DIOSPYROS BLANCOI (MABOLO) AND CEIBA PENTANDRA (KAPOK)

LEAVES EXTRACT AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT

AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

A study Presented to

The Faculty, Senior High School

Iloilo National High School

La Paz, Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

De La Cruz, Alvin Josh L.

Bagunas, Phoemela Marriane S.

Benoman, Janna Dennise R.

Dela Cruz, Clyssa Nicole G.

Jandoquile, Ryza Ann C.

Masias, Mary Margarette L.

Otero, Alleyah Mae

Patopaten, Mikaela Angela G.

June 2023
 i

Acknowledgement

The academic endeavor is never a work of anyone alone. Without the time, effort, and

resources contributed by these people, this thesis would not have been possible without

the support and the assistance of the following to which the researchers are forever

grateful

To Dr. Delorah Cecilia L. Fantillo, INHS-Secondary Principal, for the gratitude

and continuous support in this research endeavor;

To Ma’am Maria Almen G. Gasalao, INHS-Assistant Principal II for Academics

Senior High School, for providing her support to make this research study possible;

To Ma’am Branche Sumido and Ms. Catherine Jacobe, Inquiries, Investigations,

and Immersion Teachers, for the guidance and assistance provided in the preparation of

this thesis;

To Ma’am Cristina Manalo, for her time and effort in checking the researchers’

study and making the study more accurate.

To Sir Julio Villalon, SHS-Teacher, for the providing professional advice about

analyzing data using SPSS;

To our parents, Mr. and Mrs. De La Cruz, Mr. and Mrs. Bagunas, Mr. and Mrs.

Benoman, Mr. and Mrs. Dela Cruz, Mr. and Mrs. Jandoquile, Mr. and Mrs. Masias, Ms.

Otero, and Mr. and Mrs. Patopaten for their undying love and support that raised our

morale to succeed in this undertaking.

Lastly, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for the guidance, wisdom,

love, and strength He bestowed upon the researchers in order to finish this study

successfully.
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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement i

Table of Contents ii-vii

Abstract viii

List of Appendices v

List of Figures vi

List of Tables vii

Chapter I Page

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1-6

Background of the Study 2

Objectives of the Study 3

Hypothesis 3

Significance of the Study 3-4

Definition of Terms 4-5

Scope and Delimitation 6

1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7-16

Introduction for Literature Review 8

Diospyros blancoi (Mabolo) 8-9

 iii

Ceiba pentandra (Kapok) 9-10

Methanol 11

Staphylococcus aureus 11-13

Synthesis 13-14

Conceptual Framework 15-16

2 METHODOLOGY 17-26

Research Design 18

Research Instrument 18-21

Materials and Equipment 21

Procedural Flow 22-24

Statistical Analysis Tool 25-26

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27-33

Descriptive Analysis 28-29

Inferential Analysis 29-30

Discussion 32-33

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS,

LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34-37

Summary 35

Conclusions 36
 iv

Implications 36

Recommendations 37

References 38-39

Appendices 40-66
 v

List of Appendices

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Letter to conduct the study 41

B Raw Data 42-43

C Statistical Computation 44-45

D Documentations 46-49

E Curriculum Vitae 50-66

 vi

List of Figures

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework 15-16

2 Procedural Flow 22

3 Flowchart for Data Gathering 25

 vii

List of Tables

TABLES TITLE PAGES

1 Experimental and Controlled Design 18

2 Susceptibility of Different Percentages

of the Positive Control Variable. 19

3 Control Variable 20

4 Experimental Group Treatments 20-21

5 Average observation period of the inhibitory zone of

two days 30

6 One- way ANOVA approach 31

Data of post hoc analysis using Duncan's test 31

7
 viii

Abstract

Diospyros blancoi (Mabolo) and Ceiba pentandra (Kapok) are commonly used in

Southeast Asia for various medicinal purposes. D. blancoi is applied to wounds and used for

diarrhea and dysentery while C. pentandra is used to treat type 2 diabetes and headaches.

This study aims to investigate the antibacterial properties of D. blancoi and C. pentandra

leaves extracts on the zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that can cause

infections in various parts of the human body. These plants were chosen due to their

availability and S. aureus' prevalence in causing skin and soft tissue infections.

Experimental research design was used and a random sample strategy will be

employed, and the Kirby-Bauer test will be conducted using the disc diffusion method on

agar plates. The collected data will be analyzed using the ONE-way ANOVA test in SPSS to

determine if there is a significant difference in the efficacy of the two leaves extracts.

Results revealed D. blancoi extract had a mean of 11.000 with a standard deviation of

1.50000, indicating significant variability. In contrast, the C. pentandra extract had a lower

mean of 6.3333 and a standard deviation of 0.28868, suggesting consistency around the

mean. Combining both extracts resulted in an average of 8.5000, indicating intermediate

antibacterial potential. The findings demonstrate the potential of these extracts against S.

aureus, highlighting potential in developing alternative treatments.

 1

Chapter I

Introduction

Chapter 1 is divided into five parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Research

Objective and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of terms, and (5)

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

Part One, Background of the Study, presents the reason as to why the study is

being studied.

Part Two, Research Objective and Hypothesis, general research objective is

mentioned and the specific question of the study that will be answered by the hypothesis

that will be tested.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, provides relevance of the study to the

audience and what are the benefits they can get from the findings of the study.

Part Four Definition of Terms, gives a summary of the conceptual and operational

terms used in the study.

Part Five, Scope and Deliimitations of the study, identifies the scopes and

limitations that were encountered during the experimentation of the study. This part

specifies the variables, research design in the study and likewise, the place and date

where the study was conducted.

 2

Background of the Study

In Southeast Asia, Diospyros blancoi (Mabolo) unripe fruit juice is applied

topically to wounds. D. blancoi is also used for diarrhea and dysentery problems. While

Ceiba pentandra, also known as Kapok, is all utilized to treat type 2 diabetes, headaches,

and has aphrodisiac properties. There are also studies published that shows that D.

blancoi and C. pentandra has a potential to be an antibacterial agent since of its

phytochemical components that it exhibits. The key emphasis of this study is to determine

the antibacterial properties on the zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by using

D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract. S. aureus, commonly referred to as "staph," is

a bacterial species that inhabits various regions of the human body, including the skin,

nasal passages, underarms, groin, and other similar areas. While these germs do not

always cause harm, they can make you sick under the right circumstances (APIC, 2022).

The researchers chose D. blancoi (Mabolo) and C. pentandra (Kapok) as their

primary agent due to its commonality. It grows throughout the year and individuals can

get a hold of it anytime. As for S. aureus, it is determined that it is the common cause of

skin and soft tissue infection in humans. S. aureus spread by touching infected blood or

body fluids, most often by contaminated hands (APIC, 2022).

 3

Research Objective

Generally, thus study aims to determine the effectiveness of D. blancoi and C.

pentandra leaves extract in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the zone of inhibition of the different treatments of D. blancoi and C.

pentandra leaves extract against S. aureus?

2. Is there a significant difference between the zone of inhibition of D. blancoi and

C. pentandra leaves extract, and commercial available antibiotic against S.

aureus?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in using D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves

extract in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study would be beneficial to each of the following:

Department of Health (DOH). This study will benefit this institution since it will help

develop potential antibacterial treatment. In a safe and effective way of treating.

 4

Department of Agriculture (DA). This study will benefit the agriculture industry since

it will possibly develop farms in production and also will possibly strengthen the

economy in the agriculture side. It will also increase income of D. blancoi and C.

pentandra farmers.

Pharmaceutical Company. This study will greatly benefit them as it is able to give them

insights on possible ingredients that can be incorporated into their products.

Medical Practitioners. This study will benefit them in using D. blancoi and C.

pentandra leaves extract as an alternative medicine or formulating medicines in reference

to its antibacterial properties.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a basis for future studies on D. blancoi and

C. pentandra leaves extract and S. aureus that regard their medical and chemical uses,

and their properties.

 5

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally to ensure

understanding of the study.

C. pentandra (Kapok). According to tropical.info (2022), it is very important,

multipurpose tree with a wide range of uses for the local population. It is especially

valued for its fibre, but also supplies foods, medicines and many commodities.

In this study, C. pentandra leaves extract will be used to control the zone of

inhibition of C. albicans.

D. blancoi (Mabolo). According to growable.org (2013), kamagong usually

refers to the entire tree, and mabolo or tálang is applied to the fruit. It is a minor fruiting

species that produces a fruit enjoyed by some, but avoided by others.

In this study, D. blancoi leaves extract will be used to control the zone of inhibition of C.

albicans.

S. aureus. According to Taylor, Unkal (2022), it is a type of bacteria characterized by its

gram-positive nature, is responsible for a diverse range of clinical illnesses. Infections

caused by this microorganism are prevalent in both community and hospital settings.

Under normal circumstances, S. aureus typically does not induce infection on healthy

skin. Nevertheless, if it manages to penetrate internal tissues or gain access to the

 6

bloodstream, these bacteria have the potential to trigger various potentially severe

infections.

In this study, this is the bacteria to be used as an experimental variable and to be treated

with D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract.

Zone of Inhibition. According to ieeexplore.org (n.d.), the Zone of

Inhibition is a sphere surrounding the antibiotic spot where bacterial

colonies do not develop. The zone of inhibition can be used to gauge how

susceptible a certain strain of bacteria is to an antibiotic.

In this study, it is the characteristics to be the observed and will determine the efficacy of

the extracts.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused only on the effect of D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves

extract in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. This study was conducted at Iloilo National

High School Science Laboratory form April 2023 to May 2023 under the supervision of a

licensed microbiologist. Fifteen (15) petri dishes were placed in the culture media with D.

blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract with the presence of the bacteria. The growth of

the bacteria was then evaluated in terms of its zone of inhibition. .

This study is limited in determining the effectiveness of the D. blancoi and C.

pentandra leaves extract as antibacterial properties on the zone of inhibition of

 7

Staphylococcus aureus. However, despite this situation, the results still showed what is

expected. Since the placement of Staphylococcus aureus in the petri dish is done through

swabbing, inconsistent swabbing is one of the factors that affect the results of the study.
 8

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter deals with the review of related literature associated with the study. Chapter

2 is divided into four (4) parts: (1) Introduction for Literature Review, (2) Review of

Related Literature, (3) Synthesis, and (4) Conceptual Framework.

Part One, discusses Introduction of Literature Review.

Part Two, discusses the property of Diospyros blancoi Leaves extract.

Part Two, discusses the property of Ceiba pentandra Leaves extract.

Part Two, discusses the property of Methanol.

Part Three, discusses the Staphylococcus aureus.

Part Four, Synthesis, discusses the concepts relevant to the study.

Part Five, Conceptual Framework, shows the relationship between the variables.
 9

Introduction of Literature Review

As extensive public and clinical research exist about D. blancoi and C. pentandra

, its antimicrobial properties in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus is yet to be proven. The

problem revolves around whether D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract is effective

in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. In a study, it compares and analyze the toxicity,

photochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medical plants, two of which were C. pentandra

and D. blancoi(Clemen-Pascual, L.M., Macahig, R.A.S., and Rojas, N. R. L., 2022). The

literature review will explore the potential of the phytochemical components present in of

D. blancoi and C. pentandra such as flavonoids, saponins and tannins, present in each

plant. It will explore the potential of this phytochemical components that makes it as a

good candidate in antimicrobial treatment and also some certain components to inhibit the

growth of S. aureus. It will also analyze which part of treatment is potent in performing

this experiment.

Diospyros blancoi (Mabolo)

As it may be found along Philippine seashores, D. blancoi (Mabolo) is farmed

commercially, and it is a native plant species in the Philippines. The fruits of the mabolo

plant, which have a high commercial value, have a variety of applications. It is a very

helpful plant in that it not only serves as a decorative element but also serves as a source

of nourishment and has medical uses. The roots, bark, and leaves are the components that

are used for this. Its bark is used in a decocted and prepared form to treat skin conditions,
 10

including dermatitis, fever, and cough (Philippineherbalmedicine.org, 2022). D. blancoi

is also known as Mabolo or velvet apples are a great multi-purpose plant as it contains a

lot of vitamins and minerals. According to John Staughton, an intergrative biology degree

holder, Mabolo extracts are rich in nutrients such as dietary fiber, protein, potassium,

iron, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C and the B family vitamins.

Ceiba pentandra (Kapok)

An Ayurvedic medicine known as Kutashalmali is the kapok tree (C. pentandra).

It has historically been used to cure conditions including liver and spleen abnormalities,

digestive system issues, constipation, blood illnesses, etc. Roots have diuretic, energizing,

and aphrodisiac properties. It produces styptic gum. The nature of tender leaves is styptic

and unctuous. This plant's bark and leaves are used to treat diabetes, nausea, migraines,

hypertension, and fever. Snake bites can be treated using young fruits (D’Souza,n.d.).

The studies general objectives of this study is to determine the efficacy of D.

blancoi and C. pentandra in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. It will also tackle whether

there is a difference between the zone of inhibition of S. aureus samples that is treated by

D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract. It will further observe the changes of the

organism growth during the experiment for several days.

The phytochemistry of D. blancoi claimed that the hexane and ethyl acetate

fractions contained significant amounts of saponins. In the fractions of hexane, ethyl

acetate, and methanol, moderate amounts of alkaloids and tannins were discovered
 11

(Tahir, L., et. al., 2017). An examination of the leaf extracts of D. blancoi the presence of

chemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, anthraquinones, and flavonoids

in D. blancoi, which are known to have a therapeutic effect against a number of diseases,

might support the plant's historic usage for treating a variety of maladies among the local

population. Moreover, a variety of other actions, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral,

antibacterial, and antiulerian, were demonstrated by these phytochemicals. Anti-hepatic

and anti-allergic effects (Demetillo, M., et. al., 2019). The results of (M.d. S. I.

Hawlader’s, 2012) studies investigation demonstrate that D. blancoi MeOH extract has

strong free radical scavenging activity. The evidence shows that the extract includes

substances that might work well as a variety of antioxidant agents.

As C. pentandra contains a greater concentration of the majority of these

phytochemicals, it is appropriate for commercial uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic

sectors. The majority of phytochemical components—saponins, flavonoids, and tannins

—are concentrated in the leaves (Iroka, C.F and Nokumah, O.C., 2014). From a

pharmacological standpoint, extracts of a few C. pentandra in type II diabetes, showed

hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and hypoglycemic

properties. C. pentandra contains a variety of flavonoids, tannins, and related phenolics.

(Abouelela, M.E., et. al, 2020). A small number of metabolites, including 2-

hydroxypropyl ether, were found to be present in all of the extracts whereas the majority

were only discovered in the leaf, root, or stem bark extracts (Dalhatu, A.S., et. al., 2020).
 12

Methanol

The most crucial part in the experiment is the plant extraction as this affect the

chemical components of extract. Methanol is one of the most common and effective

solvent in the plant extraction. According to the existing study of D. Truong et. Al.,

methanol was identified as the most effective solvent for the extraction, resulting in the

highest extraction yield (33.2%) as well as the highest content of phenolic (13.36 mg

GAE/g DW), flavonoid (1.92 mg QE/g DW), alkaloid (1.40 mg AE/g DW), and

terpenoids (1.25%, w/w). The extract obtained from methanol exhibited high capacity of

antioxidant (IC50 value of 16.99 μg/mL) and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (i.e.,

albumin denaturation: IC50 = 28.86 μg/mL; antiproteinase activity: IC50 = 414.29 μg/mL;

and membrane stabilization: IC50 = 319 μg/mL). Also, according to another study of

Cowan, Methanol and water are solvents that can extract a wider range of chemicals,

hence the better extraction efficiency. The study of B. Sultana et. Al., present the aqueous

methanol and aqueous ethanol extracts had the greatest TPC of all solvent extracts. This

could be because phenolics are generally extracted in greater quantities in more polar

solvents such as aqueous methanol/ethanol as opposed to pure methanol/ethanol.

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that appears purple when stained with

Gram stain, indicating its Gram-positive nature. It has a spherical shape and tends to form
 13

clusters resembling grapes. These bacteria can thrive in media containing salt

concentrations of up to 10%, and their colonies typically exhibit a golden or yellow color,

which is the meaning behind the term "aureus" (golden or yellow)(Taylor, T. A., &

Unakal, C.G.,2022). S. aureus is frequently encountered in the environment and can be

transmitted through air droplets or aerosols. When an individual infected with S. aureus

coughs or sneezes, they expel numerous tiny droplets of saliva that remain suspended in

the air. These droplets contain the bacteria and can lead to the infection of others.

Another common mode of transmission is direct contact with surfaces or objects that

have been contaminated by the bacteria, as well as through bites from infected individuals

or animals. It is estimated that around 30% of healthy individuals carry S. aureus in their

nasal passages, the back of their throat, and on their skin (Dr. Mandal, A. M.D., 2019).

Typically, the treatment for staph infections involves the administration of antibiotics

along with proper cleaning of the infected site. However, there is a growing concern

regarding the emergence of antibiotic resistance in some staph infections. This means that

these infections are no longer susceptible to commonly used antibiotics. To address

antibiotic-resistant staph infections, healthcare providers may need to resort to alternative

antibiotics that can potentially lead to more adverse effects or side effects ( Mayo Clinic,

2022). In conclusion, due to the ease of transmission and the increasing development of

antibiotic resistance in staph infections, there is a pressing need to explore and implement

newer and more effective approaches to address these infections. Finding alternative

methods of treatment that can overcome antibiotic resistance and provide better outcomes
 14

is crucial in order to effectively combat staph infections and prevent their spread in the

future.

From several studies obtained D. blancoi and C. pentandra were only tested in

other type of bacteria. A study published by (Perez, G., et al, 2019) suggest that a

synergistic approach using amoxicillin and methanolic and aqeous solution of D. blancoi

shows no significant effect on the growth of E. coli. Although it exhibits antimicrobial

properties on other microorganisms, it also shows it is not effective on bacteria such as

gram-negative bacteria which for example E. coli bacteria. Our study wants to address

whether D. blancoi and C. pentandra extracts have a significant impact on gram positive

bacteria, to be specific S. aureus. It is also found that S. aureus are adaptable and thus

develops resistant to certain antibacterial drugs. Multiple studies also point out its

phytochemical component as a good antimicrobial agent.

Synthesis

In this synthesis of the review of related literature, we focus on the antimicrobial

properties of D. blancoi and C. pentandra, specifically their potential in inhibiting the

growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). While extensive research exists about these

plants, their effectiveness against S. aureus is yet to be proven. Both D. blancoi and C.

pentandra contain phytochemical components, such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins,

which are known for their antimicrobial properties. These plants have been traditionally

used for medicinal purposes in treating various ailments.

 15

However, the existing studies reviewed in this literature indicate that the

antimicrobial effects of D. blancoi and C. pentandra have primarily been tested against

other bacteria, such as E. coli. The effectiveness of these plants against S. aureus, a

Gram-positive bacterium, has not been extensively explored. Some studies suggest that

D. blancoi extracts, in combination with antibiotics, do not show a significant effect on

the growth of E. coli. Therefore, there is a need to investigate whether D. blancoi and C.

pentandra extracts have a notable impact on gram-positive bacteria like S. aureus,

especially considering the bacterium's ability to develop antibiotic resistance.

Overall, the review underscores the importance of exploring the antimicrobial

potential of D. blancoi and C. pentandra against S. aureus. The presence of various

phytochemical components known for their therapeutic effects and antimicrobial

properties suggests that these plants could offer promising alternatives for the treatment

of staph infections. However, further research and experimentation are necessary to

determine the efficacy of D. blancoi and C. pentandra extracts in inhibiting the growth of

S. aureus and their potential as antimicrobial agents.

 16

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1

Conceptual Framework of dependent and independent variables

Figure 1 presents the Paradigm of the study. It consists of two variables, D.

blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract as an independent variable and zone of inhibition

of S.aureus as the dependent variable

In Figure 1, D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract as an independent variable

in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract will be
 17

prepared using a systematic way of extraction. It will be then applied to the S. aureus and

it will be observed for a 24 hr. period to see whether it inhibits the growth of S. aureus.

Another Variable, Zone of inhibition of S. aureus refers to the growth of bacteria

in a certain condition. Several treatments will be use in different bacteria samples, there

will be a sample that will be treated by the following extracts: D. blancoi leaves extract,

C. pentandra leaves extract, combination of D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract,

positive and negative control group extract.

 CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter will focus on the methodology of the study. It consists of five (5) parts

which are: (1) Research Design, (2) Instruments, (3) Materials and Equipment, (4)

Procedure, and (5) Statistical Analysis Tool.

Part One, Research design, presents the research design that will be used in the
study.

Part Two Instruments, includes the quantity of each material that is needed for the

experiment.

Part Three, Materials and Equipment, discusses the appropriate materials and

equipment needed for conducting the extraction and observing samples.

Part Four, Procedure, presents the systematic flow of conducting the experiment.

It also presents the step in detail and the order that will be made in conducting the

experiment.

Part Five, Statistical Analysis Tool, presents the Mean, Standard deviation,

ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

 CHAPTER III

Methodology

Research Design

The experiment has five treatments replicated three times for a total of 15

experimental units. The independent variable was D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves

extract and the dependent variable was the zone of inhibition of S. aureus. The amount of

other ingredients in making the culture medium, the volume of culture medium, the

amount of D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract, and the size of Petri dishes were

controlled in the study.

Table 1

Experimental and Controlled Design

Treatment Concentration Amount (Solute) Solvent

A 100% D. blancoi 50 grams D. blancoi 150 milliliters

methanol

B 100% C. pentandra 50 grams C. pentandra 150 milliliters

methanol

C 50% D. blancoi and 50% 25 grams D. blancoi and 150 milliliters

C. pentandra 25 grams C. pentandra methanol

D 100% Clindamycin 300 milligrams 10 milliliters

distilled water

Negative Control 100% distilled water 10 milliliters distilled None

 water

Research Instrument

The Kirby-Bauer test or disc diffusion method on agar plates is applied in this research.

Three data points will be supplied as a starting point for the positive control group. The following

table shows the facts and information gathered to define the zone of inhibition of Diospyros

blancoi and Ceiba pentandra leaves extract:

Table 2
Susceptibility of Different Percentages of the Positive Control Variable.
Treatment 24 hrs.

Pure Diospyros blancoi leaf extract

Pure Ceiba pentandra

leaf extract

Combination of (50%)
Diospyros blancoi and (50%) Ceiba pentandra
leaves extract

Positive Control Variable:

Clindamycin
 Negative Control Variable: Pure water

Table 3
Control Variable.
Treatment Zone of Inhibition (mm)

Clindamycin

Clindamycin

Clindamycin

Pure water

Pure water

Pure water

Table 4
Experimental Group Treatments

Treatment Zone of Inhibition (mm)

Diospyros blancoi leaves extract

Diospyros blancoi leaves extract

Diospyros blancoi leaves extract

Ceiba pentandra leaves extract

Ceiba pentandra leaves extract

Ceiba pentandra leaves extract

Combination of Diospyros blancoi and

Ceiba pentandra leaves extract

Combination of Diospyros blancoi and

Ceiba pentandra leaves extract

Combination of Diospyros blancoi and

Ceiba pentandra leaves extract

Materials

The Kapok leaves were collected in Janiuay, Iloilo whilst the Mabolo leaves were

acquired from Jordan, Guimaras. The commercial antibacterial medicine, Clindamycin,

was bought from West Visayas State University Medical Center, Don Benito, Iloilo.

Other laboratory equipment such as thirteen Petri dishes, sterile gloves, and sterilized

cotton swabs were bought at a local drugstore, JOSMEF. Another three Petri dishes were

borrowed from the school laboratory. Cotton rolls and antibacterial wipes were bought at

Mercury Drug. Also, 99.8% methanol alcohol was bought from a fellow researcher.

Aside from that, hairnets were bought from a CO-OP Mart. Lastly, tissues and liquid

dishwashing soap were bought from Supermarket, a local grocery store.

Procedure

Figure 2

Procedural Flow

Collection of Samples

The experiment began with the collection of leaves and laboratory equipment. C.

pentandra leaves were collected in Janiuay, Iloilo, while D. blancoi leaves were acquired

in Jordan, Guimaras. Following the collection of samples, the plants are identified or

verified by the Department of Agriculture in Sta. Barbara is from Iloilo.

Air Dying and Grinding

After the identification, the leaves were then air-dried for roughly a week before

being cut using a pair of scissors, and the leaves separated from their midribs. The

shredded leaves were ground using a blender and filtered using a strainer to remove the

powdered extract and other materials such as plant veins.

Soaking in Methanol for 24 hours

Then, the powders were weighed. The measurements of the powder extract were

50 grams for D. blancoi, 50 grams for C. pentandra, and for the combination of the

extract: 25 grams of D. blancoi and 25 grams of C. pentandra. Each extract was soaked in

a methanol solution with a ratio of 1:3. For every 50 grams of extract it is soaked in a

150-milliliter methanol solution for twenty-four hours.

Blow drying, flame test, and filtration

The following day the alcohol was then evaporated using a blow dryer. The

extract was also ensured that all of the alcohol residues were evaporated through the use

of flame testing. The extracts were then stored in individual test tubes with a screw cap

however before the screw cap was closed, it was filtered using filter paper. Then, they

were stored in a cool place in order to prepare the bacteria samples. The control group

was also prepared for measurement of 300 milligrams in 10 milliliters of distilled water.

Preparation for Bacteria Sample

The preparation of nutrient agar was the first step in the culture of the bacterial

sample. Two nutrient agar solutions were prepared, one measurement is 7 grams of

nutrient agar and the other is 3.5 grams. It was then soaked in distilled water with a

measurement of 250 milliliters and 125 milliliters respectively. It was mixed and boiled

for about 120 °C as the starting temperature. Once it was boiled, it was removed from the

hot plate and the Petri dish was sterilized and prepared for the following day of swabbing.

Placement of Bacteria Sample in Petri Dish

On the next day the nutrient agar was boiled in an induction stove since it

solidified overnight. The agar was then left to cool down and placed in all sixteen Petri
dishes, whereas one of the Petri dishes was used for culturing the bacteria. It was exposed

to an unsanitary environment before being incubated for a few days. After incubation, an

expert in the subject was also responsible for identifying and isolating S. aureus after the

incubation period. The S. aureus was then inoculated in the remaining fifteen agar plates.

Treat each Petri Dish with Different Extracts

The Petri dishes were then filled with filter paper disks that had been soaked in

different extracts. It was then incubated for 24 hours before being inspected and

measured.

Measuring the Zone of Inhibition

The Kirby-Bauer test was used to determine the zone of inhibition and the

diameter was measured in millimeters using a caliper. The measurement of the zone of

inhibition is the data collected and will be interpreted.

Waste Disposal and Cleaning

After the collection of data, the agar plates were put in an autoclave in a

temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes, and the swabs and other materials were washed

with an antibacterial liquid soap. The nutrient agar was put in an autoclavable plastic and

disposed of in a biohazardous waste bin. Unused agar plates were cleaned, whilst

disposable materials and non-contaminated items were disposed of in a solid waste bin.
Figure 4

Data Gathering Procedure

D. blancoi leaf extract, C. pentandra leaf extract, Combination of D. blancoi and C.

pentandra leaves extract, and Clindamycin.

Data gathering is accomplished by measuring the diameter of the inhibited zone.

Clindamycin is the basis for the efficacy of D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaf extracts.

The positive control group data will be used to analyze the data gathered from D.
blancoi and C. pentandra leaf extracts.

Clindamycin will be used as the positive control group for the D. blancoi and C.

pentandra extract treatments. The zone of inhibition of twelve treatments will be

determined. The data from clindamycin, on the other hand, will serve as the foundation

for the nine treatments, and the level of efficacy of the nine treatments will be assessed.

The monitoring of the zone of inhibition will 24 hours after the inoculation. The zone of

inhibition from the twelve treatments will be assessed.

Statistical Analysis Tool

The data gathered from the study were subjected to the following descriptive and

inferential statistics treatments using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

(SPSS). The statistical tools that were used in this study are as follows:

Mean was used to determine the average zone of inhibition of the treatments in

this study.
 Standard deviation was used in the experiment to obtain information about the

measure of dispersion and precision of the mean. Equal to the square root of the

arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic.

ANOVA was used to compare the means of all treatments. It was used to get the

significant difference of the zone of inhibition of five treatments with three trials

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test to compare the significant difference of the

treatments.

CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion
This chapter will present and discuss the results of the study. There will be four parts in

this chapter: (1) Descriptive Data Analysis, (2) Inferential Analysis, and (3) Discussion.

Part One, Descriptive Data Analysis, summarization of data to gain better

understanding of the collected data.

Part Two, Inferential Data Analysis, enables researchers to draw inferences from

a data set.

Part Three Discussion, focuses on findings from the collected data.

CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion
 This section presents the results, analysis, and findings of the data that were

collected from the experiment conducted by the researchers, with general and specific

research objectives to be determined.

Descriptive Data Analysis

Table 5
Average observation period of the inhibitory zone of 24 hours

Treatment Mean (mm) Std. deviation

A 10.000 2.00000
( 100 % )

C. 6.6667 .57735
pentandra(Kapok
) leaves extract
Combination leaves 7.3333 .57735
extract
Positive Control 30.3333 4.61880
Negaitve Control 5.6667 .57735

Table 5 shows that from the 24 hours, D. blancoi (Mabolo) leaves extract showed

the largest zone of inhibition among the three different treatments. It has a mean of

10.000 which is from the three trials; however it is not nearly the same as the positive

controls zone of inhibition. The D. blancoi leaves extract has a mean of 10.000,

indicating the average value of the data points in this set. The corresponding standard
deviation of the average observation period of the inhibitory zone of two days is 2.0000,

suggesting that all of the values are relatively spread out, showing a significant degree of

variability.

The C. pentandra leaves extract from the average observation period of the zone

of inhibition has a mean of 6.6667, thus showing it has a lower mean average than the D.

blancoi leaves extract. The standard deviation of the average observation period of the

zone of inhibition is 0.57735 and is relatively low, thus indicating the values are close to

the mean and relatively consistent.

The combination of two extracts from the average observation period of the zone

of inhibition has a mean of 7.3333, thus showing a higher mean average than C.

pentandra, but a lower mean average than D. blancoi leaves extract. The standard

deviation of the average observation period of the zone of inhibition is 0.57735 and is

relatively low, thus indicating the values are close to the mean and relatively consistent.

Inferential Analysis

Table 6
One- way ANOVA approach

ANOVA

Twenty four hour

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 18.667 2 9.333 6.000 .037

Within Groups 9.333 6 1.556
Total 28.000 8
 Table 6 uses the one-way ANOVA approach in order to know whether there is a

significant difference between the zone of inhibition of D. blancoi and C. pentandra

leaves extract and commercially available antibiotic against S. aureus.

A one-way ANOVA approach was used for this analysis. The sum of squares

between groups is 18.667, with 2 degrees of freedom (df), resulting in a mean square of

9.333. This suggests that there is significant variation between the groups. The sum of

squares within groups is 9.333, with 6 degrees of freedom, leading to a mean square of

1.556. The total sum of squares is 28.000, with 8 degrees of freedom. F-statistic: The F-

value for the analysis is 6.000, indicating a significant difference between the groups. The

significance level (p-value) associated with the F-statistic is 0.037, which is below the

typical threshold of 0.05. This suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no

group differences.

Table 7
Data of post hoc analysis using Duncan's test

Twenty four hour

Subset for alpha = 0.05

Treatment N 1 2

KE 3 6.6667
COMBI 3 7.3333
ME 3 10.0000
Sig. .537 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a.

Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
 Table 7 shows data of post hoc analysis using Duncan's test. In this data the D.

blancoi (Mabolo extract) showed the most significant result of the zone of inhibition.

A post hoc analysis using Duncan's test was then performed to examine specific

differences between the treatment groups: C. pentandra or Kapok leaves extract (KE),

combination of leaves extract (COMBI), and D. blancoi or Mabolo leaves extract (ME).

The post hoc test provides information about the significant differences between pairs of

groups. In this case, the post hoc analysis yielded the following results: KE (treatment 1)

has a mean value of 6.6667, COMBI (treatment 2) has a mean value of 7.3333, and ME

(treatment 3) has a mean value of 10.000. However, D. blancoi leaves extract treatments

which have a significance level (p-value) of 1.000 and C. pentandra and combination

leaves extract have a significance level (p-value) of 0.537, which means that there is no

significant difference between any pair of treatments based on the post hoc analysis.

In summary, the inferential analysis suggests that there is a significant difference

between the treatment groups based on the ANOVA, but the post hoc analysis (Duncan's

test) did not detect any significant differences between pairs of treatments.

Discussion

According to the study, S. aureus infections are the most common cause of high

mortality due to the bacterium's ability to develop resistance to drugs (Howden, B.P., et

al., 2023). Making it important to have further development and advances in medical

fields. Saponins, tannins, and flavonoids are chemical compounds that are found in

plants. These chemical compounds are known to have potential as antibacterial agent as
further studies point out their antibacterial activities. This compound is able to kill or

limit the growth of bacteria through inhibition of cell wall synthesis and disruption of the

cell membrane. In a study by Clemen-Pascual, L.M., Macahig, R.A.S., and Rojas, N. R.

L., they compare the toxicity, photochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medical plants,

two of which were C. pentandra and D. blancoi. It was found that these two plants

contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which are crucial components of antibacterial

agents.

Thus, these two plants were used to be observed. The results from the

experimentation about the zone of inhibition of D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves

extract in S. aureus were collected by measuring the diameter of the inhibited zone. From

the three different treatments, there was an equal number of trials in which each treatment

was tested and observed. One-way ANOVA, the statistical tool used to analyze the

results, proved the significant difference in the data and provided evidence that the D.

blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract has the potential to be an efficient antibacterial

agent.

According to the results, the D. blancoi leaves extract was able to show the

biggest zone of inhibition among the treatments, while the other treatments were still able

to give results that show there is a zone of inhibition.

 Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This Chapter is divided into four parts: (1) Summary, (2) Conclusions, (3)

Implications, and (4) Recommendations.

Part One is the Summary which restates the objectives of the study and highlights

significant findings.

Part Two is the Conclusion that outlines the steps taken in response to the study's

findings. This includes the Diospyros blancoi as the most potent antibacterial agent,

showing the largest zone of inhibition among other treatments.

Part Three is the Implications where the results of the study are stated. Diospyrus

blancoi as well as Ceiba pentandra leaves extract have been proven to be effective in

inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Suggesting that the ability of Diospyros

blancoi leaves extract to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus suggests its

potential as a natural antimicrobial agent in combating Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Part Four Recommendations that provide insights that could additionally help
future studies.
 Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary

Humans as we are, we undergo illnesses caused by bacteria and fungi.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of those bacteria that may cause skin infection, and may

range from quite severe to lethal if not treated immediately. It is often found in

surroundings and can be spread via airborne particles. Countless small droplets of

infected individual’s saliva are released into the ambient environment as soon as they

wheeze or cough, which can also infect others. Diospyros blancoi and Ceiba pentandra

leaves extract can be a great alternative for reducing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus

because they have phytochemical components such as flavonoids, saponins and tannins

that could contribute to the treatment of certain infections. D. blancoi also known as

mabolo, is high in nutrients such as soluble fiber, amino acids, potassium, iron, calcium,

vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamins from the B family, according to John Staughton, an

intergrative biology graduate. On the other hand, C. pentandra, known as Kapok, has

roots that have aphrodisiac, stimulating and diuretic effects. Aside from that, C.

pentandra is suitable for commercial usage in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries

since it has a greater content of significant numbers of the said phytochemicals present on

its leaves. All things stated, it is crucial to identify favorable alternatives in diseases
caused by naturally occurring microorganisms in the human body, despite the fact that it

may not always be harmful.

Conclusions

Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that Diospyros blancoi as well

as Ceiba pentandra leaves extract have been proven to be effective in inhibiting the

growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Among the treatments, D. blancoi leaves extract was

able to show the biggest zone of inhibition compared to the other treatments. However, it

is important to note that the other treatments are: C. pentandra and a combination of D.

blancoi. C. pentandra also demonstrated some level of inhibitory activity, albeit to a

lesser extent. Based on our statistical tool, one-way ANOVA, the level of significance of

the result is (p=0.030), which means that the null hypothesis is rejected. This proves that

there is a significant difference in using D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves extract to

eliminate Staphylococcus aureus.

Implications

The implication of the study is that both Diospyros blancoi and Ceiba pentandra

leaves extracts have shown effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus

aureus. The fact that D. blancoi leaves extract demonstrated the largest zone of inhibition

among the treatments, suggests that it possesses strong antimicrobial properties against

this particular pathogen. The ability of D. blancoi leaves extract to inhibit its growth

suggests its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent in combating Staphylococcus

aureus infections.
Recommendations

Due to the results of the study, the researchers have given the following

recommendations:

● Future studies in relation to using plant extracts should ensure enough

amount needed to use for the conduct of experimentation.

● For microbiology-related studies, it is advised to observe consistency in

the swabbing and application of the bacteria in a petri dish.

● Use other plant samples that have the same characteristics and

phytochemicals as those of D. blancoi and C. pentandra as antimicrobial

agents for future study.

● Use other parts of D. blancoi and C. pentandra as subjects of the study.

● Investigate different extraction techniques to obtain the highest yield of

bioactive compounds from D. blancoi and C. pentandra leaves.

● Future researchers can conduct additional research to identify and isolate

the specific bioactive compounds present in D. blancoi and C. pentandra

leaves extracts that are responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity

against Staphylococcus aureus.

References

Antioxidant and Antidiarrhoeal Potentiality of Diospyrus blancoi. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37490894/2012_Sariful-

Diospyros_blancoi_IJP-libre.pdf?1430681557=&response-content

View of METABOLIC PROFILE ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CEIBA

PENTANDRA (L.) GAERTN, FROM ZARIA CITY, NIGERIA. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://fjs.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/fjs/article/view/410/257

Iroka, C. F., & Nkumah, O. C. (2014, January 1). Comparative phytochemical and
proximate analyses on Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn. and Bombax buonopozense. .
ResearchGate. Retrived from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
304155370_Comparative_phytochemical_and_proximate_analyses_on_Ceiba_pe
ntandra_L_Gaertn_and_Bombax_buonopozense_P_Beauv

Abouelela, M. E., Orabi, M., Abdelhamid, R. A., Abdelkader, M., Madkor, H. R.,
Darwish, F. M., Hatano, T., & Elsadek, B. E. M. (2020, September 1). Ethyl acetate
extract of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. reduces methotrexate-induced renal damage in
rats via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Journal of Traditional
and Complementary Medicine; Elsevier BV.

Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.08.006

Hebbar, J. V. (2022, April 29). Kuta Shalmali (Kapok Tree) – Uses, Remedies, Research,
Side Effects. Easy Ayurveda.
 Retrieved from https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/07/30/kuta-shalmali-
kapoktree/#:~:text=Kapok%20tree%20(Ceiba%20pentandra)%20is,gum%20is
%20styptic%20in%20nature.

Mabolo (Diospyros blancoi) Velvet Apple. (n.d.). Retrived from

https://www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/mabolo.htm#:~:text=Mabolo
%20Health%20Benefits%3A&text=Cough%2C%20stomach%20pains%2C
%20fever%2C,the%20mobolo%20leaves%20and%20bark.&text=Used%20as
%20medicine%20for%20diarrhea,heart%20ailments%2C%20hypertension
%20and%20diabetes.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIDIABETIC

EVALUATION OF LEAF EXTRACTS FROM DIOSPYROS BLANCOI A. DC. (2019,
August 1). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.10(8).3951-56

Antibacterial activities of Diospyros blancoi, Phoenix dactylifera and Morus nigra against
dental caries causing pathogens: An in vitro study. (n.d.). Retrived from

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/76547926/Paper-23

Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

Appendices
Letter to conduct the study

Appendix A
Raw Data

Appendix B
Statistical Computation
Appendix C
Documentation
Appendix D
Collection of Samples

Air Drying and Grinding

Soak in Methanol for 24

Hours

Use of blow dryer for evaporation of Alcohol, Flame testing, Filtration

Preparation of Bacteria Sample

Placement of Bacteria Sample in Petri Dish

Treat each petri dish with a Different Extract

Measurement of Zone of Inhibition

Waste Disposal and Cleaning

Curriculum Vitae

Appendix E
 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Alvin Josh L. De La Cruz Birthday: March 15, 2005

Address: Poblacion, Jordan, Guimaras

Father: John Lester D. De La Cruz Occupation: Rescue Volunteer

Mother: Alona L. De La Cruz Occupation: Housewife

Sibling/s: Krislyn Joy L. De La Cruz Occupation: Student

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: Baptist Memorial School

Elementary: Jordan Central School

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Special Science Class

Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School
What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty- five years from now, I see myself working in a high paying company. I

can see myself working there as an engineer. Moreover, I can foresee myself having an

investment and open different business. I would also have my vacation and free time

spend on travelling around the world.

 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Phoemela Marriane S. Bagunas

Birthday: December 19, 2004

Address: 15. E. R. Mapa Street Mandurriao, Iloilo City

Father: Junry D. Bagunas Occupation: OFW

Mother: Grace S. Bagunas Occupation: Housewife

Sibling/s: Jasmin Audri S. Bagunas Occupation: Student Nurse

Ivan Dominic S. Bagunas Occupation: Student

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: Mandurriao Elementary School

Elementary: Mandurriao Elementary School

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Regular Class

Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School
What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty- five years from now, I see myself as a successful Pediatrician who is

enjoying her job. Treating kids nicely and ended up loving them. I can see myself having

my own clinic together with my bestfriend who is also seeing herself as a Pediatrician.

Travelling the whole world together with my family, partner and friends. I can also see

myself having beautiful kids with a loving husband. I will have different credit cards with

the money I earn with my blood, sweat and tears. I can see myself having a properties in

different cities, I can also see myself having a clinic in different country, Furthermore, I

can foresee myself helping others like having a charity events, especially in the

orphanages. I will be able to help my brother and sister if they need anything.
 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Janna Dennise R. Benoman

Birthday: January 26, 2004

Address: Brgy. Madong Janiuay, Iloilo

Father: Jovert V. Benoman Occupation: Farmer

Mother: Rovel R. Benoman Occupation: Administrative Aid III

Sibling/s: Denzell Joevert R. Benoman Occupation: Student Nurse

Dencert VP. R. Benoman Occupation: Student

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: Gems of Tomorrow Learning Center Inc.

Elementary: Gems of Tomorrow Learning Center Inc.

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Regular Class

Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School
What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty -five years from now, can see myself a successful Nurse in Germany.

Working and running in the corridors of the hospital and treating my patients the best

care. I will be financially stable and helping my parents and relatives wither their needs

as a way of giving back to them their sacrifices. Moreover, I will be a citizen in Germany

living with my love of my life and my dogs in an apartment with my hard earning money

sustaining our daily needs. Mostly, I will be travelling with my friends, family, and my

spouse. I can also foresee myself in helping those in need like charities and events in

hospitals and orphanages.

 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Clyssa Nicole G. Dela Cruz Birthday: July 12, 2005

Address: 9th Street Alta Tierra Village Jaro, Iloilo City

Father: Michael J. Dela Cruz Occupation: Security Guard

Mother: Mary Jane G. Dela Cuz Occupation: Domestic Helper

Sibling/s: Clark Justin G. Dela Cruz Occupation: Student

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: Balabago Daycare Center

Elementary: Balabago Elementary School

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Regular Class

Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School
What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty- five years from now, I can see myself as a successful Medical Doctor

with a specialty in Internal Medicine. I foresee myself helping other people with the best

that I can without expecting anything in return. Aside from that, I also look forward to

being financially stable and providing my family with the life they deserve. Additionally,

I wished to see myself travelling those places in my bucket list, and happy and contented

with my very own family.

 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Ryza Ann C. Jandoquile

Birthday: October 15, 2004

Address: Phase 1 4th Street Alta Tierra Village Jaro, Iloilo City

Father: Rodney B. Jandoquile Sr. Occupation: Security Guard

Mother: Ainnie C. Jandoquile Occupation: Domestic Helper

Sibling/s: Rodney C. Jandoquile Jr. Occupation: Retail Warehouse Worker

Julie Ann C. Jandoquile Occupation: Government Employee

Nathaniel C. Jandoquile Occupation: Stedent

Kindergarten: Children’s Integrated School of Alta Tierra, Inc.

Elementary: Balabago Elementary School

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Regular Class

Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School
What would I be 25 years from now:

As an aspiring nurse, after completing my nursing education and gaining practical

experience, I can see myself as a registered nurse working in various healthcare settings

such as hospitals, clinics, or home care. With dedication, continuous learning, and a

passion for patient care, I hope have made a significant impact on the lives of individuals

and have contribute to the advancement of the nursing profession. As I peer into the

future, I am filled with optimism and determination. In 25 wears, I hope to see myself

successful, contented at heart, and financially stable. The path to success may not always

be smooth, but with perseverance, continuous growth, and a compassionate heart, I

believe I can achieve these.

 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Mary Margarette L. Masias Birthday: September 7, 2004

Address: Zone 3 Tacas, Jaro, Iloilo City

Father: Michael Howard L. Masias Occupation: Government Employee

Mother: Hazel L. Masias Occupation: Government Employee

Sibling/s: Gabriel Salvador L. Masias Occupation: Student

Hannah Mikhaela L. Masias Occupation: Student

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: St. Elizabeth of Hungary Kinder School

Elementary: Colegio de San Jose

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- School for the Arts
Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School

What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty-five years from now, I can envision myself as a successful, professional,

and contented architect. | would be living in my one-storey dream home with a wide front

yard containing a garden and a volleyball court. I can also see myself fulfilling my goal

of re-designing my parents and grandparents homes. Furthermore, with my earnings, I

would be spoiling my brother and sister with their wants, as well as my parents. And also

treat my chose friends and make up for the times that I was not allowed to go out. Lastly,

I hope to travel to European countries, especially France.

 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Alleyah Mae Otero

Birthday: May 25, 2005

Address: Blk 6 Lot 4 Jem Subd. Guzman- Jesena Mandurriao Iloilo City

Father: Occupation:

Mother: Johna P. Otero Occupation: Business Woman

Sibling/s: NA Occupation:

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: Ajuy Highway Baptist Church

Elementary: Ajuy Christian Development Academy

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Regular Class

Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School

What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty- five years from now, I expect that I already finished studying and be a

registered Medical Technologist or Doctor. I see myself working outside of the country. I

hope that I would be financially stable because I want to try or experience things that can

be achieved with money. I don’t see myself in a relationship with anyone, I am content

with my family and friends seeing myself travelling with them.

 RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Mikaela Angela G. Patopaten

Birthday: June 27, 2004

Address: Blk. 12 Lot 22 Phase 2 Gumamela Street Alta Tierra Village

Father: Arnold B. Patopaten Occupation: Auditor

Mother: Jeneziel G. Patopaten Occupation: Office Clark

Sibling/s: Melchizaolick G. Patopaten Occupation: Student

Educational Background:

Kindergarten: Children’s Integrated School of Alta Tierra, Inc.

Elementary: Children’s Integrated School of Alta Tierra, Inc.

Junior High School: Iloilo National High School- Special Science Class
Senior High School: Iloilo National High School- Senior High School

What would I be 25 years from now:

Twenty – five years from now, I see myself pursuing a career in law or medicine

after attaining my Ph. D. in Psychology. In an alternate pull, I can see myself make use of

my Bachelor’s Degree in computer Science to pursue a career as a data analysis or

architect while expanding on my college thesis regarding Artificial Intelligence used as a

mode of learning and organization. While I see myself being in a long- term romantic

relationship, I don’t see myself getting married or bearing children.