1.

Familiarization of the electrical machine laboratory

apparatus
Aim
To make students familiar with frequently used electrical equipment

Theory
1) Resistor
Resistance can be defined as the opposition to current caused by a resistor. The resistance R in ohms
(Ω) is equal to the voltage V in volts (V) divided by the current I in amps (A):

R = V /I

2) Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors
vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric
(i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The
'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be
glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field
between its plates.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C, in farads in the SI system of
units, defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge Q on each conductor to the
voltage V between them:
 C = Q/V

3) Inductor
An Inductor, also called a choke, is another passive type electrical component consisting of a
coil of wire designed to take advantage of this relationship by inducing a magnetic field in
itself or within its core as a result of the current flowing through the wire coil. Forming a wire
coil into an inductor result in a much stronger magnetic field than one that would be produced
by a simple coil of wire. Inductors are formed with wire tightly wrapped around a solid
central core which can be either a straight cylindrical rod or a continuous loop or ring to
concentrate their magnetic flux. The schematic symbol for an inductor is that of a coil of wire
so therefore, a coil of wire can also be called an Inductor.

4) Rheostat
Rheostat, adjustable resistor is used in applications that require the adjustment of current or
the varying of resistance in an electric circuit. The rheostat can adjust generator
characteristics, dim lights, and start or control the speed of motors. Its resistance element can
be a metal wire or ribbon, carbon, or a conducting liquid, depending on the application. For
average currents, the metallic type is most common; for very small currents, the carbon type
is used; and for large currents, the electrolytic type, in which electrodes are placed in a
conducting fluid, is most suitable.

5)Voltmeter
A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the potential
difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit. Some
voltmeters are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits; others are designed for
alternating current (AC) circuits. A basic analog voltmeter consists of a sensitive
galvanometer (current meter) in series with high resistance. The internal resistance of a
voltmeter must be high. Otherwise, it will draw significant current, and thereby disturb the
operation of the circuit under test. The sensitivity of the galvanometer and the value of the
series resistance determine the range of voltages that the meter can display.

6) Ammeter
The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the flow of
electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flows of current in
ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter. The ideal ammeter has zero internal
resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of
the ammeter depends on the value of resistance. Galvenometer can be converted into an
ammeter by connecting a low resistance called shunt resistance in parallel to the
galvanometer.

7) Relay
The relay is the device that open or close the contacts to cause the operation of the other electric
control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an assigned area and gives the
commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area. Thus protects the system from
damage. It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction.hen the circuit of the relay
senses the fault current, it energizes the electromagnetic field which produces the temporary
magnetic field. This magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the
connections. The small power relay has only one contact, and the high power relay has two
contacts for opening the switch. The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It
has an iron core which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil through
the contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flows through the coil produces the
magnetic field around it. Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of the magnet attracts the
lower arm. Hence close the circuit, which makes the current flow through the load. If the
contact is already closed, then it moves oppositely and hence open the contacts.

8) Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or faults current. It is a
mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in addition,
performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for the closing or
opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage.

9) Auto Transformer
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated core. An
autotransformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differs in the way the primary and
secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary sides. On load condition, a part of the load current is obtained directly from the
supply, and the remaining part is obtained by the transformer action. An Autotransformer
works as a voltage regulator.

Procedure
This Experiment aims to make students familiar with frequently used electrical equipment. To
perform the experiment :
Step 1: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipments.
Step 2: Click on "Next".
Step 3: Drag the component/symbol from first row to the suitable second row box based on
description given.
Step 4: Click on name, symbol and function of respective equipments.
Step 5: Click on "Next".
Step 6: Drag the component/symbol from first row to the suitable second row box based on
description given.
Step 7: Click on "Submit".

Simulation
https://ems-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/electrical-machines-(simulation)/exp/lab-equipment-familiarization/round-
template/experiment/simulation/main.html

References

1. N. Mohan, Electric Machines and Drives: A First Course, Wiley, 2012.

2. A. Veltman, D.W.J. Pulle, and R.W. DeDoncker, Advanced Electrical Drives: Analysis,
Modeling, Control, Springer, 2011.
3. J.L. Kirtley, Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution, and Use, Wiley,
2010.
4. A. Veltman, D.W.J. Pulle, and R.W. DeDoncker, Fundamentals of Electrical Drives,
Springer, 2007.
5. I. Boldea and S.A Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press, 2nd ed. 2006.
6. J. Chiasson, Modeling and High Performance Control of Electric Machines, Wiley-IEEE,
2005.
7. P.C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S.D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive
Systems,IEEE Press, 2nd ed. 2002.
8. B. Amin, Induction Motors: Analysis and Torque Control, Springer, 2002.
9. N. Mohan, Advanced Electric Drives: Analysis, Control and Modeling using Simulink ,
published by MNPERE (www.MNPERE.com), 2001.
10. W. Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives, Springer, 3rd ed. 2001.