WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
by
PAVNESH PRIYADERSHI

Under the guidance of

Mr. KHADIM MOIN SIDDIQUI

(Teaching-cum PhD scholar, EED)

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LUCKNOW, 226021
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks and deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped
me in preparing this report directly or indirectly.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my respected HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Prof.

KULDEEP SAHAY, for his expert guidance and suggestion, and I am also thankful to my
department professors-

1 Prof. BHARTI DWIVEDI

2 Associate Prof. ANURAG TRIPATHI

3 Associate Prof. SATYENDRA SINGH

4 Asst. Prof. ARUNIMA VERMA

who helped me to make this report.

It gives me immense pleasure in conveying thanks to my seminar supervisor Mr. KHADIM

MOIN SIDDIQUI and all faculties of EE Department who helped a lot in completing this
seminar report. I would also like to express my thanks to my friends.

I am extremely indebted to them for providing valuable support and co-operation.

PAVNESH PRIYADERSHI
1305232027
EE, 3rd YEAR
 ABSTRACT

Wireless Electricity or Wireless Power transmission is the transmission of electrical

energy without using any conductor or wire. It is useful to transfer electrical energy to
those places where it is hard to transmit energy using conventional wires.The focus
of this report has been an overview of the WPT, and its aim has been to highlight the
many benefits and applications of WPT. The discussion began by describing and
defining the fundamental aspects of the WPT system. This was followed by a look at
the types and many applications of WPTP to wirelessly transfer power from a source
to a target, both in practical and near future applications and in theoretical
applications for the future. The limitations and potential safety concerns were also
pointed out. WPT has the potential to completely disrupt the way that mobile
devices, from cellphones and laptops to cars and aerial vehicles, operate and obtain
energy. The future of energy is the untethering of devices from power cord to realize
the freedom of mobile technologies.

.
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. History and development
3. Technologies for WPT
3.1 Near Field technology
3.1.1 Inductive Coupling
3.1.2 Resonance Inductive Coupling

3.2 Far Field Technology

3.2.1. Microwave Power Transfer
2.2.2. LASER Transmission
2.2.3. Solar Power Satellite
4. Advantages and Disadvantage of WPT
5. Applications of WPT
6. Conclusion
7. References
 1. INTRODUCTION

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is an efficient way for the transmission of electric power
from one point to another through vacuum or atmosphere without the use of wire or any
substance. By using WPT, power can be transmitted using inductive coupling for short range,
resonant induction for mid-range and Electromagneticwave power transfer. By using this
technology, it is possible to supply power to places, which is hard to dousing conventional
wires. Currently, the use of inductive coupling is in development and research phases. The
most common wireless power transfer technologies are the electromagnetic induction and the
microwave power transfer. For efficient midrange power transfer, the wireless power transfer
system must satisfy three conditions: (a) high efficiency, (b) large air gap, (c) high power.
The microwave power transfer has a low efficiency. For near field power transfer this method
may be inefficient, since it involves radiation of electromagnetic waves. Wireless power
transfer can be done via electric field coupling, but electric field coupling provides an
inductively loaded electrical dipole that is an open capacitor or dielectric disk. Extraneous
objects may provide a relatively strong influence on electric field coupling. Magnetic field
coupling may be preferred, since extraneous objects in a magnetic field have the same
magnetic properties as empty space. Electromagnetic induction method has short range. Since
magnetic field coupling is a non-radiative power transfer method, it has higher efficiency.
However, power transfer range can be increased by applying magnetic coupling with
resonance phenomenon applied on. A magnetic field is generated when electric charge moves
through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic flux
lines produced by moving charge (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the flux lines
in an electrostatic field.
 2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Nikola Tesla conducted the first experiments in wireless power transfer at the turn of the 20th
century. From 1891 to 1898 he investigated wireless transmission of electrical energy using
his radio frequency resonant transformer called the Tesla coil, which produces high voltage,
high frequency alternating currents. The Tesla coil was first developed as a high-voltage
radiofrequency power supply for his "System of Electric Lighting" patented in 1891. With
this basic resonance transformer design concept he was able to transmit electrical energy over
short distances without interconnecting wires by means of resonant magnetic inductive
coupling.  The transformer's primary LC circuit acted as a transmitter.  The transformer's
secondary LC circuit was tuned to the primary LC circuit's resonant frequency and acted as a
receiver.  The Tesla coil transformer itself could be configured as a wireless transmitter and
used to transmit energy by capacitive inductive coupling.  While demonstrating
this technology during lectures before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1891,
the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1892, and at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in
Chicago he was able to wirelessly power lamps from across the stage and out into the room

Fig 1. Tesla coil for WPT

WiTricity was used for a project that took place at MIT, led by Marin Soljačić in 2007. The
MIT researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power a 60 wattt light bulb
wirelessly, using two 5-turn copper coils of 60 cm (24 in) diameter, that were 2 m (7 ft)
away, at roughly 45% efficiency. The coils were designed to resonate together at
9.9 MHz (wavelength ≈ 30 m) and were oriented along the same axis. One was connected
inductively to a power source, and the other one to a bulb. The setup powered the bulb on,
even when the direct line of sight was blocked using a wooden panel. Researchers were able
to power a 60 watt light bulb at roughly 90% efficiency at a distance of 3 feet. The research
project was spun off into a private company also called WiTricity

Fig 2. Witricity
 3.TECHNOLOGIES FOR WPT

3.1 NEAR FIELD TECHNOLOGY

This means the area within about 1 wavelength(λ) of the antenna. In this region the
oscillating electric and magnetic fields are separate and power can be transferred via electric
fields by capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction) between metal electrodes, or via
magnetic fields by inductive coupling (electromagnetic induction) between coils of
wire. These fields are not radiative, meaning the energy stays within a short distance of the
transmitter.

3.1.1 INDUCTIVE COUPLING

In Inductive coupling(electromagnetic induction) or inductive power transfer, IPT), power is
transferred between coils of wire by a magnetic field. The transmitter and receiver coils
together form a transformer.
Magnetic inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology,
and virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products. It is used
in inductive charging stands for cordless appliances used in wet environments such
as electrictooth br ushes and shavers, to reduce the risk of electric shock. Another application
area is "transcutaneous" recharging of biomedical prosthetic devices implanted in the human
body, such as cardiac pacemakers and insulin pumps to avoid having wires passing through
the skin. It is also used to charge electric vehicles such as cars and to either charge or power
transit vehicles like buses and trains.

However the fastest growing use is wireless charging pads to recharge mobile and handheld
wireless devices such as laptop and tablet computer, cellphones, digital media players,
and video game controllers

Fig 3 Application of Inductive Coupling

 Fig 4. Block Diagram of Inductive Coupling

3.1.2 RESONANCE INDUCTIVE COUPLING

Resonant inductive coupling (electrodynamic coupling,[9] strongly coupled magnetic
resonance) is a form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic
fields (B, green) between two resonant circuits (tuned circuits), one in the transmitter and one
in the receiver (see diagram, right).Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected
to a capacitor, or a self-resonant coil or other resonator with internal capacitance. The two are
tuned to resonate at the same resonant frequency. The resonance between the coils can
greatly increase coupling and power transfer, analogously to the way a vibrating tuning
fork can induce sympathetic vibration in a distant fork tuned to the same pitch. Nikola
Tesla first discovered resonant coupling during his pioneering experiments in wireless power
transfer around the turn of the 20th century, but the possibilities of using resonant coupling to
increase transmission range has only recently been explored
 .
Fig 5. Resonance Induction Charging

Fig 6. Block Diagram of RIC

3.2 FAR FIELD TECHNOLOGY

Far field methods achieve longer ranges, often multiple kilometer ranges, where the distance
is much greater than the diameter of the device(s). The main reason for longer ranges with
radio wave and optical devices is the fact that electromagnetic radiation in the far -field can
be made to match the shape of the receiving area (using high directivity antennas or well-
collimated laser beams. The maximum directivity for antennas is physically limited
by diffraction.

3.2.1 MICROWAVE POWER TRANSFER

Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer distance
power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in
the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave energy back into
electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. Power
beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy from
orbiting solar power satellites to Earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft leaving orbit
has been considered. Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that, for most space
applications, the required aperture sizes are very large due to diffraction limiting antenna
directionality. For example, the 1978 NASA Study of solar power satellites required a 1-km
diameter transmitting antenna and a 10 km diameter receiving rectenna for a microwave
beam at 2.45 GHz.These sizes can be somewhat decreased by using shorter wavelengths,
although short wavelengths may have difficulties with atmospheric absorption and beam
blockage by rain or water droplets. Because of the "thinned array curse," it is not possible to
make a narrower beam by combining the beams of several smaller satellites.

Fig 7. Block Diagram of MPT

3.2.2 LASER TRANSMISSION

In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum (tens
of micrometers to tens of nanometers), power can be transmitted by converting electricity
into a laser beam that is then pointed at a photovoltaic cell.This mechanism is generally
known as 'power beaming' because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to
electrical energy. At the receiver, special photovoltaic laser power converters which are
optimized for monochromatic light conversion are applied.Laser 'powerbeaming' technology
was explored in military weapons and aerospace applications. Also, it is applied for powering
of various kinds of sensors in industrial environment. Lately, it is developed for powering
commercial and consumer electronics. Wireless energy transfer systems using lasers for
consumer space have to satisfy laser safety requirements standardized under IEC 60825.
3.2.3 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE

Space-based solar power (SBSP) is the concept of collecting solar power in space (using an

"SPS", that is, a "solar-power satellite" or a "satellite power system") for use on Earth. It has
been in research since the early 1970s.

SBSP would differ from current solar collection methods in that the means used to
collect energy would reside on an orbiting satellite instead of on Earth's surface. Some
projected benefits of such a system are a higher collection rate and a longer collection period
due to the lack of a diffusing atmosphere and night time in space.

Part of the solar energy (55–60%) is lost on its way through the atmosphere by the effects
of reflection and absorption. Space-based solar power systems convert sunlight to
microwaves outside the atmosphere, avoiding these losses, and the downtime (and cosine
losses, for fixed flat-plate collectors) due to the Earth's rotation.

Fig 8. Solar Power Satellite

 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WPT
4.1 ADVANTGES

 Eliminates the existing transmission line cables, towers and sub stations

 More freedom of choice of both receiver and transmitters

 Cost of transmission and distribution become less.

 Power could be transmitted to the places where the wired transmission is not possible.

 Loss of transmission is negligible level.

 Safer by eliminating the sparking hazard

 More Reliable/Less Costly
- Never run out of battery power in wireless zones
- Power transfers more efficiently than through wires
 More Convenient
- No more changing batteries
- No messy cords to carry.
 Environmentally Friendly
- Reduces the use of disposable batteries
- Reduces energy loss

4.2 DISADVANTAGE

 The Capital Cost for practical implementation of WPT seems to be very high.

 Interference of microwave with present communication system.

 Common belief fears about the effect of microwave radiation among peoples

 When LASERs are used,

 conversion is inefficient
 Absorption loss is high
Safety Concerns

One of the major limitations of MPT, and WPT in general, is the concern of its safety,
especially with respect to human exposure to microwave radiation. Indeed, the transference
of microwave radiation through free space is a major design consideration in MPT systems
 5.APPLICATIONS OF WPT
Several applications of wireless power transfer are apparent and obvious. Firstly, WPT could
eliminate traditional charging systems in place today. Higher level applications include
charging of electric vehicles (EVs)., WPT systems. Future and theoretical applications
include a potential solution to renewable energy for the planet, by means of satellites
collecting sunlight and sending power back to earth through MPT. Applications of WPT are
described in this section.

5.1 Electronic portable devices

Cell phones, laptops, tablets, even smart watches are found all over the globe and are owned
and used by billions of people. What these devices all have in common is the need to
recharge their internal battery so that the device can be used while mobile. Such is the
paradox of portable devices: they provide convenience by running off internal power so they
can be used anywhere, but always must return to be tethered to a power cord in order to
charge.

5.2 Electric Vehicles

As concern over global warming and greenhouse gas emissions grows across the globe, the
prevalence of electric vehicles has also increased. One of the drawbacks of electric vehicles is
their battery. Electric vehicles currently need to be plugged in to recharge their internal
batteries, and take many hours to do so. However, many envision that in the near future, one
need only park her car in a pre-determined spot in her driveway and the car will charge
wirelessly and automatically

Fig 9. Electric vehicle charging

5.3 SOLAR POWER TRANSMISSION

The SPT uses MPT method for the transfer of electrical power generated by the Solar Power
Satellite in the solar system. The rectenna receives this power and convert it into electric
power again.

Fig 10. USA receiving 5000MW from SPS

 6. CONCLUSION
From centuries we are using wire as a medium for power transfer but due to high losses in
transmission approximately 20- 25% in world and 30 -35% in India this method is not
efficient hence we need to look for some other alternate for power transfer.

Some 400 million people have zero access to electricity since the grid does not reach their
areas. Wireless power transfer not only transfer power efficiently but also can transfer power
to areas where it is difficult to install traditional power transfer method.

 Many people see the huge benefits offered by resonant inductive coupling. There are medical
patients who can be helped with this technology. In addition, wireless power could help
reduce the damage our power infrastructure causes to the environment. Also, risks involved
with traditional wires become irrelevant.

Wireless power transfer is next generation method as it has some crucial disadvantage likje
distance constraint, cost factor and safety concern which need to be sort out but in near
coming future we might see a world without wires.
 7. REFERENCES

• “Wireless Power Transmission”, Vol No.-45, Electronics For U –August-

2013

• Peter Vaessen,” Wireless Power Transmission”, Leonardo Energy,

September 2009

• C.C. Leung, T.P. Chan, K.C. Lit, K.W. Tam and Lee Yi Chow, “Wireless
Power Transmission and Charging Pad”