A

Report on

Technical Seminar

On

“Wireless Transmission of Electricity”

Submitted

In partial fulfillment

For the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In department of “Electrical Engineering”

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. Deepesh Namdev Tripti Gupta

HOD, E&CE & EE Roll no.- 11EGKEE116

GIET, KOTA 4th year EE (8th sem.)

Gurukul Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kota

Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

March – 2015
 CERTIFICATE
DATE: 23-03-2015

This is to certify that Tripti Gupta Student of Gurukul Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Kota student of B.Tech final year in Electrical Engineering has presented a
seminar on Wireless Transmission of Electricity the topic allotted to him under the Seminar
Lab.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE: DATE:
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Preface 1

Abstracts 2

Acknowledgement 3

List of figure 4

1. Introduction 5-7

1.1 Overview 6

2. Working principle 8

3. Types of Witricity 9-13

3.1 Short distance induction 9

3.2 Moderate distance wireless power 9

3.2.1 Resonance and wireless power 10

3.3 Long distance induction 12

3.3.1 Electromagnetic wave power transfer 13

4. Efficiency 14
5. Need of wireless transmission 14

6. Advantages of wireless electricity 15

7. Application of wireless electricity 15

8. Disadvantages of wireless electricity 16

9. Conclusions 17
 PREFACE
Research and development in wireless power transfer technologies have witnessed fast
growing advancements in various fundamental and application fields due to the availability of
highly developed analytical methods, measurement techniques, advanced numerical
simulation tools, and an increase in practical business demands. The recent advancements
have also been accompanied by the appearance of various interdisciplinary topics.

Wireless energy transmission is the transmission of electrical

power from a power source to a consuming device without using solid wires
or conductors. It is a generic term that refers to a number of different power
transmission technologies that use time-varying electromagnetic fields. Wireless
transmission is useful to power electrical devices in cases where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible. In wireless
power transfer, a transmitter device connected to a power source, such as the mains
power line, transmits power by electromagnetic field across an intervening space to
one or more receiver devices, where it is converted back to electric power and
utilized.
Wireless power techniques fall into two categories, non-radiative and
radiative. In near-field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short
distances by magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire or in a
few devices by electric fields using capacitive coupling between
electrodes. Applications of this type are electric toothbrush chargers, RFID tags,
smartcards, and chargers for implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac
pacemakers, and inductive powering or charging of electric vehicles like trains or
buses. A current focus is to develop wireless systems to charge mobile and
handheld computing devices such as cell phones, digital music player and portable
computers without being tethered to a wall plug. In radiative or far-field techniques,
also called power beaming, power is transmitted by beams of electromagnetic
radiation, like microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy
longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this
type are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft. An important
issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people
and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields.
This report concerns itself with recent and advanced research
results and brief reviews on wireless power transfer technologies covering the
aforementioned topics. The advanced techniques and research described here
may also be applicable to other contemporary research areas in wireless
transmission of electricity technologies. Thus, I hope the readers will be
inspired to start or further their own research and technologies and expand
potential applications. Although the book is a collected edition of specific
technological issues, I strongly believe that the readers can obtain ideas and
knowledge of the state-of-the-art technologies in wireless power transfer.
I owe deep sense of gratitude to all of them. Particularly I am
thankful to Er. Deepesh Namdev (HOD ECE), GIET, Kota of their selfless
support.
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 ABSTRACTS

We cannot imagine the world without electric power. Generally the

power is transmitted through wires. This paper describes an original idea to
eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires which involve lot of confusion
in particularly organizing them. Imagine a future in which wireless power
transfer is feasible: cell phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop
computers and other portable electronics capable of charging themselves
without ever being plugged in, freeing us from that final, ubiquitous power
wire. Some of these devices might not even need their bulky batteries to
operate. This paper includes the techniques of transmitting power without
using wires with an efficiency of about 95% with non-radiative methods. Due
to which it does not effect the environment surrounding. These techniques
Includes resonating inductive coupling in sustainable moderate range. The
coupling consists of an inductor along with a capacitor with its own resonating
frequency. In any system of coupled resonators there often exists a so-called
“strongly coupled” regime of operation. If one ensures to operate in that
regime in a given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient. Another
technique includes transfer of power through microwaves using rectennas.
This is particularly suitable for long range distances ranging 6ilometres. With
this we can avoid the confusion and danger of having long, hazardous and
tangled wiring. This paper as a whole gives an effective, high performance
techniques which can efficiently transmit the power to the required area
varying in distances .

Keywords – AC Electricity, Wireless Electricity Device, Oscillating magnetic

Field, Resonant Magnetic Coupling, Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the
development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during the course of
study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Er. Deepesh Namdev(HOD ECE &EE) worthy principal
for providing me an opportunity to give a seminar on "Wireless transmission of
electricity".

I am thankful to Mrs. Sapna Rai (Asst. Prof. EE) for his support, cooperation and motivation
provided to me, during the seminar for constant inspiration, guidance, presence and blessings.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with
whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved my quality
of work.

Submitted by:

Tripti Gupta

Roll no. 11EGKEE116

IV year, EE

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure no. Figure name Page no.
1.1 Cross sectional view of coupled coils 5
1.2 Generic block diagram of a wireless power system 6
2.1 Working principle 8
3.1 A Splash power mat uses induction to recharge multiple devices
simultaneously. 9
3.2 Resonant and wireless power 10
3.3 Resonant induction recharging 11
3.4 (SHARP) unmanned plane. 12
3.5 electromagnetic wave propagation 13
5.1 typical circuit of wiring transmission 14

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Electricity is today a necessity of modern life. It is difficult to imagine passing a day without
electricity. The conventional use of electricity is made possible through the use of wires.
However researchers in MIT have devised a means of providing electricity without any wires.
Wireless Electricity, a portmanteau for wireless electricity, is a term coined initially and used.
This principle of wireless electricity works on the principle of using coupled resonant objects
for the transference of electricity. The system consists of Wireless Electricity transmitters and
receivers that contain magnetic loop antennas critically Tuned to the same frequency.
Wireless power transmission is not a new idea; Nikola Tesla demonstrated a “transmission of
electrical energy without wires” that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as
1891.The receiver works on the same principle as radio receivers where the device has to be
in the range of the transmitter. It is with the help of resonant magnetic fields that Wireless
Electricity produces electricity, while reducing the wastage of power. This is unlike the
principle adopted by Nikola Tesla in the later part of the 19th century; where conduction
based systems were used. The present project on Wireless Electricity aims at power
transmissions in the range of 100 watts. May be the products using WiTricity in future might
be called Wireless Electricity So we have been able to power a 60 watt light bulb from a
power source that is located about seven feet away, while providing forty percent efficiency.
This was made possible using two copper coils that were twenty inches in diameter which
were designed so that they resonated together in the MHz range. One of these coils were
connected to a power source while the other, to a bulb. With this Wireless Electricity setup,
the bulb got powered even when the coils were not in sight.

Evanescent wavic motion. Cross sectional view of coupled coils.

Fig. 1.1

1.1 OVERVIEW
“Wireless power transmission” is a collective term that refers to a number of different technologies for
transmitting power by means of time-varying electromagnetic fields. The technologies, listed in the table
below, differ in the distance over which they can transmit power efficiently, whether the transmitter must
be aimed (directed) at the receiver, and in the type of electromagnetic energy they use: time varying
electric fields, magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves, or infrared or visible light waves.[8]

Fig 1.2 Generic block diagram of a wireless power system

In general a wireless power system consists of a “transmitter” device connected to a source of power such
as mains power lines, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more
“receiver” devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric power which is
consumed by an electrical load. In the transmitter the input power is converted to an
oscillating electromagnetic field by some type of “antenna” device. The word “antenna” is used loosely
here; it may be a coil of wire which generates a magnetic field, a metal plate which generates an electric
field, an antenna which radiates radio waves, or a laser which generates light. A similar antenna or
coupling device in the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric current. An important parameter
which determines the type of waves is the frequency f in hertz of the oscillations. The frequency
determines the wavelength λ = c/f of the waves which carry the energy across the gap, where c is
the velocity of light.
Wireless power uses much of the same fields and waves as wireless communication devices
like radio, another familiar technology which involves power transmitted without wires by electromagnetic
fields, used in cellphones, radio andtelevision broadcasting, and Wi-Fi. In radio communication the goal is
the transmission of information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is unimportant as long as it
is enough that the signal to noise ratio is high enough that the information can be received intelligibly. In
wireless communication technologies generally only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver. By
contrast, in wireless power, the amount of power received is the important thing, so the efficiency (fraction
of transmitted power that is received) is the more significant parameter.[5] For this reason wireless power
technologies are more limited by distance than wireless communication technologies.
These are the different wireless power technologies:

Antenna Current and or possible

Technology Range[15] Directivity[8] Frequency
devices future applications

Electric tooth brush and razor

Inductive battery charging, induction
Short Low Hz – MHz Wire coils
coupling stovetops and industrial
heaters.

Charging portable devices

Tuned wire
Resonant (Qi, WiTricity), biomedical
MHz – coils, lumped
inductive Mid- Low implants, electric vehicles,
GHz element
coupling powering busses, trains,
resonators
MAGLEV, RFID,smartcards.
 Charging portable devices,
Capacitive kHz – power routing in large scale
Short Low Electrodes
coupling MHz integrated circuits,
Smartcards.

Rotating
Magnetodynamc Short N.A. Hz Charging electric vehicles.
magnets

Parabolic
Solar power satellite,
Microwaves Long High GHz dishes,phased
powering drone aircraft.
arrays,rectennas

Lasers, Powering drone aircraft,

Light waves Long High ≥THz photocells, powering space elevator
lenses climbers.

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 2. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The concept of wireless electricity works on the principle of using coupled resonant objects
for the transfer of electricity to objects without the use of any wires. This concept of
WiTricity was made possible using resonance where an object vibrates with the application
of a certain frequency of energy. So two objects having similar resonance tend to exchange
energy without causing any effects on the surrounding objects.

Fig 2.1 Working principle

 Witricity works on the principle of mutual induction between the two coils.
 There are two copper coils arranged one at the sender end and other at the receiver
end .The first coil is attached to the power source while the second coil to the light
bulb.
 When the power is switched on the first coil converts the electricity into magnetic
field ,which is oscillating at a particular frequency i.e, AC source.
 The second coil at the receiver end converts the magnetic field into electricity .

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 3. TYPES OF WITRICITY

There are three types of wireless transmission of electricity:-

3.1 Short distance induction
3.2 Moderate distance wireless power
3.2.1 Resonance and wireless power
3.3 Long distance induction
3.3.1 Electromagnetic wave power transfer

3.1 SHORT DISTANCE INDUCTION

These methods can reach at most a few centimetres. The action of an electrical transformer is
the simplest instance of wireless energy transfer. The primary and secondary circuits of a
transformer are electrically isolated from each other. The transfer of energy takes place by
electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual induction. (An added benefit is
the capability to step the primary voltage either up or down.) The electric toothbrush charger
is an example of how this principle can be used.
A toothbrush's daily exposure to water makes a traditional plug-in charger potentially
dangerous. Ordinary electrical connections could also allow water to seep into the toothbrush,
damaging its components. Because of this, most toothbrushes recharge through inductive
coupling.
You can use the same principle to recharge several devices at once. For example, the Splash
power recharging mat and Edison Electric's Power desk both use coils to create a magnetic
field. Electronic devices use corresponding built-in or plug-in receivers to recharge while
resting on the mat. These receivers contain compatible coils and the circuitry necessary to
deliver electricity to devices' batteries.

Fig 3.1 A Splash power mat uses induction to recharge multiple devices simultaneously.

3.2 MODERATE DISTANCE WIRELESS POWER

3.2.1 Resonance and Wireless power

 Household devices produce relatively small magnetic fields. For this reason, chargers hold
devices at the distance necessary to induce a current, which can only happen if the coils are
close together. A larger, stronger field could induce current from farther away, but the
process would be extremely inefficient. Since a magnetic field spreads in all directions,
making a larger one would waste a lot of energy.
An efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters is that we could
extend the distance between the coils by adding resonance to the equation. A good way to
understand resonance is to think of it in terms of sound. An object's physical structure -- like
the size and shape of a trumpet -- determines the frequency at which it naturally vibrates.
This is its resonant frequency. It's easy to get objects to vibrate at their resonant frequency
and difficult to get them to vibrate at other frequencies. This is why playing a trumpet can
cause a nearby trumpet to begin to mvibrate. Both trumpets have the same resonant
frequency.
Induction can take place a little differently if the electromagnetic fields around the coils
resonate at the same frequency. The theory uses a curved coil of wire as an inductor. A
capacitance plate, which can hold a charge, attaches to each end of the coil. As electricity
travels through this coil, the coil begins to resonate. Its resonant frequency is a product of the
inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the plates.

Fig 3.2 Resonant and wireless power

Electricity, travelling along an electromagnetic wave, can tunnel from one coil to the other as
long as they both have the same resonant frequency. In a short theoretical analysis they
demonstrate that by sending electromagnetic waves around in a highly angular waveguide,
evanescent waves are produced which carry no energy. An evanscent wave is near field
standing wave exhibiting exponential decay with distance. If a proper resonant waveguide is
brought near the transmitter, the evanescent waves can allow the energy to tunnel
(specifically evanescent wave coupling, the electromagnetic equivalent of tunneling to the
power drawing waveguide, where they can be rectified into DC power. Since the
electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through the air to be absorbed
or dissipated, and would not disrupt electronic devices.
As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen, since the fields
around the coils aren't strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly, if the two coils
resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen. But if two resonating coils with the
same frequency get within a few meters of each other, streams of energy move from the
transmitting coil to the receiving coil. According to the theory, one coil can even send
electricity to several receiving coils, as long as they all resonate at the same frequency. The
researchers have named this non-radiative Electricity, travelling along an electromagnetic
wave, can tunnel from one coil to the other as long as they both have the same resonant
frequency.
In a short theoretical analysis they demonstrate that by sending electromagnetic waves around
in a highly angular waveguide, evanescent waves are produced which carry no energy. An
evanescent wave is near field standing wave exhibiting exponential decay with distance. If a
proper resonant waveguide is brought near the transmitter, the evanescent waves can allow
the energy to tunnel (specifically evanescent wave coupling, the electromagnetic equivalent
of tunnelling to the power drawing waveguide, where they can be rectified into DC power.
Since the electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through the air to
be absorbed or, dissipated, and would not disrupt electronic devices.
As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen, since the fields
around the coils aren't strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly, if the two coils
resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen. But if two resonating coils with the
same frequency get within a few meters of each other, streams of energy move from the
transmitting coil to the receiving coil. According to the theory, one coil can even send
electricity to several receiving coils, as long as they all resonate at the same frequency. The
researchers have named this non-radiative energy transfer since it involves stationary fields
around the coils rather than fields that spread in all directions.

Fig 3.3 Resonant induction recharging

According to the theory, one coil can recharge any device that is in range, as long as the coils
have the same resonant frequency.
"Resonant inductive coupling" has key implications in solving the two main problems
associated with non-resonant inductive coupling and electromagnetic radiation, one of which
is caused by the other; distance and efficiency. Electromagnetic induction works on the
principle of a primary coil generating a predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil
being within that field so a current is induced within its coils.
This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of power required to produce an
electromagnetic field. Over greater distances the non-resonant induction method is inefficient
and wastes much of the transmitted energy just to increase range. This is where the resonance
comes in and helps efficiency dramatically by "tunnelling" the magnetic field to a receiver
coil that resonates at the same frequency. Unlike the multiple-layer secondary of a non-
resonant transformer, such receiving coils are single layer solenoids with closely spaced
capacitor plates on each end, which in combination allow the coil to be tuned to the
transmitter frequency thereby eliminating the wide energy wasting "wave problem" and
allowing the energy used to focus in on a specific frequency increasing the range.

3.3 LONG DISTANCE WIRELESS POWER

Whether or not it incorporates resonance, induction generally sends power over relatively
short distances. But some plans for wireless power involve moving electricity over a span of
miles. A few proposals even involve sending power to the Earth from space. In the 1980s,
Canada's Communications Research Centre created a small airplane that could run off power
beamed from the Earth. The unmanned plane, called the Stationary High Altitude Relay
Platform (SHARP), was designed as a communications relay. Rather flying from point to
point, the SHARP could fly in circles two kilometers in diameter at an altitude of about 13
miles (21 kilometers). Most importantly, the aircraft could fly for months at a time.

Fig 3.4 (SHARP) unmanned plane.

The secret to the SHARP's long flight time was a large, ground-based microwave transmitter.
The SHARP's circular flight path kept it in range of this transmitter. A, large, disc-shaped
rectifying antenna, or rectenna, just behind the plane's wings changed the microwave
energy from the transmitter into direct-current (DC) electricity. Because of the microwaves'
interaction with the rectenna, the SHARP had a constant power supply as long as it was in
range of a functioning microwave array.
Rectifying antennae are central to many wireless power transmission theories.
They are usually made an array of dipole antennae, which have positive and negative poles.
These antennae connect to shottkey diodes. Here's what happens:
1. Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum reach the dipole antennae.
2. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
3. The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles that, let electrons
flow in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the retinas’ circuitry.
4. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need them.

3.3.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POWER TRANSFER

Since the discovering of electromagnetic waves a technological race began to take advantage
of transferring information wirelessly. This technological race started with Morse code
transmission, but quickly came radio, television, cellular phones and the digital versions for
all the mentioned previously. Adding to the mentioned before, in the last decade arrived an
endless amount of mobile devices capable to communicate wirelessly; these kind of devices
are used massively around the globe. As a result, it is common that an average person is
subjected to magnetic fields in frequencies going from Megahertz up to the Gigahertz.
Therefore, the concerns of the population about health effects due to be exposed to all the
electromagnetic radiation generated by our society every day. Besides, added to the debate, is
the concern for the wireless energy transfer mechanisms working with electromagnetic
signals.
Several studies have been completed (Breckenkamp et al. (2009); Habash et al. (2009)) about
the effects of electromagnetic waves, in particular for cellular phones, verifying that just at
the upper international security levels some effects to genes are noticed. In (Peter A. Valberg
& Repacholi (2007)) is assured that it is not yet possible to determine health effects either on
short or long terms due by the exposition to electromagnetic waves like the ones emitted by
broadcasting stations and cellular networks. Nevertheless, in (Valborg Baste & Moe (2008)) a
study was performed to 10,497 marines from the Royal Norwegian Navy; the result for the
ones who worked within 10 meters of broadcasting stations or radars, was an increase on
infertility and a higher birth rate of women than men.
This increase of infertility agrees with other study (Irgens A & M (1999)) that determined
that the semen quality decay in men which by employment reasons (electricians, welders,
technicians, etc.) are exposed to constant electromagnetic radiation including microwaves.

Fig 3.5 electromagnetic wave propagation

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 4. EFFICIENCY

The efficiency of wireless power is the ratio between power that reaches the receiver and the
power supplied to the transmitter. Researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power
a 60 watt light bulb from a power source that was seven feet (2 meters) away using
resonating coils. This kind of setup could power or recharge all the devices in one room.
Some modifications would be necessary to send power over long distances, like the length of
a building or a city. Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional,
allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the
microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95%
have been realized.
Wireless Power Transmission (using microwaves) is well proven. Experiments in the tens of
kilowatts have been performed.

5. NEED OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

Wireless transmission is employed in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy

transfer is needed, but interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.

Fig 5.1 typical circuit of wiring transmission

Number of household points receives electricity at the same frequency using single
transmitting coil as long as they all are at resonance. So this setup could, recharge all the
devices in a room at once.
The unmanned planes or robots (where wires cannot be involved viz oceans volcanic
mountains etc.) which are run by the wireless power over an area, as they could fly for
months at a time, could be used for research as well as a mini satellite.

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 Fig 5.1 typical circuit of wiring transmission

6. ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

1. An advantage is that we can produce electricity anywhere without wires.

2. The power can be delivered any direction.
3. More convenient and reliable.
4. Most common things in our surroundings do not interact with humans and other living
things.
5. More Environmentally Friendly.

7. APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

1. Low Power Product Category.

Example, Remote controls, game controllers, computer headsets, gaming headsets, sensors,
wireless thermostats, smoke detectors.

2. Full Power Product Category.

Example, Phones/smart phones, smart phone accessories, netbooks, netbook accessories,
wireless speakers.

3. High Power Category

Example, Digital photo frames, laptops, laptop accessories, flat panel TV’s.

4. Industrial Application.
Example, Robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools, drilling,
mining, underwater, etc.

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 8. DISADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

1. Initial cost is high.

2. The flux condition should satisfy certain conditions, otherwise no power supply takes
place.

3. There is a loss of power transmission if there is a Ferro-magnetic substances.

4. Possibility of “energy-theft”. Wi-Fi, someone can be using your internet or your power.

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 9. CONCLUSIONS

Wireless Electricity technology is a non-radioactive mode of energy transfer, relying instead

on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organisms—
people and animals—and are scientifically regarded to be safe. WiTricity products are being
designed to comply with applicable safety standards and regulations. Hence witricity is
technology safe. Witricity can transfer power depends on the source and receivers. If it is
relatively close to one another, and can exceed 95%.Efficiency is primarily determined by the
distance between the power source and capture device, however, the shape may impact the
efficiency. it can transfer the power through walls also. Traditional magnetic induction
requires that the power source and capture device be very close to one another usually within
millimeters to transfer power efficiently. Wireless Electricity technology is based on sharply
resonant strong coupling, and is able to transfer power efficiently even when the distances
between the power source and capture device are several times the size of the devices
themselves.

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