Motor Principle

BMMM 3513
Instructor : Hamzah Bin Mohd Dom
What is motor
 Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

 Motor Application :-

 Advantages versus ___________?

Motor Parts

 Enclosure/Casing
 Stator
 Rotor
 Slip ring
 Carbon brush
 Bearing
 Winding terminal (Stator & Field)
 Shaft
 North & South magnetic poles
 Cooling fan
Enclosure/Casing
 Holds parts together
 Helps with heat dissipation
 In some cases, protects internal
components from the environment.
Shaft
 Transmitting torque and rotation
Stator
 “Stationary” part of the motor sometimes referred to as “the windings”. •
 Slotted cores made of thin sections of soft iron are wound with insulated copper
wire to form one or more pairs of magnetic poles Rotor
Rotor
 “Rotating” part of the motor.
 Magnetic field from the stator induces an opposing magnetic field onto the rotor
causing the rotor to “push” away from the stator field.
Slip ring
Slip Ring (An electrical slip ring is a rotary continuity device to transfer electrical
power from a stationary to rotating member
 Carbon Brush
Part of slip ring which connects to the shaft
 Bearing
 Name plate
IP Ratings (Ingress Protection)
A two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission, is used to provide an
Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment.
First digit: Second digit:
IP..
Ingress of solid objects Ingress of liquids
0 No protection No protection
Protected against solid objects over 50mm Protected against vertically falling drops of water or
1
e.g. hands, large tools. condensation.
Protected against solid objects over 12.5mm Protected against falling drops of water, if the case is
2
e.g. hands, large tools. disposed up to 15 from vertical.
Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even
3
e.g. wire, small tools. if the case is disposed up to 60from vertical.
Protected against solid objects over 1.0mm
4 Protected against splash water from any direction.
e.g. wires.
Limited protection against dust ingress. Protected against low pressure water jets from any
5
(no harmful deposit) direction. Limited ingress permitted.
Protected against high pressure water jets from any
6 Totally protected against dust ingress.
direction. Limited ingress permitted.

7 N/A Protected against short periods of immersion in water.

Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in
8 N/A
water.
Protected against close-range high pressure, high
9k N/A
temperature spray downs.
Motor types
Motor Connection

 Star
 Delta

Alphabet U,V and W represent winding

L1, L2 and L3 represent phasor life terminal
 Y connection

• The three conductors leading away from the voltage sources (windings) toward a load are typically
called lines, while the windings themselves are typically called phases. In a Y-connected system, there may
or may not (Figure below) be a neutral wire attached at the junction point in the middle.

• When we measure voltage and current in three-phase systems, we need to be specific as to where we’re
measuring.

• Line voltage refers to the amount of voltage measured between any two line conductors in a balanced three-
phase system. With the above circuit, the line voltage is roughly 208 volts.

• Phase voltage refers to the voltage measured across any one component (source winding or load impedance)
in a balanced three-phase source or load. For the circuit shown above, the phase voltage is 120 volts. The
terms line current and phase current follow the same logic: the former referring to current through any one
line conductor, and the latter to current through any one component.
 Y connection

• Y-connected sources and loads always have line voltages greater than phase voltages, and line currents
equal to phase currents. If the Y-connected source or load is balanced, the line voltage will be equal to
the phase voltage times the square root of 3:

• However, the “Y” configuration is not the only valid one for connecting three-phase voltage source or
load elements together. Another configuration is known as the “Delta,” for its geometric resemblance
to the Greek letter of the same name (Δ).
 Δ connection

• At first glance it seems as though three voltage sources like this would create a short-circuit, electrons
flowing around the triangle with nothing but the internal impedance of the windings to hold them
back. Due to the phase angles of these three voltage sources, however, this is not the case

• One quick check of this is to use Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to see if the three voltages around the loop
add up to zero. If they do, then there will be no voltage available to push current around and around
that loop, and consequently, there will be no circulating current. Starting with the top winding and
progressing counter-clockwise, our KVL expression looks something like this:

• Indeed, if we add these three vector quantities together, they do add up to zero. Another way to verify
the fact that these three voltage sources can be connected together in a loop without resulting in
circulating currents is to open up the loop at one junction point and calculate voltage across the break
 Δ connection

• Because each pair of line conductors is connected directly across a single winding in a Δ circuit, the
line voltage will be equal to the phase voltage. Conversely, because each line conductor attaches at a
node between two windings, the line current will be the vector sum of the two joining phase currents.
Not surprisingly, the resulting equations for a Δ configuration are as follows:
Example
Conclusion
 So each line current in this three-phase power system is equal to 144.34 amps,
which is substantially more than the line currents in the Y-connected system we
looked at earlier. One might wonder if we’ve lost all the advantages of three-
phase power here, given the fact that we have such greater conductor currents,
necessitating thicker, more costly wire. The answer is no. Although this circuit
would require three number 1 gage copper conductors
 One distinct advantage of a Δ-connected system is its lack of a neutral wire. With
a Y-connected system, a neutral wire was needed in case one of the phase loads
were to fail open (or be turned off), in order to keep the phase voltages at the
load from changing. This is not necessary (or even possible!) in a Δ-connected
circuit. With each load phase element directly connected across a respective
source phase winding, the phase voltage will be constant regardless of open
failures in the load elements.
 Perhaps the greatest advantage of the Δ-connected source is its fault tolerance. It
is possible for one of the windings in a Δ-connected three-phase source to fail
open without affecting load voltage or current!