member: Rhyssa A. Bacani

d. Team Member: Ace Nicole Maxine Julian

2. Title of Project: iSAH: Tin Can Solar Generated Air Heater

3. School: Talavera National High School_

School Phone: 0917 839 4408

School Address: Roxas St. Pag-asa District, Talavera, Nueva

Ecija

4. Adult Sponsor: Teodorico Nabong, Mr. Rogelio A. Baclig,

Mrs. Elizabeth A. Bacani, Mrs. Lolita L. Julian

Phone/Email: _________ _________ _________ _________ _____

5. Does this project need SRC/IRB/IACUC or other pre-

approval?

□ Yes □ No Tentative start date:

6. Is this a continuation/progression from a previous year?

□ Yes □ No

If Yes:

a. Attach the previous year’s □ Abstract and □ Research

Plan/Project Summary

b. Explain how this project is new and different from

previous years on

□ Continuation/Research Progression Form (7)

7. This year’s laboratory experiment/data collection:

Actual Start Date:_________ End Date: ______

8. Where will you conduct your experimentation? (check all

that apply)

□ Research Institution □ School □ Field □ Home □ Other:

9. Source of Data:

□ Collected self/mentor □ Other Describe/url:

10. List name and address of all non-home and non-school

work site(s):

Name: __________________________

Address: _______________________

Phone/Email:____________________

11. Complete a Research Plan/Project Summary following the

Research Plan/Project Summary instructions and attach to

this form.
12. An abstract is required for all projects after

experimentation.

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Calendar of Activities

This table provides the chart illustration of the

researchers’ Project Study schedule which enabled the

researchers to coordinate and track specific activities and

tasks
 Appendix B

Bill of Materials

The tabulated cost of the materials that were used for

the construction of the project are listed below:

No. Materials Price Quantity Total

Price

1 Tin can - 35 ₱50.00

2 Fiberglass ₱350.00 1 ₱350.00

3 Drain hose ₱65.00 3 ₱195.00

4 Flat black ₱100.00 3 ₱300.00

spray

6 Thermometer ₱8.00 30 ₱240.00

strip

7 Hygrometer ₱108.00 1 ₱108.00

5 Aluminum tape ₱217.00 1 ₱217.00

6 Wood glue ₱90.00 1 ₱90.00

7 Aluminum duct ₱395.00 1 ₱395.00

8 Exhaust fan ₱300.00 1 ₱300.00

TOTAL ₱2245.00

Appendix C

Documentation during the implementation of the iSAH

Trial 1 Trial 2

Trial 3

Appendix D

Device Design and Fabrication

 Tin cans that will be Holes are drilled at the
used in iSAH bottom of the tin can

Tin cans are sprayed using Wooden frame

flat black spray

Plywood backframe Wooden frame and Plywood

backframe attached together
40x49 cm long cardboard attached Tin cans glued together
at the edge of the frame using aluminum tape

Tin cans installed Hair blower installed

inside the frame to the device

Appendix E

Statistical Method used

 DATA LOGBOOK

4/3/23 - 4/7/23 MONDAY - FRIDAY

Gathering of Materials
 The materials were purchased from different local

stores and junk shops. The researchers also bought things

that will be used for our testing online.

4/8/23 - 4/15/23 SATURDAY - SATURDAY

Construction of the Device

The researchers started constructing the Device.

4/23/23 SUNDAY

Testing of the Device

 Testing was conducted at Maestrang Kikay, Talavera,

Nueva Ecija. The researcher noticed that the air coming out

from the device is weak.

4/24/23 - 4/29/23 MONDAY - SATURDAY

Reconstruction

The air coming out from the device was found to be

weak. Hence, the researcher started finding an air blower.

The consulted professional then suggested using a hair

blower and helped them to remove the heater that the hair

blower contains.

5/2/23 TUESDAY

Trial 1
 On the first trial, the researchers noticed that the

room temperature is not changing, in fact, the room

temperature is becoming lower than the usual one. The

researchers thought that maybe the room is too big for the

device.

5/3/23 WEDNESDAY

Trial 2

On the second trial, the device is tested in a smaller

room. But the temperature is falling. The researchers

thought that the tiles were causing the temperature to fall.

5/8/23 MONDAY

Trial 3
 On the last trial, the researchers found another room.

They covered the tiles and tested it again. The temperature

finally becomes higher than usual.