A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

ELECTRONIC MOTOR CONTROLLER

Session

2019 – 20

Under the Guidance

_____________________________

Submitted By

TEJAS KALMEGH

Project of Electronics

Institute :-

Jankidevi Jaiswal Junior College, Nagpur

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 CERTIFICATE

Jankidevi Jaiswal Jr. College, Nagpur.

This is certify that Tejas Kalmegh of class XII–A Session 2019–20

has successfully completed their genuine ELECTRONICS PROJECT
undertaken as Fulfillment of the practical syllabus for HIGHER SECONDARY
CERTIFICATE 2019–20, conducted by STATE BOARD, MAHARASHTRA
GOVERNMENT.

______________________ ____________________________

Signature Signature

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 ACKNOLWEDGEMENT

We’d like to express our greatest to the people who helped us in the
project. We are also grateful to our principal for her continuous support
and aspiration for this project. Our sincere thanks to our Electronics Sir
_______________________ who guided us brilliantly throughout our project by
providing us with interesting ideas, thoughts and made this project easy
and accurate.

We wish to thanks our parents and our elders for their individual
support and interest who encouraged and inspired us for the progress of
this project. Without their help and guidance it would not have been
possible for us to complete the project.

SIGNATURE

Tejas Kalmegh

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 INDEX

SR. NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 COMPONENT LIST 6

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 7

4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8

5 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 9

6 WORKING 11

7 APPLICATION 12

8 RESULT 13

9 REFERENCE 14

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 INTRODUCTION

An electronic speed control follows a speed reference signal (derived from a throttle
lever, joystick, or other manual input) and varies the switching rate of a network of field
effect transistors (FETs) . By adjusting the duty cycle or switching frequency of the
transistors, the speed of the motor is changed. The rapid switching of the transistors is what
causes the motor itself to emit its characteristic high-pitched whine, especially noticeable at
lower speeds.

Different types of speed controls are required for brushed DC motors and brushless

DC motors. A brushed motor can have its speed controlled by varying the voltage on its
armature. (Industrially, motors with electromagnet field windings instead of permanent
magnets can also have their speed controlled by adjusting the strength of the motor field
current.) A brushless motor requires a different operating principle. The speed of the motor is
varied by adjusting the timing of pulses of current delivered to the several windings of the
motor.

Brushless ESC systems basically create three-phase AC power, NOT like a

VFD variable frequency drive, to run brushless motors. Brushless motors are popular
with radio controlled airplane hobbyists because of their efficiency, power, longevity and
light weight in comparison to traditional brushed motors. Brushless DC motor controllers are
much more complicated than brushed motor controllers.

The correct phase varies with the motor rotation, which is to be taken into account by
the ESC: Usually, back EMF from the motor is used to detect this rotation, but variations
exist that use magnetic (Hall effect) or optical detectors.

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 COMPONENTS LIST

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)
R1 = 150 KΩ
R2 = 33 KΩ
R3 = 6.7 KΩ
R4 = 100 KΩ
R5 = 39 KΩ
R6 = 15 KΩ
R7 = 10 KΩ
R8 = 4.7 KΩ
R9 = 75 Ω/1W
R10, R13 = 47 KΩ
R11 = 470 Ω
R12 = 0.5 Ω
VR1 = 2.2 KΩ
Capacitors
C1 = 1000 µF/25V
C2, C3 = 47 µF/10V
Semiconductors
T1, T2, T3, T4 = BC148
T5 = SL100
D1, D2, D3 = 1N4001
ZD1, ZD2 = 3.1V
ZD3 = 9.1V
Miscellaneous
SW1, SW2 = Push to on switch
X1 = 230 primary AC primary to 18-0-18, 500mA secondary transformer

OR

(110 primary AC primary to 18-0-18, 500mA secondary transformer)

RL1 = 12V, 200 Ω Double pole double throw

M = Motor

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

RESISTOER

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude.
The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the
component.

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CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is

a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known
as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit.
The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator. This name and
its cognates are still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable
exception being condenser microphones, also called capacitor microphones.

The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and
many types of capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical
conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium.
A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The
nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly
used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do
dissipate a small amount. (See Non-ideal behavior) When an electric potential, a voltage, is
applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across
a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to
collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually
flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If
the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. If
a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an
ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.

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SEMICONDUCTOR

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of

a conductor, such as metallic copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistance falls as its
temperature rises; metals are the opposite. Its conducting properties may be altered in useful
ways by introducing impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure. Where two differently-
doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created. The behavior
of charge carriers which include electrons, ions and electron holes at these junctions is the
basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors
are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called "metalloid
staircase" on the periodic table. After silicon, gallium arsenide is the second most common
semiconductor and is used in laser diodes, solar cells, microwave-frequency integrated
circuits and others. Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits.

Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties such as passing

current more easily in one direction than the other, showing variable resistance, and
sensitivity to light or heat. Because the electrical properties of a semiconductor material can
be modified by doping, or by the application of electrical fields or light, devices made from
semiconductors can be used for amplification, switching, and energy conversion.

The conductivity of silicon is increased by adding a small amount (of the order of 1 in
108) of pentavalent (antimony, phosphorus, or arsenic) or trivalent (boron, gallium, indium)
atoms. This process is known as doping and resulting semiconductors are known as doped or
extrinsic semiconductors. Apart from doping, the conductivity of a semiconductor can
equally be improved by increasing its temperature. This is contrary to the behaviour of a
metal in which conductivity decreases with increase in temperature.

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 WORKING
As pin 3 of IC1 is high, relay RL1 gets energised for five seconds, which, in

turn, shorts the start switch, extending the 3-phase supply to the motor. This is

virtually similar to physically press the start switch of the 3-phase motor starter

for five seconds.

When the time reaches 9 AM, the second time switch (stop switch)

provides 230V AC to the primary of transformer X2. Again, by using a full-wave

rectifier and filter circuit, 12V DC is provided to the second monostable circuit

having relay RL2.

Normally-closed (N/C) terminal of the relay is connected in series with the

stop switch of the starter of the 3-phase motor. So, the relay breaks the circuit to

stop the motor.

This is an example of one time duration of 8am to 9am. In this way, a

maximum of eight time durations can be programmed to switch the 3-phase

electric motor on and off.

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 There is provision for setting days of the week for the controller to

function. For instance, it can be set to work from Monday to Friday, Monday to

Saturday, all seven days of the week, or only on a particular day of the week. This

system can find many applications, including switching on a water pump in a

multi-storeyed commercial building to fill overhead tanks only for five or six days

in a week. It can also prove useful for farmers, industrial units or railway stations

where 3-phase motors are used.

APPLICATIONS

 Electric cars
 Electric bicycles
 Electric aircraft
 Cars
 Helicopters
 Airplanes
 Boats
 Quadcopters
 ESC Firmware

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 RESULT

Hence we successfully designed and implemented the Circuit of

Electronic Motor Controller

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 REFERENCE

1.  http://www.stefanv.com/electronics/escprimer.html

2. http://www.rcmodelswiz.co.uk/electronic-controllers-esc/ RC Models Wiz: Essential

Guide to Electric Control Systems.
3. vedder.se/2014/01/a-custom-bldc-motor-controller/ A custom Electronic motor
controller
4. https://www.vesc-project.com

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