DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University)
COIMBATORE - 641 013

PROJECT WORK

November 2021

This is to certify that this project work entitled

SOLAR WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM

is the bonafide record of project work done by

ASWIN P
1813106
NANTHINI K
1813L07
THAMIZH MALAR MATHI T
1813154
VIKRAMAN R
1813154
of B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering during the year 2021 - 2022

Project Guide Head of Department

Dr. S. Chitra Dr. V. Gopalakrishnan

Submitted for the Project Viva-Voce examination held on ________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that company the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without mentioning of the people whose constant guidance
and encouragement made it possible.

We take sincere effort to acknowledge the guidance and the advice of all the
people who have helped us in completing this project successfully.

We are greatly indebted to our Principal Dr. P. THAMARAI, Ph.D., for having
provided us with all the facilities for doing this project.

We are greatly obliged to the head of the department Dr. V.

GOPALAKRISHNAN, M.E., Ph.D., of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department for his kind encouragement and for having provided us will all facilities.

We express our earnest gratitude to our Faculty Advisor, Prof. S.

SOWKARTHIKA, M.E., Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and project guide Dr. S. CHITRA, M.E., Ph.D., Assistant
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for their constant
support, encouragement and guidance.

We would like to thank our loving parents for their constant support and
encouragement.

Finally, we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either
directly or indirectly for the completion of this project.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The project spans over the abstract of wireless power transfer, applied to the
charging of mobile phones and other hand-held electronic devices, in improving the
transmission efficiency with magnetic field synchronous coupling and the operative
use of solar energy as the power source.

The objectives charted for the project encompasses present and future interests of
the prototype. The design and testing were formulated based on these objectives.

a) Execution of MPPT Algorithm for efficient charging of the battery, implemented by

using Arduino logic.

b) To synchronize the transmitter and receiver coils at their resonance frequency,

thus effectively improving the range of quality power transmission and improved
efficiency after conversion.

c) To provide a larger range of charging distance whilst no co-axial alignment is

feasible.

d) Scaling the receiver circuit as a mobilizable dongle for universal use of the
wireless charger.

e) To expend the prospects of power source from solar to dual source, i.e., Solar
and Conventional.
ABSTRACT
 ABSTRACT

The usage of battery-operated electronic devices has been largely limited by their
battery capacity and the power outlets in remote locations. This project addresses
the issue of unavailability of proper power supply in remote areas and the event of
incompatibility with the available ports, with the alternative of solar charging, while
enabling the charging of a few devices by real-time conversion of solar power to
power the transmitter-receiver set up. The initial plan for the project is to develop a
wireless charging system powered by solar power to charge mobile phones. But the
system can be upscaled to charge other electronic devices such as laptops, tablets,
etc.,

The architecture of the system is broken down to PV system with MPPT for
improved efficiency, Transmission and receiver system that administers the use of
magnetic field synchronous coupling to tackle the power loss with increase in the
coupling distance, where the receiver coil that is loosely coupled with the transmitter
resonates.

The transmitter coil is driven at the same frequency i.e., the resonant frequency of
the receiver coil. For those reasons, the LC tuned circuit has been built to maintain
the same frequency. With the help of resonance phenomena, the distance between
the transmitter and receiver can be increased more than can be in the conventional
inductive-coupling Wireless Power Transfer. While improving the efficiency, this
method could be extrapolated to having universal charging systems for any kind
device, regardless of ports.

Resonance, once used on primary and secondary, power can be transferred with
very little radiated loss and 40-50% of the source power delivered to the load.
Multiple receivers could be fed from the single transmitter by using multiple resonant
peaks by resonance frequency splitting. During load shedding and travelling,
electronic devices can be easily charged without any wire and charger. One of the
main advantages include the non-radiating type of power transfer and the negligible
possibility of unintended magnetic coupling with nearby objects, with the
wavelengths on the scale of the transmitting coil. The system, not only solves the
charging issues in remote locations but also saves a considerable portion of
generated power and prevents tones of e-waste, thus being energy as well as
environmentally efficient.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1.1 OVERALL

2.1.2 MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER

2.1.3 POWER TRANSMISSION

3 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

3.1 MICROCONTROLLER

3.1.1 ARDUINO UNO

3.2 PV ARRAY

3.3 INDUCTOR

3.4 CAPACITOR

3.5 SCHOTTKY DIODE

3.6 MOSFET

3.7 OP-AMP

3.8 CURRENT SENSOR

3.9 VOLTAGE SENSOR

3.10 RESISTOR
4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS

4.1 MATLAB/SIMULINK MODEL

4.2 RESULTS

5 CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION

6 HARDWARE ASSEMBLY

6.1 OPERATION

7 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

8 CONCLUSION

9 REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO NAME PAGE NO
2.1 Overall block diagram
2.2 MPPT Charge Controller
2.3 Power Transmission
3.1 Arduino uno
3.2 PV Panel
3.3 Inductor
3.4 Capacitor
3.5 Schottky Diode
3.6 Power MOSFET
3.7 Op-Amp
3.8 Current sensor
3.9 Voltage Sensor
3.10 Power Resistor
4.1 Simulink Model
4.2 Power Transmission
4.3 Panel Output Voltage
4.4 Panel Output Current
4.5 Battery Current
4.6 Battery Voltage
5.1 Circuit Configuration
6.1 Hardware Assembly
LIST OF ABBREVATION
 ABBREVATION

MPPT – Maximum Power Point Tracking

PV – Photovoltaic
AH – Ampere Hour
MHz – Mega Hertz
MOSFET – Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
OPAMP – Operational Amplifier
PWM – Pulse Width Modulation
USB – Universal Serial Bus
TTL – Transistor -Transistor Logic
SRAM – Static Random-Access Memory
EEPROM – Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
AVR – Alf and Vegard’s RISC Processor
ESR – Equivalent Series Resistance
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Today’s world is only a limb short of absolute digitalization and it would be an

injustice to exclude mobile phones and other hand-held electronic devices from the
digital revolution. Although the semiconductor industry has seen a great leap in the
past decade it had also become an industry to put a heavy pressure on the power
sector, be in the form of load, quality or losses. The stress on the grid caused by the
electronic loads alone amount to 10’s of Gigawatts every year, a considerable
fraction of annual global power generation.

The growth in power sector, although not at sustainability, have rendered brilliant
results in the lookout for renewable energy harvesting and could be the future power
source for the entire humanity. The main attraction of the past few years, solar
energy could be the energy of tomorrow, with lesser pollution and no risk of running
out, at least in the near future.

Increase in need for electronics also increases their availability and constant
usability, i.e., infinite charging. The above ideal charging setup is being realized via
wireless charging which now can be used to charge very large loads like Electric
vehicles. Wireless charging that could offer mobility to the devices is the state of art
technology that would power the world, ideally, with no need to shut it down.

With the above considerations in mind the utilization of renewable power sources,
especially solar energy to power the wireless charging circuit, which when extended
to the charging of all hand-held devices would be a critical contributor in improving
the mobility and remove the limitations that come with cords and charging ports. The
magnetic field synchronous coupling employed in tapping the power for the load
enables the system to operate at maximum efficiency, directly following the MPPT
algorithm employed. The method also keeps open the future enhancements in
universalizing the operating frequency of the transmitter-receiver pair, thus creating
a universal charger for all kinds of handheld devices.
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
2.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1.1. OVERALL
Figure 2.1 depicts the block diagram of the proposed project. This block
diagram mainly consists of seven parts. This includes
 PV Panel
 MPPT Charge Controller (Arduino Uno)
 Battery
 Transmitter and Receiver circuit
 Voltage Regulator
 Rectifier

Figure 2.1 Overall block diagram

2.1.2. MPPT Charge Controller

Figure 2.2 depicts the block diagram of the MPPT Charge Controller. This
block diagram mainly consists of seven parts. This includes

 Current Sensor
 Voltage Sensor
 Buck Converter
 Arduino UNO
 Battery

Through dc-dc optimizers, localized control of panel voltage and current can be
achieved, and each panel can operate at its independent maximum power point
(MPP), thus improving the energy extraction of the overall system. The series
connection of the outputs provides an inherent voltage stacking that enables each
dc-dc converter to operate at a relatively low voltage conversion ratio (enabling high
conversion efficiency), while still achieving high overall output voltage, which is
desirable as it enables the use of a central, high-voltage, high-efficiency inverter.

Figure 2.2 MPPT Charge Controller

2.1.3. Power Transmission

Figure 2.3 depicts the block diagram of the Transmission Circuit. This block
diagram mainly consists of seven parts. This includes

 555 Timer
 Switching Circuit
 Transmitter and Receiver Coil
 Rectifier

Figure 2.3 Power Transmission

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

3.1. MICROCONTROLLER

Our project required a device that can control the duty cycle (modify the pulse
width of a square wave) based on the Panel Output power. This square wave signal
is sent to the MOSFET which acts as an electronic switch, which affects the buck
converter output voltage. A microcontroller is used to partially serve these purposes.
It calculates the power from the samples of the voltage and the current at every
instant from the panel. By comparing a previous power to a new power, an
appropriate modification of duty cycle would occur and so a change in PWM would
happen. A microcontroller was chosen rather than a microprocessor because it
required less external hardware, reducing the final product size. Being compact
makes it very efficient.

3.1.1 Arduino

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, consisting of an Atmel

ATmega328P along with various other components that allow for easy programming
and access to various digital and analog pins. The ATmega328P microcontroller is
pre-loaded with the Arduino bootloader, allowing this chip to be programmed in the
Arduino programming language and eliminating the need for an external
programmer. The Arduino UNO is powered either through USB (5V) or an external
DC power source (7V – 12V). The board breaks out the 14 digital input/output pins,
of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, and 6 analog input pins. In addition, there
is a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, USB connector, and reset button. The UNO
incorporates an ATmega328P onboard to mediate between the USB and TTL serial
communications, allowing programming through USB. The board also provides 5V
and 3.3V regulated DC output to power sensors or other low-power systems. The
UNO contains 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for the bootloader) of flash memory to which
the program is written, 2 KB SRAM, and 1KB EEPROM (nonvolatile storage). The
Uno contains one set of hardware UART for serial communication, Serial Peripheral
Interface Bus (SPI) communication, and Two Wire Interface (TWI), also known as
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) communication. By way of the Arduino bootloader, the
ATmega328 can be programmed in the Arduino programming language instead of
either AVR’s C-like language or its assembly language. The Arduino language is
based on the Wiring programming language, and the development environment is
based on the Processing IDE. All of these languages and IDEs are free and open
source. The Arduino programming language consists of functions, variables, and
mathematical operations that allow the user to interface with sensors and other
peripherals through the digital and analog pins utilizing the numerous
communication protocols. In addition, many libraries have been written by the

Arduino community to interface with various sensors, user interfaces,

communications, data logging, and other peripherals.

Figure 3.1. Arduino UNO

3.2. PV ARRAY

The most widely used types of crystalline silicon used in solar panels are
mono-crystalline and Polycrystalline. Mono-crystalline not the most commonly used
but this technology is one of the oldest and most proven in comparison to the rest.
As the name implies this type of solar cells are made from the same silicon crystal,
which is very pure and has less irregularities and imperfections than polycrystalline
solar cells. Polycrystalline solar panels are the most common type of solar today,
due to their low cost and average power efficiency.

Figure 3.2. PV Panel

Efficiency is the main disadvantage of polycrystalline solar panels. They convert only
10%-14% of the solar energy that hits their surface. Efficiency for these solar panels
drops in comparison to their mono-crystalline counterpart because of the energy loss
at the separation or fusion points between two adjacent crystals. Thus, the choice of
selection, Panel with 20V open circuit voltage and short circuit current 1.44A capable
of producing 20 W at maximum power point (MPP).
3.3. INDUCTOR:

The magnitude of switching ripple in the output voltage in a properly designed

DC supply is much less than the DC component. As a result, the output voltage is
approximated by its DC component and the value of inductor can be calculated by
using the defining equation of the inductor

Ld i L
V=
dt

D
∆ I L =( V G−V O ) T
L SW

From the steady state inductor current waveform, it can be easily deduced the
change in inductor current is its slope times the length of subinterval. The ripple
requirement in inductor current sets the inductor value. Typically, ∆IL lies in the range
of 10-20% of the full load or maximum value of the DC component of I O. The peak
inductor current which is equal to the DC component plus the peak to average ripple
∆IL/2, flows

Figure 3.3. Inductor

through the semiconductor switches and is necessary when specifying device
ratings. To reduce the peak current a large value of the inductor is required. A
secondary benefit in lowering the ripple current is that it reduces core/inductor, ESR
and load losses.

3.4. CAPACITOR:

The only steady state component of output capacitor current is that arising
from the inductor current ripple. Here inductor current cannot be neglected when
calculating the Output voltage ripple. The inductor current contains both a DC and
ripple current component. The DC component must flow entirely through the load
resistance R. While the AC switching ripple divides between the load resistance R
and the filter capacitor C.

The series impedance of R and C, at switching frequency is given by

1
ZR ,C =RC +
C
jωC

|Z R , C|=
c
√ Rc +
2
1
ω C2
2

To ensure minimum ripple at rated output load, the equivalent condition states that
the series R-C branch impedance appear resistive over the frequency band of
switching component. This is the condition of minimum ripple and is a reason for
requiring low ESR.

1
Rc + 2 2
≪R
ω C
2

C ≫ ω(R 2−Rc ) 2

The output voltage ripple requirement puts an upper bound on capacitor ESR. Thus,
the voltage ripple peak magnitude is estimated by

∆ IL
∆ V =∆ I L R c +
8 C f sw
 ∆ V =∆ I L R c

With the ESR requirement met, the capacitance value can be selected to achieve
adequate filtering. Capacitors are typically paralleled to meet the ESR requirement.
An alternate approach to reduce ΔV is to reduce ΔI but this requires a larger value of
the inductor.

Figure 3.4. Capacitor

3.5. SCHOTTKY DIODE

Schottky Diode completes the loop of current when MOSFET is switched off and
thus ensuring smooth supply of current to load. Apart from this, Schottky diode
dissipates very low heat, has low forward voltage and work fine at higher frequency
than regular diodes.
 Figure 3.5. Schottky diode

3.6. MOSFET

The IRFZ44N is a N-channel MOSFET with a high drain current of 49A and low R ds
value of 17.5 mΩ. It also has a low threshold voltage of 4V at which the MOSFET
will start conducting. Hence it is commonly used with microcontrollers to drive with
5V. However, a driver circuit is needed if the MOSFET has to be switched in

completely.
 Figure 3.6. Power Mosfet

Unlike transistors MOSFET’s are voltage-controlled devices. Meaning, they can be

turned on or turned off by supplying the required Gate threshold voltage (V GS).
IRFZ44N is an N-channel MOSFET, so the Drain and Source pins will be left open
when there is no voltage applied to the gate pin. When a gate voltage is applied
these pins gets closed. If it is required to be switched with Arduino, then a simple
drive circuit using an Op-Amp will work to provide the required gate voltage to trigger
the MOSFET to open fully. For other switching and amplifying applications, a
dedicated MOFET Driver IC is required.

3.7. OPAMP

The LM358/741 consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency-

compensated operational amplifiers internally frequency-compensated operational
amplifiers designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide
range of voltages. Operation from dual power supplies is also possible, and the low
power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply
voltage.

It can be considered as one half of LM324 Quad Op-Amp which contains four Op-
Amps with common power supply. The differential input voltage range can be equal
to that of power supply voltage. The default input offset voltage is very low which is
of magnitude 2mV. The typical supply current is 500μA independent of the supply
voltage range and a maximum current of 700μA. The operating temperature ranges
from 0˚C to 70˚C at ambient whereas the maximum junction temperature can be up
to 150˚C.
 Figure 3.7. Op-Amp

3.8. CURRENT SENSOR

A current sensor is a device that detects electric current and generates a

signal proportional to that current. The generated signal is analog signal. This
generated signal can be then used to display, or can be stored for further analysis in
a data acquisition system, or in this case which is used for the purpose of control.
Generally, current sensors use the Hall Effect to convert current inputs into voltage
outputs. In the Hall effect, electrons from an electric current flow through a magnetic
field plate.
 Figure 3.8. Current sensor

The field then causes the electrons to "push" to one side of the plate and produce a
voltage difference between the two sides. The difference in voltage from the side of
the plate is the output of the sensor. ACS712 sensor have been used in our case,
which can operate on both AC and DC. This sensor operates at 5V and produces an
analog voltage output proportional to the measured current and capable of
measuring up to 5A.

3.9. VOLTAGE SENSOR

A voltage sensor is a sensor used to calculate and monitor the amount of

voltage in circuit. Voltage sensors can determine the AC voltage or DC voltage level.
The input of this sensor is the voltage, whereas the output is the switches, analog
voltage signal (In our case), a current signal, or an audible signal. There are various
types of voltage sensor, we use Resistive Voltage Sensor which provides a voltage
to the resistor divider circuit comprised of a sensor and a reference resistor. The
voltage developed across the reference resistor or sensor is buffered and then given
to the amplifier, which can be then used to display, or can be stored for further
analysis in a data acquisition system, or in this case which is used for the purpose of
control and it capable of measuring up to 25 V.
 Figure 3.9. Voltage Sensor

3.10. RESISTOR

The Resistor that’s been used in the circuit is power resistor of value 10 Ω
having power rating of 20W. Power resistors are resistors that are designed to
withstand and dissipate large amounts of power. The common trait of all power
resistors is that they are built to dissipate as much power as possible, while keeping
their size as small as possible. There are several types of Power resistors, Wire
wound resistor are ones we used. Wire wound resistors are made by winding a
metal wire around a solid form, often made of ceramic, fiberglass, or plastic. Metal
caps are attached to the end of the winding and metallic leads are attached to the
ends. The end product is often coated with a non-conductive paint or enamel to offer
some protection from the environment. Wire wound resistors can be built to
withstand high temperatures, sometimes up to 450 °C. These resistors are often
built to tight tolerances thanks to the material used, an alloy of nickel and chrome
called Nichrome. The body of the device is then coated with a non-conductive paint,
enamel, or plastic.

Figure 3.10. Power Resistor

SIMULATION AND RESULTS
 CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
4.1. MATLAB/SIMULINK MODEL

Figure 4.1. Simulink Model

The MPPT battery charger circuit is realized in MATLAB – Simulink, with

blocks that emulate the dynamic programming environment, enabling us to cut close
to hardware replication. The PV array block in Simulink allows the user to select one
of the available panels with pre-determined characteristics or to customize the
ratings.

The primary half of the circuitry is the DC-DC converter design to draw maximum
output from the PV array. The buck-boost converter adopted for executing the MPPT
algorithm retains the operating point near the Maximum Power Point in conditions
where the PV panel output falls above or below the required output voltage with the
help of MPPT algorithm block, which functions in place of a microcontroller in real
time. The algorithm enables both buck and boost mode, consistently tracking the
operating point and adjusting it by altering the duty cycle.

To imitate real time, the PV panel takes both irradiance and temperature as input.
The depicted circuit takes a constant irradiance input but can be modeled to accept
variable irradiance to mimic an available dataset. The converter circuit charges the
battery, which is essentially an ideal, lossless load in the simulation and the system

achieved

Figure 4.2. Power Transmission

MPPT in both buck and boost modes. The battery attains steady state voltage in
constant charging mode and retains it till 80% of its charging capacity and enters
constant current mode for the rest 20%.

The power transmission unit for the wireless transmission using resonance coupling
is realized with the help of MATLAB – Simscape to replicate the real-world
conditions. Simscape is a physical modelling environment that provides the user with
the option to create non-ideal version of the components used and a wide range of
customization parameters.

The blocks imitate the physical characteristics of the elements including their lossy
behavior. The 555-timer block works in the place of a 555 timer IC to drive the
MOSFET and has a variable input characteristic to be able to model it with respect
to the design of voltage regulator circuit. The transmitter – receiver unit is a mutually
coupled inductor with multitude of variable parameters including impedance,
inherent capacitance, resistance and coupling factor. The function of the block
parameter traces promptly by the real-world operation and does suffer a loss on the
receiver side, owing to the internal resistance loss in the battery.

After the losses and rectification, the resonant circuit delivers a power in the order of
milliwatts, which is one of the scopes of our future research on reducing internal
resistance drop.
4.2. RESULTS

Figure 4.3. Panel Output Voltage

Figure 4.4. Panel Output Current

Figure 4.5. Battery Current

Figure 4.6. Battery Voltage

CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
 CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION

Figure 5.1. Circuit Configuration

HARDWARE ASSEMBLY
 CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE ASSEMBLY

Figure 6.1 Hardware Assembly

6.1. OPERATION

Solar battery charger with MPPT tracking has been implemented in real time
with the help of a DC-DC converter. The converter adopted for the realization is a
DC-DC buck converter, whose maximum power point has been achieved with the
help of a solar emulator under lossy condition.

The Solar PV panel is of polycrystalline variety and is suitable for use in rugged
conditions with life as long as its monocrystalline counterpart. It also pulls close to its
maximum operating capability even under low light conditions.

The switching circuit comprises of a power MOSFET, driven by an operational

amplifier which in turn is powered by the solar PV panel, making the entire set up
operating on renewable energy. The Arduino UNO module provides the required
PWM pulses in accordance with the Maximum Power Point Tracking. The PWM
pulses are then amplified to saturation by the op-amp which acts as the gate driver.
Since the Solar PV output is sufficient to drive the MOSFET at its maximum gate –
source potential, the RDS drop becomes almost negligible and the power conversion
remains close to ideal conditions. This also eliminates the need for a complicated
gate driver circuitry cutting down on the cost.

The MOSFET IRFZ44n was chosen for its high-power withstanding capability. It is
worth mentioning that since this model is an N-channel MOSFET it has
comparatively lower loss characteristics and optimizes the circuit operation. The high
input impedance of the MOSFET prevents the loading of op-amp and thus the need
for resistance grounding in the op-amp output.
FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
 CHAPTER 7

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

The project was adopted with aim of exploring the current extent of technological
limits in realizing a wireless power transmission unit and in zeroing in on the future
prospects in wireless power transmission.

1. Wireless power transmission using resonant coupling could be extended to

accommodate a number of receiver units by designing appropriate LC circuits
to operate at multiple Q points. The standardization of frequency in receivers
could enable such circuits to have predetermined Q values and thereby
reduce losses occurring in idling mode or during uno transmission.
2. The reduction in power loss from transmitter to receiver unit incurring due to
the internal resistance of the source, i.e., loading of the source. This area of
research has a wide scope as batteries are becoming more prominent in the
energy storage, conversion and transmission with power industry increasingly
relying on renewable energy.
3. A key issue for powering of multiple receivers is the coupled mode frequency
splitting that occurs when two receivers are in close enough proximity that
their magnetic fields are relatively strongly coupled. Control circuitry to track
the resonant frequency shifts and to retune the receiving coil capacitances is
a potentially viable strategy for addressing this issue.
4. Introduction of coils pairs as a means to improve efficiency of power transfer
instead of just one coil on the transmitter and receiver side. Pairing a smaller
and a larger coil on both the transmission and reception unit would
tremendously increase the output and the stability of power.
5. The reduction in the deliverable output power occurs not only due to the
losses but also the distance between the coupled coils and the need for
improvement in the effective use of lumped capacitances in the coil pairs.
6.
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Magnetic resonant coupling can be used to deliver power from a large source
coil to one or many small load coils, with lumped capacitors at the coil terminals
providing a simple means to match resonant frequencies for the coils. This
mechanism is a potentially robust means for delivering wireless power to multiple
receivers from a single large-source coil.

A relatively simple circuit model describes the essential features of the resonant
coupling interaction, with parameters that can be either derived from first principal
descriptions, from direct measurement or from curve fitting techniques.

Wireless transmission by this mode could become the base of wireless transmission
across longer distances since the demonstrated method of power transfer requires
not coaxial arrangement, but line of sight, a feature that could be exploited across
kilometers. Although the kilometer range could be in the far future, this method’s
immediate successor could be the powering of small electrical and electronic
devices around the residential area.

This project is but a simple demonstration of wireless power transfer aiming at near
field non-radiative transfer with improved efficiency since the coupling factor plays a
major role in the transmission distance and the coil arrangement. The ability of this
system to work on and off grid enables it to be available round the clock as a reliable
source of charging that facilitates mobility and energy conservation. The non-
radiative method of power transfer is environmentally friendly and free of health
hazards, thus poses no threats to the lifeforms interacting with the field.

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 9

REFERENCES

1) Ankit Sisir. s, Alex. T. Kariyil, Nishanth P. M, Rakesh. A. Nair, Sidharth

Bhakth, "Wireless Power Transfer by Resonant Inductive Coupling"
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and
Communication Engineering (IJARECE), ISSN: 2278 – 909X

2) Fei Zhang and Mingui Sun, "Wireless Power Transfer with Strongly Coupled
Magnetic Resonance", Departments of Neurosurgery and Electrical
Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA, ISSN: 3002-0522

3) Abhijith Nidmar, Chetan Chougala, Kumarswamy G M, Harshith Gowda,

“Solar Based Wireless Charging” International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181

4) Vissuta Jiwariyavej, Takehiro Imura, Member and Yoichi Hori, "Coupling

Coefficients Estimation of Wireless Power Transfer System via Magnetic
Resonance Coupling Using Information from Either Side of the System", IEEE

5) Jiang, Chaoqiang et al. "An Overview of Resonant Circuits for Wireless Power
Transfer." Energies, ISSN: en10070894

6) Phinney, J., and D.J. Perreault. “Filters with Active Tuning for Power
Applications.” IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 18, no. 2 (March 2003):636–647
APPENDIX
 CHAPTER 10
APPENDIX
10.1 ARDUINO PROGRAM

float adc_voltage = 0.0;

float in_voltage = 0.0;
float adc_voltag = 0.0;
float in_voltag = 0.0;
// Floats for resistor values in divider (in ohms)
float R1 = 68000.0;
float R2 = 3300.0;

// Float for Reference Voltage

float ref_voltage = 5.0;

// Integer for ADC value

int adc_value = 0;
int adc_valu = 0;

float Power_now = 0, Power_anc = 0, voltage_anc = 0;

float delta = 3;
float pwm = 128;
float voltageValue = 0;
float currentValue = 0;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(A2, INPUT);
pinMode(A1, INPUT);
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
TCCR0B = TCCR0B & B11111000 | B00000010;
}

void loop() {
TCCR0B = TCCR0B & B11111000 | B00000010;
//Current
int pwmnew=0;
unsigned int x = 0;
float AcsValue = 0.0, Samples = 0.0, AvgAcs = 0.0, AcsValueF = 0.0, valu=0;
for (int x = 0; x < 150; x++) { //Get 150 samples
AcsValue = analogRead(A1); //Read current sensor values
Samples = Samples + AcsValue; //Add samples together
delay (3); // let ADC settle before next sample 3ms
}
AvgAcs = Samples / 150.0;
AcsValueF = (((2.5 - (AvgAcs * (5.0 / 1024.0)) )/0.066));
Serial.print("current");
Serial.print(AcsValueF); //Print the read current on Serial monitor
delay (50);

//Voltage
adc_value = analogRead(A0);
adc_voltage = (adc_value * ref_voltage) / 1024.0;
in_voltage = adc_voltage / (R2 / (R1 + R2));
Serial.println("Input Voltage = ");
 Serial.print(in_voltage, 2);
delay(500);
voltageValue=in_voltage;
currentValue=AcsValueF;
Power_now = abs(voltageValue * currentValue);
//Power and duty
if (Power_now > Power_anc)
{
if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
pwm = pwm + delta;
else
pwm = pwm - delta;
}
else
{
if (voltageValue > voltage_anc)
pwm = pwm - delta;
else
pwm = pwm + delta;
}
Power_anc = Power_now;
voltage_anc = voltageValue;
if (pwm < 40)
pwm = 40;
if (pwm > 250)
pwm = 250;
pwmnew = 255 - pwm;
analogWrite (9, pwmnew);
Serial.println ("PWM: ");
Serial.print (pwmnew);
Serial.println (" ");
}