Wireless Power Transfer For Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Miniproject

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE ii ii ii ii ii
BATTERY CHARGING ii
Report iisubmitted iito iithe iiSASTRA iiDeemed iito iibe iiUniversity iias iithe
requirement iifor iithe iicourse
BCHCCH706R01: iiMINI iiPROJECT-1
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
iI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiI iii ii ii ii
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii i i
ii
NOMENCLATURE
WPT – Wireless Power Transfer

ii ii ii ii
IPT – Inductive Power Transfer

ii ii ii ii ii ii
EV – Electric Vehicle
ii ii ii ii ii
SS – ii ii ii ii ii Series-Series ii
SP – ii ii ii ii ii Series-Parallel
PS – ii ii ii ii ii Parallel-Series
PP – ii ii ii ii ii Parallel-Parallel
LCL – Inductor-Capacitor-Inductor
ii ii
LCC – Inductor-Capacitor-Capacitor
ii ii
ZVS – Zero Voltage Switching

ii ii ii ii ii
ZCS – Zero Current Switching

ii ii ii ii
FEM – Finite Element Modelling

ii ii ii ii
HFSS – High Frequency Structure Simulator

ii ii ii ii ii
ii ii
i ABSTRACT
Nikola Tesla built the first system to transfer electricity over the air in 1893,
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
using principles of induction discovered by Michael Faraday in the early 1800.

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
Electric vehicles are becoming more popular due to ever increasing

i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
environmental effects and rising gasoline (petrol and diesel) prices. However,
i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
the disadvantage of Electric vehicle is its charging time which can be

overcome by simple concept of Inductive Power Transfer which is an

ii i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
emerging technology for electric vehicle battery charging. IPT uses Resonance
ii i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
principle. Wireless Power Transfer is used to avoid the transmission losses and
ii i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
to save copper which will reduce the cost on economic point of view. The
ii ii i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
coils designed in this WPT project is strictly restricted to PERFECT

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ALIGNMENT and it does not involve MISALIGNMENTS like Planar and

ii ii ii ii ii ii i ii ii ii
Angular misalignments.
ii ii
Specific iContribution i
• iWPT isystem ihas ibeen isimulated iin iANSYS iMAXWELL i3D iand iANSYS i i
TWIN BUILDER. i
Specific iLearning
• iWhen ithe idistance ibetween ithe itransmitter iand ireceiver icoils iis iminimum, ithe
i coefficient of coupling will be maximum which gives more efficient and
i i i i i i i i i i
i maximum power transfer. i i

INTRODUCTION
1.1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Electric vehicles operate on Electric motor, but other vehicles run
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
iion internal combustion engine that generates power by combustion of fuel

iiand gases. All EVs run on Electricity only. They set in motion by one or
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
iimore Electric motors powered by rechargeable battery packs. So, EVs are
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
iiconsidered to be a promising solution for the future transportation.

EVs are playing an important role in long-lasting mobility with efficient

energy utilisation and zero pollutants emission when in use. The battery has
a great impact on the performance of the EV in determining the driving

range. Many types of batteries are available nowadays. Among those li-ion
batteries are most widely used because of their chemistry with good energy
density, good power noting, and charge-discharge efficiency in pulsed

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
electric flow system.

ii ii ii
To charge these batteries in EVs, WPT technique is adopted. WPT

technology has been around us for decades in many applications such as

satellite communications and radio frequency identification tags (RFID).

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
The most general method of high power WPT is “Inductive Coupling” that
was invented by Nikola Tesla more than a 100 years ago.

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii ii ii ii ii ii
1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE ii
Working principle of WPT ” Inductive power transfer”. This

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
principle is also used in standard transformer. But contrast is that primary

and secondary coils in transformer are so near, also uses ferrite material.
Inductive charging system have coils which have airgap between them.
Step by step process is given below:

ii ii ii ii ii ii
1) The supply voltage is transformed into alternating current, ideally, high

frequency AC.
ii ii
2) This high frequency AC is carried to the coil by the way of transmitter

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii i
circuit. Hence magnetic field is induced in transmitter coil.

i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
3) Due to this magnetic field, current is developed in nearby receiving coil.

However, in the previous applications, the designers faced a

ii problem; they observed that magnetic field reduces as distance

ii increases; that is distance and magnetic field are inversely proportional.

ii The decrease in magnetic strength is inversely proportional to the square

ii of the distance from the main source. So, there is difficulty in regulating
ii power and energy efficiency is ultimately reduced.

ii ii ii ii ii ii
1.3 RESONANCE
ii ii ii ii
To solve this problem, the designers launched resonance concept.

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii We can calculate resonance by multiplying the capacitance of capacitor

ii attached to the extremes of the coils with inductive coil inductance.

Resonators of similar frequency are incorporated on both

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii transmitter on receiver side. This guarantee that two coils are coupled
ii in magnetic way and hence allows maximum power transfer between

ii them and gains high efficiency too.

ii ii ii ii ii
This is possible only when both coils resonate at same frequency.

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
At last, with the help of rectifier circuit, AC developed is transformed

into DC for battery charging.

ii ii ii ii ii
This is applicable for far distances too; that is Even when coils are
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii at far distance, by use of resonance, high power transfer can still be

ii achieved. Thus, Perfect alignment concept can be avoided here.

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
I 333#
3.4 COMPENSATION TOPOLOGIES
Compensation topologies or matching networks are critically
ii important to rise the efficiency and reduce the VA ratings of the power
ii electronic devices by using auxiliary inductors and capacitors to modify

ii the reactive power.

ii ii ii
There are 4 basic compensation network topologies namely

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
Series-Series (SS), Series-Parallel (SP), Parallel-Series (PS), and

Parallel-Parallel (PP). Source compensation is essential for unity power

factor pick up and to reduce source reactive power. Receiver side

compensation improves the power transfer and efficiency. Based on the

application required in WPT, compensated network topology is

selected. The PP and PS compensated WPT have drawback; that is

source coil is completely dependent on receiver coil, also power

transfer gets lowered in case of misalignment between coils. In SP

compensated system, advantage is that primary compensated capacitor

is independent of mutual inductance, hence transfer high power but

drawback is that this topology crucially rely on load variation.

Among all four, SS compensated topology is mostly chosen has

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
various advantages. In this topology, value of capacitor in both sides is

dependent on load conditions. Also unity power factor is picked up

under resonant conditions. Disadvantage is that, as coupling coefficient

decreases, output power improves, this results in overcurrent in case of

misalignment.
ii
ii ii ii ii ii
ii
Additionally, other compensation topologies involved are double side

LCL, LCC, etc. In double side LCL compensation topology, for the
transmitter side, Resonant frequency is independent on coupling coefficient

and load conditions. But drawback is, auxiliary inductances are the same as or
larger than those of transmitter and receiver coils, increasing cost and
degrading the transfer frequency. So, LCC compensation topology with the
method of tuning is used to achieve ZVS for primary inverter switches is

adopted in our project. It has various advantages like:

1) Resonant frequency is independent of coupling coefficient and load

conditions.ii
2) Additional inductors used are smaller than main coils. ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
3) Output currents are independent of the load conditions (output

voltage) and only rely on input voltage, resonant frequency, and

mutual inductance.
ii ii ii
4) Constant primary current and is only calculated by input voltage, etc.

ii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
MOTIVATION
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) has become one of the most ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
crucial research topic in this decade. Portability is the central motivation for
wireless power transfer as the number of portable devices are rising rapidly
and wired chargers will get limited.

Our main motivation for WPT for EV battery charging is to get

rid of increased gasoline prices, the harmful emissions caused by the gases
into the atmosphere. Also mainly to reduce the losses that take place in wired
power transfer (transmission losses).

ii ii ii ii ii
Motivations for WPT can be summarized as follows, ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
1) Increases the device mobility

ii ii ii ii
2) Avoid wiring hazards ii ii ii
3) Improves the EVs reliability

ii ii ii ii ii
4) Save the cost of wiring and its segregation

5) Immune to chemicals, water and dirt

ii ii ii ii ii ii
6) Intensify the research of biomedical implementations

ii ii ii ii ii ii
7) Free of maintenance and no electrical plugs

OBJECTIVE
In this project, the main objective is to make EVs more

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
popular in the coming decades and to make an efficient WPT for EV

battery charging. EVs should become more popular because

nowadays car pollution is one of the major causes of global

warming. Increasing gasoline prices are causing severe threat to

humans. In order to mitigate pollution and gasoline usage to some

extent, “EVs” are originated. “EVs” are an environmentally friendly

alternative. Electric cars promise to save us money, bless all of us

with pollution free air that eliminates harmful particles and gases and
kickstart a transport and energy revolution. But only disadvantage is

charging the batteries. In our project, we focused on “WPT for EV

battery charging” which completely eliminates transmission losses

(as no wires are used) and copper is saved. We designed simulation

circuit of “double sided LCC compensated WPT system” which have

various advantages than other topologies. Also ANSYS software is

used to design transmitter and receiver coil as well as the converter

circuit.
ii
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii I i EXPERIMENTAL WORK (SIMULATION) ii ii
3.1 MATLAB SIMULINK

ii ii
The project of WPT is divided into two parts, Simulation and

ii Hardware setup. The Simulation is carried out by using two different

ii software, MATLAB Simulink and ANSYS MAXWELL 3D. The

ii MATLAB circuit is a WPT setup fed with a DC voltage source to the H

ii – Bridge inverter made up of four MOSFET switches which converts

ii DC to AC for the working of mutual inductor with transmitter and

ii receiver coil for power transfer. The circuit is compensated with double
ii side LCC topology. The double-sided inductor-capacitor-capacitor

ii ii ii ii ii
ii (LCC) compensated wireless power transfer (LCC-WPT) system is

ii much energy efficient than the series-series (SS) compensated wireless

ii power transfer for the same load as per efficiency point of view.
ii Compensation is required because when coupling coefficient is reduced ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii to less than 0.3 in the EV WPT, compensation at both primary and

ii secondary is compulsory to have much more tensile characteristics.

MATLAB Circuit for WPT with double side LCC

ii compensation
By utilizing an LCC compensation network, Zero Current
ii Switching(ZCS) (eliminates losses due to switching and also due to ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii stray inductance) condition can be gained by compensation network

ii parameters tuniand also to realize Zero Voltage Switching (turn-on

ii transition occurs at zero voltage). ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii iI i i i i i i i i i i i

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii
COMPENSATION DESIGN: ii
Frequency f = 79kHz ii ii ii
1
At resonance, f =
ii ii ii ii ii ; pi=3.14
ii ii
2𝑝𝑖∗(√𝐿𝐶)
Let L = 67uH ii ii ii ii
1
ii 79 ∗ 103 =
2∗3.14∗(√67∗10−6 ∗𝐶)
We get, C = 60.6nF (parallel to mutual inductor)

In order to get maximum efficient power transfer, the value of the second
capacitor (in series with mutual inductor) is set in the range of nano farad,
C = 14nF
ii ii
Coefficient of coupling (k), ii ii ii ii
𝑀 = 𝑘 ∗ √(𝐿1𝐿2) ; M = 1.85 ∗ 10−4 , L1 = L2 = 370 ∗ 10−6 ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
𝑀 1.85∗10−4
ii 𝑘= = = 0.5
√𝐿1𝐿2 370∗10−6
LOAD RESISTANCE DESIGN: ii ii
Considering one of the EV model – Nissan Leaf ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
MODEL BATTERY CHARGING TIME ii
Nissan Leaf ii ii 30kWh, Li-Mn, 192 ii ii 8 hours at 230 V, 15 A.

ii ii ii ii ii ii
cells, air cooled, driving

ii ii ii ii 4 hours at 230 V, 30 A.
ii ii ii ii ii ii
range up to 250km (156

ii ii ii ii ii
miles)
ii ii
The load resistance at output of the receiver side network can be given by,
8
ii 𝑅 = (𝑝𝑖)2 ∗ 𝑅(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑉(𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦)
ii 𝑅(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 𝑖𝑖 ii (equivalent load resistance of battery of electric ii ii ii ii ii ii
𝐼(𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦)
vehicle)
ii
230
ii 𝑅(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = = 15.33 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (considering Nissan Leaf, 8hrs at 230V,15A)
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ii ii ii ii ii
15
8
𝑅 = 15.33 ∗
ii = 12.43 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ii
𝑝𝑖 2
A double-sided LCC compensation network is provided for a
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
wireless power transfer system. The wireless power transfer system is

comprised generally of a send unit configured to transfer power using

inductive power transfer and a receive unit configured to receive the power
from the send unit. The send unit includes an inverter configured to receive a
DC input signal and convert the DC input signal to an AC output signal at a

desired resonant frequency; a send coil configured to receive the AC output

signal from the inverter and generate an alternating electromagnetic field;

and a send side compensation circuit interconnecting the inverter with the
send coil. More specifically, the send side compensation circuit is comprised
of a send side inductor and a send side series capacitor serially coupled
together and coupled to a positive terminal of the send coil, as well as a send
side parallel capacitor coupled in parallel with the send coil.

The receive unit includes a receive coil configured to receive the

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii alternating electromagnetic field from the send coil of the send unit and output
ii an AC charging signal; a receive side converter configured to receive the AC

ii charging signal from the receive coil and convert the AC charging signal to a
ii DC charging signal; and a receive side compensation circuit interconnecting

ii the receive coil with the receive side converter. Likewise, the receive side
ii compensation circuit is comprised of a receive side inductor and a receive side ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii series capacitor serially coupled together and coupled to a positive terminal of

ii the receive coil, as well as a receive side parallel capacitor coupled parallelly
ii with that of receive coil. ii ii ii ii ii
On the output side, the four diodes arrangement with capacitor and
ii resistor form the Bridge Rectifier and Filter to remove the ripples and
ii rectifier converts AC to DC required for the charging of the battery of

ii EV. This supplies direct current to the load. In this way, electrical
ii energy is shifted through air from the transmitter to the receiver coils.
The input and output power are measured in the circuit simulation
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii and the efficiency is also calculated for maximum wireless power transfer.
3.2 ANSYS MAXWELL 3D COIL DESIGN
ii ii ii ii ii ii
Ansys is a Finite Element Modelling (FEM) simulation tool, the

ii WPT coils can also be designed using HFSS (high frequency structure
ii simulator), COMSOL for accurate calculation of mutual inductance.

In the above MATLAB circuit we used mutual inductor for

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
power transfer, but now we will replace the mutual inductor with 3D coil
designed using ANSYS MAXWELL software. The coils designed in ANSYS

are of polygon helix shape and consists of two coils separated by a small
distance in mm. One is known as the transmitter coil and the other is known
as the receiver coil. Each polygon segment of the coil is circular.

ANSYS WPT COIL ii ii
Both the transmitter and receiver coils have equal number of turns
iibut their polygon radius will differ. The receiver coil will have smaller
iipolygon radius than the transmitter coil because the receiver is in the
iivehicle, so it should be small and the receiver is to be fixed within the

iivehicle. Now, the terminals of the coils are given an excitation and
iiparameters such as analysis, mesh operations, etc are setup and a

iitabulation called magnetisation report is created which will be filled

with coefficient of coupling, self and mutual inductance values once the
simulation is started.
ii ii ii ii
The distance between the coils is initially set as 6mm and the
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
iterations are given before the starting of the simulation so that we can
get the values for various distances between the transmitter and receiver
coils.
ii
If the distance between the coils is set in the range of mm,

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii the simulation will take nearly 8-10 hours to complete. If it is kept in

ii cm, it will take a couple of days to show the result.

3.3 ANSYS TWIN BUILDER CONVERTER DESIGN

ii ii ii ii ii
ANSYS software has many features in which TWIN

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii BUILDER is one and it is very much similar to our MATLAB

ii SIMULINK because it has all the power electronic devices, all the
ii sources, all active and passive elements, etc.

The circuit which was constructed in MATLAB SIMULINK

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii is reconstructed in ANSYS TWIN BUILDER with the similar power

ii electronic devices, but the only difference is that the mutual inductor is
ii replaced by the coil which was designed in ANSYS MAXWELL 3D

ii and it is given as an input to the converter for the wireless power

ii transfer.
ii ii ii ii ANSYS WPT CONVERTER ii ii
ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
i i i i i i i ii RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ii ii
4.1 MATLAB SIMULINK WAVEFORMS

ii ii ii ii
After the MATLAB simulation is done, we will get the values of ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
input and output power through which we can calculate the efficiency of
power transfer.
ii ii
Input power ii 8680 W ii
Output power ii 8397 W ii
Efficiency ii 96.74 % ii
INPUT POWER WAVEFORM IN MATLAB SIMULINK

ii ii ii ii ii
OUTPUT POWER WAVEFORM IN MATLAB SIMULINK
ii ii ii ii ii
ANSYS MAXWELL 3D COIL SIMULATION TABULATION

ii ii ii ii ii
CONCLUSION AND WORK
Even though wired charging is popular, problems with tangled ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
wires and their behaviour concerns in wet environment are major drawback of
EVs. These problems can be controlled by battery charging of the vehicle

without wires and this technology is termed as WPT. In our project, we

developed “WPT” technology and choose best “LCC” topology among all
other topologies to design. Simulation circuit and got superior results with
high efficiency. Also by using ANSYS software, coil and converters are
designed. Finally, our project aims for the efficient WPT of EV battery
charging, which might be very useful for humans and stands for future use as
well.
ii ii
As one part of the project is completed which is the simulation

part and got the efficient results with maximum power transfer. Further work
is the second part of the project which is the hardware part in which we will
practically prove WPT by using two copper coils as transmitter and receiver
and various other power electronic devices are arranged in an orderly manner.
REFERENCES
❖ D. Kishan and P. S. R. Nayak, "Wireless power transfer technologies for
electric vehicle battery charging — A state of the art," 2016 International
Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded
System (SCOPES), Paralakhemundi, 2016, pp. 2069-2073, doi:
10.1109/SCOPES.2016.7955812.
❖ P. S. R. Nayak and D. Kishan, "Design and analysis of SS resonant IPT
system with computed mutual inductance through FEM model," 2018
International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Control and Computing
(PICC), Thrissur, 2018, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PICC.2018.8384758.
❖ M. Khalilian and P. Guglielmi, "Primary-Side Control of a Wireless Power
Transfer System with Double-Sided LCC Compensation Topology for
Electric Vehicle Battery Charging," 2018 IEEE International
Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Turin, 2018, pp. 1-6,
doi: 10.1109/INTLEC.2018.8612299.
❖ Z. Huang, S. Wong and C. K. Tse, "Design methodology of a series-series
inductive power transfer system for electric vehicle battery charger
application," 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), Pittsburgh, PA, 2014, pp. 1778-1782, doi:
10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953633.
❖ S. Zhou, S. Dong, C. Zhu, C. C. Chan, S. Cui and L. Zheng, "A Simplified
Design Method of LCC Topology with circular Coil for Wireless Power
Transfer," 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and
Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China, 2019, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.1109/ICEMS.2019.8922525.
❖ J. Shin et al., "Design and Implementation of Shaped Magnetic-Resonance-
Based Wireless Power Transfer System for Roadway-Powered Moving
Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61,
no. 3, pp. 1179-1192, March 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2258294.
❖ G. A. Covic and J. T. Boys, "Modern Trends in Inductive Power Transfer for
Transportation Applications," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected
Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 28-41, March 2013, doi:
10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2264473.
❖ Q. Zhu, L. Wang, Y. Guo, C. Liao and F. Li, "Applying LCC Compensation
Network to Dynamic Wireless EV Charging System," in IEEE Transactions
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 6557-6567, Oct. 2016, doi:
10.1109/TIE.2016.2529561.
❖ G. A. Covic and J. T. Boys, "Inductive Power Transfer," in Proceedings of
the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1276-1289, June 2013, doi:
10.1109/JPROC.2013.2244536.
❖ S. Chopra and P. Bauer, "Driving Range Extension of EV With On-Road
Contactless Power Transfer—A Case Study," in IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 329-338, Jan. 2013, doi:
10.1109/TIE.2011.2182015.

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WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE ii ii ii ii ii

BCHCCH706R01: iiMINI iiPROJECT-1

WPT – Wireless Power Transfer

IPT – Inductive Power Transfer

ZVS – Zero Voltage Switching

ZCS – Zero Current Switching

FEM – Finite Element Modelling

HFSS – High Frequency Structure Simulator

using principles of induction discovered by Michael Faraday in the early 1800.

Electric vehicles are becoming more popular due to ever increasing

the disadvantage of Electric vehicle is its charging time which can be

overcome by simple concept of Inductive Power Transfer which is an

coils designed in this WPT project is strictly restricted to PERFECT

ALIGNMENT and it does not involve MISALIGNMENTS like Planar and

i maximum power transfer. i i

iion internal combustion engine that generates power by combustion of fuel

iiconsidered to be a promising solution for the future transportation.

EVs are playing an important role in long-lasting mobility with efficient

a great impact on the performance of the EV in determining the driving

density, good power noting, and charge-discharge efficiency in pulsed

electric flow system.

To charge these batteries in EVs, WPT technique is adopted. WPT

technology has been around us for decades in many applications such as

satellite communications and radio frequency identification tags (RFID).

was invented by Nikola Tesla more than a 100 years ago.

Working principle of WPT ” Inductive power transfer”. This

principle is also used in standard transformer. But contrast is that primary

Step by step process is given below:

1) The supply voltage is transformed into alternating current, ideally, high

2) This high frequency AC is carried to the coil by the way of transmitter

circuit. Hence magnetic field is induced in transmitter coil.

3) Due to this magnetic field, current is developed in nearby receiving coil.

However, in the previous applications, the designers faced a

ii problem; they observed that magnetic field reduces as distance

ii increases; that is distance and magnetic field are inversely proportional.

ii The decrease in magnetic strength is inversely proportional to the square

ii power and energy efficiency is ultimately reduced.

To solve this problem, the designers launched resonance concept.

ii We can calculate resonance by multiplying the capacitance of capacitor

ii attached to the extremes of the coils with inductive coil inductance.

Resonators of similar frequency are incorporated on both

ii in magnetic way and hence allows maximum power transfer between

ii them and gains high efficiency too.

This is possible only when both coils resonate at same frequency.

At last, with the help of rectifier circuit, AC developed is transformed

into DC for battery charging.

ii at far distance, by use of resonance, high power transfer can still be

ii achieved. Thus, Perfect alignment concept can be avoided here.

ii electronic devices by using auxiliary inductors and capacitors to modify

ii the reactive power.

There are 4 basic compensation network topologies namely

Series-Series (SS), Series-Parallel (SP), Parallel-Series (PS), and

Parallel-Parallel (PP). Source compensation is essential for unity power

factor pick up and to reduce source reactive power. Receiver side

compensation improves the power transfer and efficiency. Based on the

application required in WPT, compensated network topology is

selected. The PP and PS compensated WPT have drawback; that is

source coil is completely dependent on receiver coil, also power

transfer gets lowered in case of misalignment between coils. In SP

compensated system, advantage is that primary compensated capacitor

is independent of mutual inductance, hence transfer high power but

drawback is that this topology crucially rely on load variation.

Among all four, SS compensated topology is mostly chosen has