POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF PUEBLA

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Fundamentals of electronic engineering

PRACTICE 4:

TEACHER: JESÚS BALAM MARCOS JIMÉNEZ

MEMBERS:
MURRIETA CRUZ DIANA OLIVIA
MORALES REYES OSWALDO
MARTÍNEZ RAMOS JESUS
PADILLA RAMIREZ NATALIA MICHELLE
CUAUTLE COYOTECATL ANA GABRIEL

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 ÍNDICE

OBJECTIVES__________________________________________________________________ 3
INTRODUCTION______________________________________________________________ 4
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS____________________________________________________ 5
Direct voltage_____________________________________________________________ 5
Electrical circuits__________________________________________________________ 6
Electric resistance_________________________________________________________ 6
Power supply______________________________________________________________7
Protoboards_______________________________________________________________ 7
PROCEDURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRACTICE OR PROJECT__________ 13
Step 1_____________________________________________________________________ 13
Step 2____________________________________________________________________ 14
Step 3____________________________________________________________________ 14
Step 4____________________________________________________________________ 15
Step 5____________________________________________________________________ 15
Step 6____________________________________________________________________ 16
RESULTS OBTAINED_________________________________________________________ 17
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES______________________________________________ 26

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OBJECTIVES
GENERAL
GENERAL Provide an effective means for detecting and monitoring specific
objects, materials or conditions in various industrial and commercial
environments. These sensors allow the presence or absence of objects to be
detected without direct physical contact, making them ideal for applications
where accurate and reliable detection is required.
In general the use of inductive and capacitive sensors is to improve efficiency,
accuracy and safety in various industrial and commercial applications by
reliable detection of specific objects and conditions.

SPECIFIC
● Know how each one works and identify their differences.
● Propose different applications of the sensors previously seen.
● Recognize the wide application of these sensors in a basic and complex
way.

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INTRODUCTION
Capacitive and inductive sensors are devices used in a wide variety of industrial
applications to detect the presence or absence of objects. These sensors are
essential in the automation of processes, since they provide information about
the work environment and allow devices and systems to be activated or
deactivated based on the conditions detected. Capacitive sensors work by
detecting changes in the electric field around them, while inductive sensors
use the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect metal objects.
On the other hand, a three-phase contactor is an electromechanical device
used to control the flow of current in three-phase electrical circuits. It consists
of a set of electrical contacts that open and close using an electromagnetic
coil. The three-phase contactor is used to activate and deactivate high-power
electrical loads, such as three-phase motors, heating systems, industrial
lighting, among others. Its operation involves closing the main electrical circuit
when a current is applied to the electromagnetic coil, and opening it when
said current is interrupted. Together, these components contribute to the
efficiency and safety of industrial systems.

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THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

Electrical circuits
An electrical circuit is the set of electrical elements connected to each other
that allow the generation, transport and use of electrical energy with the
purpose of transforming it into another type of energy.
The elements of an electrical circuit that are used to achieve this are the
following:
Generator. Part of the circuit where electricity is produced, maintaining a
voltage difference between its ends.
Conductor: Wire through which the electrons driven by the generator circulate.
Electrical resistance: These are elements of the circuit that oppose the passage
of electric current.
Switch: Element that allows opening or closing the passage of electric current. If
the switch is open, electrons do not circulate and if it is closed, they allow their
passage.

Electric resistance
They are fundamental elements in any electrical-electronic circuit; Electrical
resistances consume electric current and are capable of transforming part or
sometimes all of the electrical energy into energy in the form of heat.

Picture 1.- Parts of an electrical resistance

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Socket
A device used to connect two or more electrical conductors. It is made up of two
parts: a male plug and a female plug. The male plug has pins or blades that
insert into the holes of the female plug.

Picture 2-. Socket

Incandescent spotlight.
An incandescent bulb is a light source that uses an electrical current to heat a
filament until it becomes incandescent and emits light. The filament is usually
made of tungsten, which has a very high melting point. The filament is enclosed
in a vacuum glass bulb or filled with an inert gas, such as argon or krypton, to
prevent the filament from oxidizing.

Picture 3-. Incandescent spotlight.

Sensor Capacitivo NPN

A capacitive sensor is especially suitable for performing presence checks
and distance measurements in very small spaces. Values can be
determined with nanometer accuracy. The sensors are therefore suitable
for a wide range of applications. They are used, for example, in touch
screens of smartphones, in scanning tunneling microscopes or in
assembly installations. Capacitive sensors work on the principle of an
ideal plate capacitor. One of the plates is the sensor itself. The other is the
opposite measurement object. An electric field is generated between the
two plates. A protective ring around the structure ensures that the

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electric field is as homogeneous as possible. If a body enters the field, the
distance between the two plates changes. This can be measured.

Picture 4-. Sensor Capacitivo NPN

Sensor inductivo NPN

An inductive sensor has the task of determining the distance to a metal
object without contact. If a certain distance is not reached (the switching
distance S) the sensor triggers an action. Therefore, it is an indispensable
tool in automation, for example as an aid for guiding the manipulator
arms of industrial machines. However, its fields of application are clearly
broader. For example, an inductive sensor can also monitor liquid levels
with the help of metal floats. Its versatility makes it a valuable auxiliary
means in all industrial sectors and in a large number of machines.

Picture 5-.NPN Inductive Sensor

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Botoneras industriales
Its operating principle is quite simple. It consists of an electrical
mechanism composed of two states (non-pulsed and pulsed), which
allow or stop the flow of current necessary for the instrument to develop
its abilities. Its connectors are maintained separately, through pressure on
the button panels join together allowing the flow of current, activating its
operation.

The non-pulsing state is when the device is at rest. The pulsating state is
when the element is under pressure, partially allowing the flow of electric
current. There are different types of keypads such as normally open or
normally closed which will be used depending on the operation.

Picture 6-.Keypads

Relayer.
It is an electromagnetic device that works like a circuit breaker to control an
independent electrical circuit. It consists of a coil that, when energized by an
electric current, generates a magnetic field that activates a mechanical switch.
This switch opens or closes electrical contacts, allowing or interrupting the
passage of current in another circuit.

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 Picture 7. Relayer

DIRECT 12v SOURCE

A sealed lead-acid battery (SLAB) is a type of rechargeable battery that uses a
chemical reaction between lead and sulfuric acid to generate electricity. SLAB
batteries are sealed and maintenance-free, making them a good choice for
applications where access is difficult or maintenance is infrequent.

Picture 8-. Direct 12 v source

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PROCEDURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PRACTICE OR PROJECT
Step 1
Verify that all materials are on the work table
Materials:
● Inductive sensor
● Capacitive sensor
● 1kΩ resistor
● Button panel
● Wire #16
● Socket
● Incandescent light

Picture 9-. Circuits

It began by explaining the difference between PNP and NPN order sensors
where their variation will only be indicated by their “load” or “order”
Positive-Negative-Positive (PNP) and Negative-Positive-Negative (NPN) and the
way in which that the components such as the LED, resistors, rely or, failing that,
the three-phase contactor will be connected.

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Step 2
Given the explanation of the sensors and how they should be identified, the first
circuits were assembled so that we could see their operation and be able to
identify them. The first sensor that was tested was the capacitive one which was
connected with an LED as indicated by the circuit given by the teacher. When
connecting we had to be careful because it could present a short circuit or even
the LED would not turn on due to the bad connection. The entire circuit was
powered by a voltage of 24V. Once it was working, the teacher was called to give
the go-ahead and continue working.

Picture 10-. PRACTICE PART 1

Step 3
Understanding the operation of the capacitive sensor, it was removed from the
current and the inductive one was placed in its place, with the same procedure,
powered with a current of 24V. The teacher was called to give approval.

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 Picture 11-. PRACTICE PART 2

Step 4
Once the identification of the sensors was completed, we proceeded to carry
out circuit one, step 1, which was to connect more elements that the teacher
requested, in which we used: 1 normally open button panel, 1 1k ohm resistor
and an LED. When connecting the elements, a 24V current was applied. In this
circuit, the normally open button panel was used, which meant that when you
press it, it allows the current to pass, and when you stop acting on it, the current
is interrupted. With the resistor and LED were soldered for more practical
handling, the capacitive sensor (S1) was used and a normally open button (NO)
was used.

Picture 12-. PRACTICE PART 3

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Step 4
Once the previous step was finished, the same circuit was made but this time the
sensor was the inductive sensor (S2) it was the same so we did this step quickly
together with the normally closed button (NC).

Picture 13-. PRACTICE PART 4

Step 5

The next step was to make a circuit with the keypads (PB1) and (PB2) in series
and a voltage of 24 volts and the same sensors in series, one resistorof 1k each
and an LED, so that in the end when it was pressed The first button turned on
the LED and sensor 1 and when both were pressed the LED went off. The first
sensor did not work but the second did.

Picture 14-. PRACTICE PART 5

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Step 6
The following circuit was in parallel, two keypads and two sensors were used,
two resistors of 1k each and an LED. In this circuit, each keypad worked
individually since each sensor had its button and in both, whichever one was
pressed. The led was going to turn on.

Picture 15-. PRACTICE PART 6

Step 7
In this circuit, both the normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) button
were used to notice, as in the first one, that while it is pressed it activates the
contactor and otherwise with the (NC) button when receiving an automatic
power supply. The contactor is activated by passing current.

Picture 16-. PRACTICE PART 7

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Step 8
Esta [parte del circuito se trato de usar un relé de 5v a 110 v, donde hacía de accionador y
formar parte de paso de corriente para el contactor trifásico que daba luz a un foco de
110v, usando el sensor 1 (sensor capacitivo)

Picture 17-. PRACTICE PART 1

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RESULTS OBTAINED
Measurement Tables

During the development of the practice, the voltage measurement was

carried out in one of the circuits which was circuit 1, Step 1, which was to
only measure voltages of the sensors and LEDs that were being used. The
results obtained from the measurement are shown below.

They were the only measurements that were made because they were
the most important.

ELEMENT Voltage

Capacitive sensor 24.8mv

LED 2.11V

Inductive sensor 29.8mV

LED 2.10v

Table 1. voltage value table

Picture 18-. voltage measurement

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CONCLUSIONS
ANA
Inductive and capacitive sensors are two types of proximity sensors commonly
used in industrial applications. Both types of sensors have their own advantages
and disadvantages, so choosing the right sensor for a given application will
depend on the specific requirements of the application.
In summary, inductive sensors are a good option for applications where only
metallic materials need to be detected and where a long detection range is
required. Capacitive sensors are a good option for applications where any type
of material needs to be detected and where high precision is required.

OSWALDO
Capacitive sensors excel in their ability to detect non-metallic materials and
liquids, making them ideal for applications where accurate, non-contact
detection is required, such as liquid level monitoring, material detection in
pipelines, production and presence detection in environments where objects
can be made of different materials.
On the other hand, inductive sensors are especially effective for detecting metal
objects. Their operating principle based on electromagnetic induction makes
them very useful in applications where reliable metal detection is needed, such
as in the automotive industry for the detection of parts in assembly lines, in
access control systems, and in the detection position and speed in industrial
machinery.
Both types of sensors are essential in industrial automation, as they provide
crucial information for process control and monitoring, thus contributing to
improving operational efficiency, reducing downtime and increasing safety in
the work environment.

DIANA
During the laboratory practice with inductive and capacitive sensors, parallel
and series circuits, and the use of push buttons and three-phase contactors,
fundamental knowledge and practical skills relevant to electrical engineering
were acquired.
One of the highlights of the practice was the understanding and application of
theoretical concepts related to inductive and capacitive sensors. It was learned
how these devices can detect the presence or absence of objects based on
changes in the magnetic or electric field, respectively. Additionally, the
importance of selecting the appropriate type of sensor according to the specific
needs of an application was understood.
The construction and analysis of parallel and series circuits provided a practical
insight into how electronic components behave in different configurations.
Phenomena such as current and voltage in each branch of the circuit were
observed and understood, as well as the differences in total resistance in parallel
and series circuits.
The use of push buttons allowed for becoming familiar with manual control of
circuits, which is crucial in numerous industrial applications. The connection

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and operation of start, stop, and emergency buttons were practiced, as well as
their interaction with electrical circuits.
Finally, the experience with three-phase contactors provided a practical
understanding of how large electrical loads, such as three-phase motors, are
controlled in industrial applications. The importance of protection and start-up
sequence in the safe and efficient operation of high-power equipment was
learned
In summary, the laboratory practice provided a valuable opportunity to integrate
theory with practice, strengthening the fundamentals of electrical engineering
and developing technical and problem-solving skills. The importance of this
type of hands-on experience in professional development as an electrical
engineer is acknowledged, and it is expected to apply this knowledge in future
projects and challenges in the field.

NATALIA
Knowing how to use and handle all power tools is as essential in the career as in
the field, since with this knowledge we can facilitate the corresponding jobs and
activities; Likewise, taking into account the performance of electrical circuit
operations is of great value since with them we obtain important results. It is
very useful to know the various types of sensors and their characteristics to
design classification and pattern recognition systems so that they operate
within the rules and restrictions of the mechanism you are working on. In
conclusion, sensors are essential devices in the modern era, allowing the
measurement and detection of a wide variety of physical, chemical and
biological phenomena.. Continued innovation in sensor technology has led to
improvements in their accuracy, miniaturization and cost, facilitating their
integration into a wide range of devices and systems. Additionally, the
interconnection of sensors over the Internet has created opportunities for the
collection and analysis of large amounts of data, leading to greater
understanding and optimization of processes.However, the widespread use of
sensors also poses challenges, such as concerns about data privacy and security,
as well as the need to develop standards and protocols for interoperability and
management of the large amount of data generated by sensors. .In summary,
sensors play a critical role in the digital transformation of society and industry,
driving innovation, efficiency and continuous improvement across a wide range
of applications and sectors.
JESUS
This practice teaches us the use of inductive and capacitive sensors.
Starting with the verifications of functionality and their respective connection,
with a 12 V power supply and 120 V light.
giving the results of the connectivity in parallel or in series, with them we
appreciate the electrical connections.
all this is necessary for the work in an industrial company or preventive
maintenance.
CLusion, two-wire proximity sensors are more useful as they allow us to simplIfy
the circuit wiring. Inductive sensors are suitable for any environment as their
detection capability is not impaired by vibration or dirt. The sensing distances of
capacitive sensors are highly dependent on the size of the object and probe, as

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the larger the object, the more detectable it is. More ability to be detected at
greater distances.

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General Conclusion
In this practice, the operation of inductive and capacitive sensors has been
studied. Experiments have been carried out to determine the characteristics of
these sensors, such as their detection range, their sensitivity. Experiment results
have shown that inductive sensors are more suitable for detecting metal
objects, while capacitive sensors are more suitable for detecting objects of any
type of material. Inductive sensors also have a greater detection range than
capacitive sensors. In general, inductive and capacitive sensors are useful tools
for object detection in industrial applications. Choosing the appropriate sensor
type for a given application depends on the specific characteristics of the
application, such as the type of material to be detected, the required detection
range, and the desired accuracy. In addition to the experimental results, in this
practice the following has been learned: Inductive sensors work by detecting
induced currents in a metal object when it approaches the sensor. Capacitive
sensors work by detecting changes in the capacitance of a circuit when it
approaches an object. In conclusion, this practice has been a valuable learning
experience that has allowed us to understand the operation of inductive and
capacitive sensors and their application in industry.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Sensor inductivo - Rechner Sensors. (2018, 11 diciembre). Rechner Sensors.

https://www.rechner-sensors.com/es/documentacion/knowledge/sensor-inducti
vo

InnovaciónDigital, R., & InnovaciónDigital, R. (2023, 24 octubre). Sensores

capacitivos: qué son y cuántos tipos existen. InnovaciónDigital360.
https://www.innovaciondigital360.com/iot/sensores-capacitivos-que-son-y-cuant
os-tipos-existen/

InnovaciónDigital, R., & InnovaciónDigital, R. (2023, 24 octubre). Sensores

capacitivos: qué son y cuántos tipos existen. InnovaciónDigital360.
https://www.innovaciondigital360.com/iot/sensores-capacitivos-que-son-y-cuant
os-tipos-existen/

Howard, A. M., & Director General. (s/f). Comparación entre sensores de posición

inductivos y capacitivos. Celeramotion.com. Recuperado el 16 de abril de 2024, de

https://www.celeramotion.com/zettlex/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/05/Comparaci

%C3%B3n-entre-sensores-de-posici%C3%B3n-inductivos-y-capacitivos_rev_4.0.pdf

Kovacs, P., & Dragan, V. (2018). A comparative study of inductive and capacitive
proximity sensors for industrial applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(11),
4375-4383.exclamation
Li, X., & Li, D. (2012). A novel capacitive proximity sensor based on MEMS
technology. Sensors and Actuators: A. Physical, 186(1-2), 26-32.

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