ACTIVITY 1 – FAMILIARIZATION OF THE ELECTRICAL MACHINE

LABORATORY APPARATUS

NAME: CONDE, ROSALINDA D.C.

COURSE/YEAR/SECTION: BSEE-3D
GROUP NO.:
DATE: OCTOBER 10, 2021

OBJECTIVES

To make students familiar with frequently used electrical equipment.

INTRODUCTION / THEORY

Theory

1) Resistor

Resistance can be defined as the opposition to current caused by a resistor. The

resistance R in ohms (Ω) is equal to the voltage V in volts (V) divided by the current I
in amps (A):

R=V/I

Figure: Resistor color guide

2) Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical

component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors
(plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films of
metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The 'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase the
capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper,
mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a
capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C, in farads in the SI

system of units, defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge Q on each
conductor to the voltage V between them:

C = Q/V

3) Inductor

An Inductor, also called a choke, is another passive type electrical component

consisting of a coil of wire designed to take advantage of this relationship by inducing
a magnetic field in itself or within its core as a result of the current flowing through the
wire coil. Forming a wire coil into an inductor result in a much stronger magnetic field
than one that would be produced by a simple coil of wire. Inductors are formed with
wire tightly wrapped around a solid central core which can be either a straight
cylindrical rod or a continuous loop or ring to concentrate their magnetic flux. The
schematic symbol for an inductor is that of a coil of wire so therefore, a coil of wire can
also be called an Inductor.

4) Rheostat

Rheostat, adjustable resistor is used in applications that require the adjustment of

current or the varying of resistance in an electric circuit. The rheostat can adjust
generator characteristics, dim lights, and start or control the speed of motors. Its
resistance element can be a metal wire or ribbon, carbon, or a conducting liquid,
depending on the application. For average currents, the metallic type is most common;
for very small currents, the carbon type is used; and for large currents, the electrolytic
type, in which electrodes are placed in a conducting fluid, is most suitable.

5) Voltmeter

A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the
potential difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit.
Some voltmeters are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits; others are
designed for alternating current (AC) circuits. A basic analog voltmeter consists of a
sensitive galvanometer (current meter) in series with high resistance. The internal
resistance of a voltmeter must be high. Otherwise, it will draw significant current, and
thereby disturb the operation of the circuit under test. The sensitivity of the
galvanometer and the value of the series resistance determine the range of voltages
that the meter can display.

6) Ammeter

The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the
flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the
flows of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter. The ideal ammeter
has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance.
The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of resistance.
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance
called shunt resistance in parallel to the galvanometer.

7) Relay

The relay is the device that open or close the contacts to cause the operation of the
other electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an
assigned area and gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the
affected area. Thus, protects the system from damage. It works on the principle of an
electromagnetic attraction. Hence, the circuit of the relay senses the fault current, it
energizes the electromagnetic field which produces the temporary magnetic field. This
magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the connections. The
small power relay has only one contact, and the high-power relay has two contacts for
opening the switch. The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has
an iron core which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil
through the contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flows through the
coil produces the magnetic field around it. Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of
the magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence close the circuit, which makes the current
flow through the load. If the contact is already closed, then it moves oppositely and
hence open the contacts.

8) Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or faults current. It
is a mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in
addition, performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for
the closing or opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from
damage.

9) Auto Transformer

An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated

core. An autotransformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differs in the way
the primary and secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common
to both primary and secondary sides. On load condition, a part of the load current is
obtained directly from the supply, and the remaining part is obtained by the transformer
action. An Autotransformer works as a voltage regulator.

PRE-TEST

1. With Ohm's law, if voltage increases and resistance stays the same:
a. current remains the same
b. power decreases
c. current increases
d. resistance decreases

2. Capacitor stores which type of energy?

a. potential energy
b. vibrational energy
c. kinetic energy
d. heat energy

3. The electrical energy consumed by a coil is stored in the form of:

a. an electrical field
b. a force field
c. an electrostatic field
d. a magnetic field

4. Protective relays can be designed to respond to ___________

a. Light intensity, impedance
b. Temperature, resistance, reactance
c. Voltage and current
d. All of these

5. The internal resistance of a voltmeter must be very high so that:

a. Minimum current passes through the meter
b. Range is high
c. Accuracy is high
d. Loading effect is maximum

PROCEDURES

This Experiment aims to make students familiar with frequently used electrical
equipment. To perform the experiment:

Step 1: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipment.

Step 2: Click on "Next".
Step 3: Drag the component/symbol from first row to the suitable second row box
based on description given.
Step 4: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipment.
Step 5: Click on "Next".
Step 6: Drag the component/symbol from first row to the suitable second row box
based on description given.
Step 5: Click on "Submit".

VIRTUAL SIMULATION

https://ems-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/electrical-machines-(simulation)/exp/lab-equipment-
familiarization/simulation.html

POST-TEST

1. What happens to current and resistance if the voltage doubles?

a. Current doubles and resistance doubles.
b. Current doubles and resistance is halved.
c. Current remains the same and resistance doubles.
d. Current doubles and resistance remains the same.

2. If a parallel plate capacitor of plate area 2m2 and a plate separation of 1m store
the charge of 1.77* 10-11 C. What is the voltage across the capacitor?
a. 1V
b. 2V
c. 3V
d. 4V

3. Direction of rotation of motor is determined by ____________

a. Faraday’s law
b. Lenz’s law
c. Coulomb’s law
d. Fleming’s left-hand rule

4. Plug setting of an electromagnetic relay can be altered by varying:

a. Number of ampere turns
b. Air gap of magnetic path
c. Adjustable back stop
d. None of these

5. Sensitivity of a voltmeter is given by the:

a. Ohms per volt
b. Reciprocal of full-scale deflection current
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above

REFERENCES

Virtual Lab https://ems-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/

N. Mohan, Electric Machines and Drives: A First Course, Wiley, 2012.

A. Veltman, D.W.J. Pulle, and R.W. DeDoncker, Advanced Electrical Drives: Analysis,
Modeling, Control, Springer, 2011.

J.L. Kirtley, Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution, and Use,
Wiley, 2010.

A. Veltman, D.W.J. Pulle, and R.W. DeDoncker, Fundamentals of Electrical Drives,

Springer, 2007.

I. Boldea and S.A Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press, 2nd ed. 2006.

J. Chiasson, Modeling and High-Performance Control of Electric Machines, Wiley-

IEEE, 2005.

P.C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S.D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery and
Drive Systems, IEEE Press, 2nd ed. 2002.

B. Amin, Induction Motors: Analysis and Torque Control, Springer, 2002.

N. Mohan, Advanced Electric Drives: Analysis, Control and Modeling using Simulink,
published by MNPERE (www.MNPERE.com), 2001.

W. Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives, Springer, 3rd ed. 2001.