REVIEW

EXERCISE 1

180
QUESTION 1

(a) It is known that the average number of power outages occur in a city is six times for every
18 months.

(i) What is the expected number of power outage occurring in a year?

(ii) Find the probability that at least three outages occur in a year.
(iii) Find the probability that there is no power outage occur in nine months.

(b) An oil drilling company ventures into 10 different locations for the purpose of oil
extraction. It is known that the success of oil extraction is independent from one location
to another with a probability of 0.59.

(i) What is the type of random variable and probability distribution can be used in
this situation?
(ii) Find the probability that the oil is extracted from at least four locations.
(iii) Find the probability that the oil is extracted from exactly seven locations.
(iv) What is the probability of no oil extraction in at most five locations?

(c) A machine in a company produces an electrical resistor that are specified to have a
resistance between 65.5 to 66.2 ohms. It is known that the resistance of the electrical
resistors is normally distributed with a mean of 65.8 ohms and a standard deviation of
1.73 ohms.

(i) What is the probability that the resistance of the electrical resistors will not meet
the specification?
(ii) If a random sample of 50 resistors are selected, find the probability that the
mean resistance is less than 65.6 ohms.

181
QUESTION 2

(a) A psychologist claims that the mean age at which children start walking is 12.5 months.
Ilyas wanted to check if this is true. He took a random sample of 20 children and found
that the mean age at which these children started walking was 12.9 months with a
variance of 0.49 months. Based on this case study,

i) state the hypothesis statement.

ii) compute the standard error of mean.
iii) compute the test statistics.
iv) find the critical value using 1% significance level.
v) is there enough evidence for Ilyas to reject the psychologist claims at 0.01
level of significance.

(b) Nice Taste company produced variety of healthy foods for breakfast. They recently
received a complaint from consumer that one of their product which is organic cornflakes
is saltier than before. The management of the company are very concerned about their
customers’ health and instruct the quality engineer to check the sodium content (salt) in
their organic cornflakes product. Based on the company’s claim, the standard deviation
of sodium content is 0.93. The quality engineer then randomly took 30 of 250 grams’
boxes of organic cornflakes and found that the mean of sodium content is 134.72
milligram for each box.

(i) What kind of test that can be used in this study? Explain.
(ii) The company claims that the mean sodium content of cornflakes is less than
130 milligram. Can you support the company’s claim? Explain your conclusion
on your testing using 5% significance level.

182
QUESTION 3

Researchers at the Centre for Road Safety Testing wanted to find how the age of two brands
of cars affects their breaking capability. They tested 10 cars of different ages for both car
brands and recorded the minimum stopping distances at a particular speed the cars can
achieve. The results are shown in Table Q3.

Table Q3

Types of Age Minimum Stopping Distance (meters)

Car (months) Brand A Brand B
A 10 29.0 29.9
B 15 29.3 30.1
C 20 36.0 32.3
D 25 36.2 34.5
E 30 36.6 36.1
F 35 37.4 36.6
G 40 37.7 37.2
H 45 44.1 42.8
I 50 44.9 43.1
J 55 45.8 44.0

Answer the following questions based on the summary output given in APPENDIX A.

(a) State the independent and dependent variable for this case study.
(b) Write down the linear regression equations.
(c) State the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination values for Brand A car,
hence interpret the results.
(d) What do the slope and the constant value tell you about the age of car and the minimum
stopping distance (meters) for Brand B car?
(e) Predict the minimum stopping distance of the car for the given age:

(i) If age is 52 months for Brand A car.

(ii) If age is nine months for Brand B car.
(iii) If age is 18 months for Brand B car.

183
QUESTION 4

(a) List the assumptions that need to be followed in order to apply the One-Way Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) procedure for hypothesis testing.
(b) An investigation was carried out to study the toxic effects of mercury in the lab. 10
different concentrations of mercury were compared with respect to their effects on
average dry weight. The basic experiment was replicated four times for a total of 40
observations. The investigator reported that the ANOVA F statistic value obtained is
1.895. Using a significance level of 0.05, test the hypothesis that the true mean dry weight
is the same for all 10 concentration levels.

(c) A study is being made to determine whether the types of failure of drive shaft component
and workmanship are related. There are two types of failures possible and two shift
operators among daily shift are considered. The quality control manager randomly
selected 150 samples of drive shaft component and carefully inspect them. The data
have been taken and recorded as shown in Table Q4.
Table Q4

Failure Type I Failure Type II

Daily Shift 80 10

Night Shift 40 20

At the 1% significance level, would you conclude that the type of failure for drive shaft
component is independent with the workmanship for both shift?

184
APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR QUESTION 3

BRAND A

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.9556

R Square 0.9133

Adjusted R Square 0.9024

Standard Error 1.8366

Observations 10.0000

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value

Intercept 25.6376 1.4369 17.8424 0.0000

X Variable 1 0.3712 0.0404 9.1779 0.0000

BRAND B

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.9791

R Square 0.9586

Adjusted R Square 0.9534

Standard Error 1.1282

Observations 10

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value

Intercept 25.6691 0.8827 29.0815 0.0000

X Variable 1 0.3382 0.0248 13.6136 0.0000

185
 REVIEW
EXERCISE 2

186
QUESTION 1

(a) An established company produces an electrical product. The product tends to defect
and it follows a discrete distribution with mean 3 and variance 2.55.
(i) What is the total number of product, n that have been produced? State the
probability of defects, p from this study.
(ii) Find P ( x = 3) .

(b) It is known that only 35% of defective computers can be repaired. A sample of 20
computers is selected randomly.
(i) Find the probability that exactly three computers can be repaired.
(ii) Find the probability that at most six computers can be repaired.
(iii) How many computers are expected to be repaired and what is the standard
deviation?

(c) An engineer of an electronic component company will check all components per hour
to see if there are any defective items. The task follows a distribution with mean of 3.
(i) State the probability distribution that is used in this study.
(ii) Find the probability that at least ten defective components being detected in 3
hours period.
(iii) What is the probability of having less than five defective components in half an
hour period?

(d) A nursery sells lawn fertilizer where each bag contains 2 kg of fertilizer. The weight of
fertilizer in a 2 kg bag can be modelled by a normal distribution with a mean of 2.5 kg
and standard deviation of 0.15 kg.

(i) Calculate the probability that the weight of fertilizer in every 2 kg bag is more
than 2.2 kg.
(ii) What is the probability if the weight of fertilizer is in between 2 kg and 2.8 kg?
(iii) Four samples of 2 kg bags fertilizers are randomly selected. What is the
probability that the mean weight of fertilizer of 2 kg bag is in between 2.35 kg
and 2.75 kg?

187
QUESTION 2

(a) A hospital uses a large quantity of packed dose of a particular drug. It is known that the
average packed dose is 100cc. From previous experience, the dosages in the packed
dose from the same manufacturer have a standard deviation of 2cc. To test whether
the new batch of packed dose have the same amount of dosage, 50 samples are taken
and the result shows an average of 99.75cc. At 10% level of significance, do you have
enough evidence to reject the claim?

(b) A company that produces light bulbs claims that the average life span of its bulbs is at
most 4000 hours. A sample of 15 bulbs were randomly selected and tested. The result
shows an average of life span is 4350 hours and standard deviation is 124.748 hours.
Is there enough evidence to support the claim at 2.5% level of significant?

QUESTION 3

The owner of Red’s Towing and Garage Service is interested in finding the relationship
between the lowest temperature in the winter day and the number of emergency road service
calls for his shop services. Table 3.1 gives the lowest temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) on
seven winter days and the number of emergency road service calls received on those days.

Table 3.1

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lowest
temperature 15 0 24 -10 30 9 36
(F)
Number of 12 22 16 31 7 24 6
calls

Answer the following questions based on the summary output given in APPENDIX I.

(a) State the independent and dependent variable for this case study.
(b) Write down the linear regression equation.
(c) State the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination values, hence interpret
the results.
(d) What do the slope and the constant value tell you about the lowest temperature and
number of calls for seven days of winter?

188
(e) Predict the number of calls received for the given temperature.
(iv) If temperature is -14F.
(v) If temperature is 21F.

QUESTION 4
(a) A fast food franchise is testing three new menus to be added in their restaurant menu.
Six franchise restaurants are randomly chosen to test whether the new menu added
have the same popularity as the existing menu. Table 4.1 represents the sales figures
for the three new menus introduced in these six franchise restaurant.

Table 4.1

Menu 1 Menu 2 Menu 3

22 52 16

42 33 24

44 8 19

52 47 18

45 43 34

37 32 39

(i) Construct the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table for the experiment.
(ii) At 5% level of significance, test whether the mean sales volume for the three
new menu items are all equal.

(b) In a study of television viewing habits among teenagers, a development psychologist

selects a random sample of 300 first year students in a university to test the
dependency of gender and the film genre. The results are shown in the Table 4.2(b)(i)
below.
Table 4.2(b)(i)
Interest Viewing Preferences Total
Action Science Horror
Gender Fiction
Male 50 a 20 b
Female 50 80 c 200
Total 100 d 90 300

189
(i) Compute the value of a, b, c and d.
(ii) Calculate the expected values (e and f) and the Chi Square value (g, h and i),
hence complete Table 4.2(b)(ii).

Table 4.2(b)(ii)
Observed Values, (O ) Expected Values, (E ) (O − E ) 2
E
50 33.3333 g
a 36.6667 1.2121
20 e 3.3333
50 66.6667 h
80 f 0.6060
c 60 1.6667
χ2= i

(iii) At 10% significance level, can you conclude that the film genres are related with
the gender?

190
APPENDIX 1

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR QUESTION 3

Regression Statistics

Multiple R -0.9330

R Square 0.8705

Adjusted R
Square 0.8446

Standard
Error 3.6582

Observations 7

ANOVA

df SS MS F

Regression 1 449.9437 449.9438 33.6214

Residual 5 66.9134 13.3827

Total 6 516.8571

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value

Intercept 24.6562 1.9290 12.7820 0.00005214

X Variable 1 -0.5249 0.0905 -5.7984 0.00215007

191
 REVIEW
EXERCISE 3

192
QUESTION 1

(a) It is known that the average of rain occur in Melaka is eight times for every 13 days.

(i) What is the expected number of rains occurring in one week?

(ii) Find the probability that at least three rains occur in one week.

(b) In 2017, percentage of people in Melaka aged 15 years and above using internet was
80.1 percent, increased by 9.0 percent compared to 2015.

(i) Find the probability at least three out of 10 Melaka people aged 15 years and
above using the internet in 2015.

(ii) Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation for people in Melaka, where in
2015 the population of people aged 15 and above was 232,412.

(c) In 2016, Malaysian household income can be divided into three classes; bottom 40%
(B40), middle 40% (M40) and top 20% (T20), as shown in Table Q1(c).

Table Q1(c)

Income Class Midpoint Frequency

B40 RM3,000 11,361,400

M40 RM6,275 11,361,400

T20 RM13,148 5,680,700

(i) Find the approximate mean and standard deviation of Malaysian population.

(ii) If 100 Malaysian are randomly selected as sample, Find the probability that the
monthly income is less than RM5,000.

193
QUESTION 2

(a) A tyre manufacturing company claims that their machine can produce an average of
18 tires per hour with a standard deviation of 3.2 tires per hour. The management in
the company recommended a new machine to be installed so that the production will
be increased but required higher cost to install. Before deciding to implement the
changes, 14 new machines were tested and found that the average tyre produces are
18.5 tires per hour. Assume that the tyre produced per hour is normally distributed. At
10% level of significance, is there enough evidence to support the company’s claim?
Is it worth buying a new machine?

(b) A robotic vacuum cleaner company claims that mean height of obstacle that their
product can climb is at most 2.2 cm high for cleaning purpose. A customer who bought
the robotic vacuum makes a complaint that the vacuum gets easily stuck at any
obstacle during cleaning process. The quality control department took a sample of 35
vacuums and found that the mean height of obstacle that the vacuum can climb is 2.1
cm with a standard deviation of 0.34 cm. Assume that the height of obstacle that the
vacuum can climb is normally distributed. At 10% level of significance, do you have
enough evidence to reject the company’s claim?

194
QUESTION 3

An engineer in a company is investigating the relationship between the age of a machine and
the number of failures occur in that particular machine for a year. Table Q3 below shows the
sample data for the age and the number of failures occur from the machine in a year.

Table Q3 : Table of Age of Machine and Number of Failures

Age of Machine Number of Failures

(in Months) (in a year)

32 46

11 21

28 39

120 86

9 13

56 62

12 24

29 43

93 77

18 31

43 54

25 39

17 28

26 42

35 51

195
Answer the following question using the summary output given in APPENDIX 1.
(a) Determine the independent and dependent variable.

(b) Draw a scatter plot that represent the data and explain the relationship between
age and the number of failure occur of the machine.

(c) State the equation for the regression line.

(d) Give a brief explanation on the values of a and b .

(e) Predict the number of failures occur for the given age of machine:

(i) 39 months

(ii) 130 months

(iii) 47 months

(f) Determine the value of correlation, r and coefficient of determination, r 2 .

(g) Interpret the meaning of values obtained in (f).

QUESTION 4

(a) List the assumptions that must follows to apply the One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) procedure to test hypothesis.

(b) A research was carried out to study the number of semiconductor chip batch defects
in a production line. 13 different semiconductor chip batches were compared with
respect to their number of defects according to the chip’s batch. The basic experiment
was replicated three times for a total of 39 observations. The researcher reported that
the ANOVA F statistic value obtained is 2.83. Using a significance level of 0.05, test
the hypothesis that the mean number of defects is different for all 13 semiconductor
chip batches.

(c) A study was conducted to determine whether the types of failure of robot manipulator
with production period are related. There are two types of failures that might occur
within two production periods in the factory. The quality control manager randomly
selected 100 samples and inspect them carefully. The data have been taken and
recorded as shown in Table Q4(c).

196
 Table Q4(c) : Table of Production Period and Failure Type

Production Period Failure Type I Failure Type II

Normal Hours 30 10

Peak Hours 40 20

At 1% significance level, would you conclude that the type of failure for robot
manipulator is independent with both production period?

APPENDIX 1

OUTPUT FOR QUESTION 3

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.9481199

R Square 0.89893134

Adjusted R Square 0.89115682

Standard Error 6.65630748

Observations 15

ANOVA

df SS MS F Significance F

Regression 1 5122.94975 5122.94975 115.625426 7.7013E-08

Residual 13 575.98358 44.3064292

Total 14 5698.93333

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 21.154141 2.71348468 7.79593159 2.9639E-06 15.2920137 27.0162682

X Variable 1 0.61134997 0.05685429 10.7529264 7.7013E-08 0.48852375 0.7341762

197